AP Psych Unit 9 (Disorders and Treatments)

Schizophrenia

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and diminished or inappropriate emotional expression. Means split from reality. People who have paranoid tendencies are particularly prone to delusions of persecution. Positive symptoms- Presence of inappropriate behaviors. Negative symptoms- Absence of appropriate behaviors.

David Rosenhan

American psychologist. He is best known for the Rosenhan experiment, a study challenging the validity of psychiatry diagnoses. He said that labels matter, and studied the effect of the biasing power of labels.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Phobia

An anxiety disorder make by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

Eclectic Approach

An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person (usually a young female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

Meta Analysis

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. Gives us the bottom line results of lots of studies.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging, excessive exercise or fasting. Weight fluctuates within or above normal ranges.

Suicide

Depression increases the risk of suicide- the risk increases after the depressive episode, not while they are depressed. People with alcohol use disorder are also at increased risk for suicide. Suicide rates differ by nation, race, gender, age group, income, religious involvement, marital status, and social support structure for gay and lesbian youth. Social suggestion, health status, and economic and social frustration are also contributing factors. Non- suicidal self injury does not usually lead to suicide by may escalate to suicidal thoughts- people who don't tolerate stress well and tend to be self critical have this.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Disorders in which one dissociates from consciousness. Often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation.

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that my accompany psychotic disorders.

Hallucinations

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Catatonia

A behavioral syndrome marked by an inability to move normally. Associated with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (catatonic type), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and other mental disorders.

Unconditional Positive Regard

A caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Rogers believed would help clients to deep self awareness and self acceptance.

Rational- Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self defeating attitudes and assumptions. Change the way people think by reveling the absurdity of their self defeating ideas.

Word Salad

A confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases, specifically as a form of speech indicative of advanced schizophrenia.

Trauma

A deeply distressing or disturbing experience. People say its exaggerated.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thought (obsessions) and or actions (compulsions). Obsession- Repetitive thoughts Compulsion- Repetitive actions

Illness Anxiety Disorder (hypochondriasis or hypochondria)

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. No amount of reassurance by an physician convinces the patient that the trivial symptoms do not reflect a serious illness. So the patient moves on to another physician, but fails to confront the disorder's psychological root.

Agoraphobia

A fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

Client Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy, developed by CARL ROGERS, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate client's growth. Therapist listens without judging or interpreting, as seeks to remain from directing the client toward certain insights. Encourages therapists to have AGE (acceptance, genuineness, empathy).

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by depression that occurs at the same time every year.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Major Depressive Disorder (And 5 Signs)

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure. You must have 5 of these signs to be classified as depressed (according to the DSM-5): 1. Depressed mood most of the day. 2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day. 3. Significant weight loss or gain when not dieting, or significant decrease or increase in appetite. 4. Insomnia or sleeping too much 5. Physical agitation or lethargy 6. Fatigue or loss of energy 7. Feeling worthless or excessive/inappropriate guilt. 8. Problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions. 9. Recurrent thoughts of death and suicide.

Mania

A mood disorder make by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). First practice behavior therapy and then cognitive therapy. Helps clients regularly act our their new ways of thinking and talking in their everyday life.

Psychosis

A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

Somatic Symptom Disorder (Somatoform Disorder)

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. Psychological symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form. Conversion disorder and anxiety disorder are examples. Mental illnesses that cause bodily symptoms, including pain.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. There is controversy over whether is normal high energy or disordered behavior. Too many kids are diagnosed with it.

Dissociative Fugue

A rare disorder characterized in which a person loses their sense of identity (they don't know who they are). They may even create new identities. Dissociative fugue can be caused by stress, which might be the result of traumatic events that a person has experienced or witnessed.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and altering personalities. Two or more distinct identities are said to alternately control the person's behavior. Each personality has its own voice and mannerisms. This is controversy whether or not dissociative identities are simply a more extreme version of our capacity to vary the selves we present- like being goofy around friends and serious at work.

Flat Affect

A severe reduction in emotional expressiveness. People with depression and schizophrenia often show flat affect.

