AP Psych Unit 7B

Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact.

Frontal

Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________.

Semantics; syntax

Telegraphic speech

Speech state, child speaks like a telegram (go car)

Two word stage

Stage where children speak 2 word statements (at age 2)

One word stage

Stage where children speak in single words (at age 1 or 2)

Heuristic

Strategy that allows us to make judgments (solving problems efficiently, whole)

Which of the following was cited by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism

The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs

Leland's language does not distinguish between "family love" and "romantic love," so he has difficulty realizing that he deeply loves his sister. Which of the following is most relevant to Leland's difficulty?

The linguistic determination hypothesis

functional fixedness

Thinking things in terms of usual functions (an impediment to problem solving)

Whorf's linguistic determination emphasizes that

Words shape the way people think

Concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Prototype

a mental image or best example of a category (comparing feathered creatures to a bird)

Grammar

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

an algorithm

Intuition

automatic feeling or thought

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

availability heuristic

Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n)

biological predisposition

To promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are often organized into

category hierarchies

Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

cognitive psychology

Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates

confirmation bias

People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. What do psychologists call this tendency?

confirmation bias

Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates

convergent thinking

A mental set is most likely to inhibit

creativity

intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of

creativity

Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for mastering language.

critical period

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called

fixation

In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on

heuristics

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

heuristics

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Morpheme

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called

insight

Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.

prototype; category

Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7-month-old's capacity for

receptive language

B. F. Skinner emphasized the importance of ________ in language acquisition.

reinforcement

Because Ken is 6'6", people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his college's basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of:

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.

representativeness heuristic

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of

semantics

After two minutes of exposure to an unbroken monotone string of nonsense syllables, infants could recognize three-syllable sequences that appeared repeatedly. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in language development.

statistical learning

A mental set is a

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

Creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Chomsky suggested that diverse human languages share a

universal grammar

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Cognition

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2 year old telegraphic speech

"Eat Apple"

How many morphemes are in the word "bats"?

2

English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.

40

Telegraphic speech is

A grammatically correct two- word utterance

Insight

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; the "aha" moment

Ashelle's car would not start. To find the problem she decided to go alphabetically through the repair checklist of all possible reasons the car will not start. Ashelle's strategy best demonstrates

An algorithm

Mental set

Approaching a problem in one particular way (a way that has been successful)

The earliest stage of speech development is called ___ stage

Babbling

Babbling stage

Babies uttering sounds at first unrelated to household language (baby talk 4 months)

Six-month-old Ohmar recognizes the difference between squares and circles just as accurately as his 3-year-old brother, who can correctly name the different shapes. This fact would most directly challenge:

Benjamin Whorf's linguistic determination hypothesis

Which of the following best exemplifies the prototype for the concept "furniture?"

Chair

Belief Preserverance

Clinging two initial conception after being discredited (consider the opposite)

Language

How we combine words to communicate meaning (written, spoken, or signed words)

confirmation bias

Information that supports our preconceptions (ignores contradictory evidence)

In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving?

Insight

representativeness heuristic

Judging things by how well they represent (may lead us to ignore others info)

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute

Language

linguistic determinism

Language determines how we think

availability heuristic

Likelihood of events based on availability (memory, such events are common)

Noaum Chomsky

Linguist who contributed to cognitive psychology (language, inborn universal grammar)

Algorithm

Methodical procedure that guarantees solving a problem (step by step, running an errand, getting something)

In the words "helped" and "called," the "Ed" ending is a

Morpheme

Which linguistic theorist was most impressed by the underlying similarities of all human language systems?

Noam Chomsky

Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ________ stage.

One word

In English, adjectives precede nouns. This is a rule of syntax, which is the

Orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences

Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights that of driving an automobile?

Perceived control

Semantics

Rules, we derive meaning from words/morphemes (study of meaning) was

An algorithm is a

methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called

morphemes

Injury to the left ________ lobe damages the convergent thinking required for successful performance on intelligence tests.

parietal

The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that

people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.

Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12-month-old's developing capacity for

productive language

A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n):

prototype

Fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Cognition

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language (having common sense with grammar)

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Framing

the way an issue is posed (how it's framed can affect judgment)

Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem-strategy best illustrates

trial and error

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the _____ stage of language development

two-word