Conversion Disorder

A somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

Psychological disorder

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation or behavior. Disturbed, or DYSFUNCTIONAL behaviors are MAL ADAPTIVE- they interfere with normal day to day life.

Psychotherapy

A trained therapist uses treatment that uses psychological techniques seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Aversive Conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state, such as nausea, with an unwanted behavior, such as drinking alc.

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias.

Insight Therapies

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as insight therapies.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

AKA Duisthymia. Adults who have this experience a mildly depressed mood, more often than not for at least two years.

Humanistic Therapies

Aims to boost peoples self fulfillment by helping them grow in self awareness and self acceptance. Focus on conscious thoughts rather than the unconscious in order to create self-acceptance and consequently self-fulfillment. Focuses on the present and future more than the past. People are referred to clients or persons rather than patients. The path to growth is taking immediate responsibly for ones feelings and actions rather than uncovering hidden determinants.

Token Economy

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. Critics say that the techniques used in this may produce behavior changes that disappear when rewards and and deciding which behaviors should change is authoritarian and unethical.

Eating Disorders

Anorexia, bulimia, binge eating. Genetics can cause these. There are also cultural and gender influences.

Cognition's relation to Anxiety Disorders

Another cognitive influence on feeling of anxiety. Our interpretations and irrational beliefs can also cause feelings of anxiety.

Exposure Therapies

Behavior techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

Counterconditioning

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Biopsychosocial approach

Biological (evolution, genetics, brain structure), psychological (stress, trauma, learned helplessness), and social cultural influences (expectations, roles, definitions of normality and disorder) interact to produce specific psychological disorders.

Types of Schizophrenia (5)

CHRONIC- The disorder develops gradually and recovery is doubtful. ACUTE- Begins suddenly in reaction to stress or a major emotionally traumatic event. The prospects for recovery are brighter. (typically does not recur) CATATONIC- Is the rarest type of schizophrenia. The symptoms are especially unusual, involving significant psychomotor oddities and disturbances. DISORGANIZED- Characterized by disorganized behavior and speech, as well as disturbances in emotional expression. (AKA Hebephrenic) UNDIFFERENTIATED- The undifferentiated subtype is diagnosed when people have symptoms of schizophrenia that are not sufficiently formed or specific enough to permit classification of the illness into one of the other subtypes. The symptoms of any one person can fluctuate at different points in time, resulting in uncertainty as to the correct subtype classification

Diagnostic label

Classify individuals. Diagnostic labels allow clinicians and researchers to assume that all members of a group are generally homogeneous in the underlying nature of the illness, regardless of whether there is some variability in the presentation of symptoms or circumstances surrounding illness onset. In other words, diagnostic labels distinguish patient groups by a set of definable boundaries.

Evidence- Based Practice

Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

Aaron Beck

Cognitive therapist who believed that changing peoples thinking can change their functioning. Gentler approach. With cognitive therapy, Beck and his colleagues have sought to reverse clients catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations, and their futures. Gentle questioning seeks to erevel irritating thinking, and then to persuade people to remove the dark glasses through which they view life. Used for depression.

Deviant (Behavior)

Departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.

Active Listening

Empathetic listning in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Roger's client centered therapy.

Social Cognitive Perspective on Mood Disorders

Explores the roles of thinking and acting. Depressed peoples intensely negative assumptions about themselves, their situation, and their future lead them to magnify bad experiences and minimize good ones. Research reveals how self defining believes and a negative explanatory style feed depressions vicious cycle. Self defeating beliefs may arise from learned helplessness. Know what RUMINATION is. Life s unavoidable failure lead only some people to become depressed partly because of peoples EXPLANATORY STYLE- who are what they blame for failures (or credit for success). Depression-prone people tend to explain bad events in terms that are STABLE (it's going to last forever), GLOBAL (it's going to affect everything I do), and INTERNAL (it's all my fault) Seligman has contended that depression is common among young Westerners because of the rise of individualism and the decline of commitment to religion and family (makes people take personal responsibility) Depression is often brought on by a stressful experience that disrupts our sense of who we are and why we are worthy of human beings. PROBLEM: Chicken and the egg: Self-defeating beliefs, negative attributions, and self-blame coincide with a depressed mood and are indicators of depression. So how can they cause depression? (b/c a depressed mood triggers negative thoughts)

Interpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material. Psychoanalysts seek to understand what we resist in order to provide insight into there meaning. Latent content is the hidden meaning of your dreams.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy treatment that was originally designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories. EMDR facilitates the accessing and processing of traumatic memories to bring these to an adaptive resolution. After successful treatment with EMDR, affective distress is relieved, negative beliefs are reformulated, and physiological arousal is reduced. During EMDR therapy the client attends to emotionally disturbing material in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. People imagine traumatic scenes while she triggered eye movements by waving her fingers in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unlock and repurchase previously frozen memories. Shapiro. Very controversial.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by a long-standing pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality because they feel uncomfortable when they are not. Dramatic or impulsive behaviors to get attention. Nicole Farahan (actually though).

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred towards a parent). You take out your feelings with the situation on the therapist, even though you may not feel that way towards them. (ex. you are mad about something so you become mad at your therapist)

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. Extreme shyness.

Biological perspective on mood disorders

Mood disorders run in families. LINKAGE ANALYSIS- geneticists examine DNA from affected and unaffected family members, looking for differences and teasing out genes that put people at risk of depression. Depression is complex- genes work together that could put people at greater risk. Brain- Diminished brain activity during slowed down depressive states, and more activity during periods of mania have been found. The left frontal lobe and an adjacent brain reward center are active during positive emotions, but less active during depressed states. Frontal lobes were found to be 7% smaller than normal. Other studies show that the hippocampus, the emory processing center linked with the brains emotional circuits, is vulnerable to stress related damage. Norepinephrine- Neurotransmitter that increases arousal and boosts mood. Serotonin- Studies have found that the recipe for depression is significant life stress plus a variation on a serotonin-controlling gene. (More serotonin is good for you).

Biological relation to Anxiety Disorders (Natural Selection, Genes, & the Brain)

Natural selection has led to our fears- we fear things that are most likely to be dangerous. What we fear today is a product of our ancestors struggle for survival. It is easy to condition and hard to extinguish fears of such "evolutionary relevant" stimuli. Even modern fears relate to evolutionary explanations. Genes- we are all born with different genes so we respond differently to different things. Brain- People with disorders have elevated activity (over-arousal) in certain areas. Ex. The ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, is especially hyperactive for those with OCD.

Fear conditioning (Classical and operant)

People could be conditioned to associate different objects, events, or places to anxiety. Stimulus generalization- A person who gets attacked by a fierce dog later gains a fear of all dogs.

Survivor Resiliency

People generally do not develop PTSD after a traumatic event. Only 1/10 women and 1/20 men develop PTSD.

Client's Perceptions in Psychotherapy

People often enter therapy in crisis, Clients my need to believe the therapy was worth the effort, clients generally speak kindly of their therapists.

Criticisms on the use of diagnostic labels

People think that the DSM creates preconceptions with bias perceptions of the labeled person's past and present behavior. The legal label "insanity" raises moral and ethical questions about whether soccer should held people with disorders responsible for their violent actions.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

People with avoidant personality disorder experience long-standing feelings of inadequacy and are extremely sensitive to what others think about them. These feelings of inadequacy leads to the person to be socially inhibited and feel socially inept. Avoid people because they feel like they are being judged and are incapable of communicating.

Brain abnormalities and viral infections for Schizophrenia

People with schizophrenia have increased dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia. Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid- filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex. Brain scan reveal abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala. Interacting malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections my produce symptoms. Viral infections or famine conditions during moms pregnant and low weight or oxygen depravation at birth causes it too.

Philippe Pinel and Dix

Philippe Pinel was a French physician who was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred to today as moral therapy. Dix did the same.

Post traumatic growth

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis. After a person goes though a traumatic experience, they often gain an appreciation for life, changed priorities, meaningful relationships...

Biomedical Therapy

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the persons physiology. Physically changing the brains function by altering its chemistry with drugs (or affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery).

How many people suffer, or have suffered, from a psychological disorder? Is poverty a risk factor?

Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the time and place of the survey. Ranges from 5 tot 25 percent. Poverty is a risk factor. Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders. Some disorders can even drive people into poverty.

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive (inappropriate) behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Mood Disorder

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and mania.

Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. Antisocial personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder.

Light Exposure Therapy

Relieves depression symptoms for those with a seasonal pattern of major depressive disorder by activating a brain region that influences arousal and hormones. During light therapy, you sit or work near a device called a light therapy box, which mimics natural outdoor light.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by a long-standing pattern of detachment from social relationships. A person with schizoid personality disorder often has difficulty expression emotions and does so typically in very restricted range, especially when communicating with others. Emotionally disengaged. Tiffany (not really though).

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Self focused and self inflating. Andrew Cohen (kind of).

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. He believed the patients free associations, resistance, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self insight. Freud assumed that people must release the energy they had previously devoted to id- ego- superego conflicts to become healthier and less anxious. We do not fully know ourselves. Psychoanalysts sit out of your line of vision and you say aloud whatever comes to mind. Psychoanalytic therapy is a long and repetitive process. Focus on the unconscious' role

Binge Eating Disorder

Significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

Rumination

Staying focus on a problem (thanks to the continuous firing of the frontal lobe area that sustains depression) can be adaptive. But when it is relentless, self focused rumination diverts us from thinking about other life tasks and produces a negative emotional inertia. This is why women have a higher risk of depression- they have a tendency to ruminate. Overthinking.

Anterior cingulate cortex

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum. It is also involved in rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy, impulse control, and emotion. It appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate.

Medical model

The concept that diseases, in this case, psychological disorders, have physical cases that can be diagned, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital. A mental illness (psychopathology) needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and treated through therapy, which may include time in a psychiatric hospital.

The Vicious Cycle of Depression (Social Cognitive Explanation for Depression)

The depression puzzle: (1) Negative, stressful events interpreted through (2) a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create (3) a hopeless, depressed state that (4) hampers the way the person thinks and acts. This, in turn, fuels (1) negative, stressful experiences such as rejection. 1) Stressful experiences 2) Negative explanatory style 3) Depressed Mood 4) Cognitive and Behavioral challenges ^which then fuel new stressful experiences.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

The most troubling personality disorder. A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. You can detect this before age 15 because children begin to lie, steal, fight, and display unrestrained sexual behavior. Half of these children become antisocial adults. There are biological and psychological causes. Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder. ANDREW.

International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-10 )

The standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes (Similar to DSM 5).

Regression Towards the Mean

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores (or emotions) to fall back (regress) toward their average. Clients and therapists perceptions of therapy's effectiveness are vulnerable to inflation from two phenomena. One is the placebo effect,the power of belief in a treatment (if you think the treatment will be effective, then it will be). Regression toward the mean is the second phenomenon

Group Therapy

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self insight. Patients meet with their therapists face to face (not out of their line of vision). It is takes much less time and money than psychoanalytic therapy (don't meet as often and takes less time to produce results)

Behavior Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. Not insight therapies. Doubt the healing power of self awareness (You can be aware of why you are highly anxious during tests and still be anxious).

Cognitive Therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking, based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. Aims to make people think of themselves in more positive ways to change their mindset.

Family Therapy

Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. Work with family embers to heal relationships and mobilize family resources.

DSM 5

There American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Contains diagnostic labels and descriptions that provide a common language and shared concepts for communication and research. People think that it has become too detailed and extensive.

Effectiveness of Psychoherapy

Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve more quickly, and with less risk of relapse. Studies show that when people seek out psychological treatment, their search for other medical treatment drops. According to consumer reports, people are equally satisfied no matter what type of therapy they went through. It has helped treat depression, anxiety, cognitive and cognitive behavioral therapies have been effective with treating anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD, and depression. WE DONT KNOW IF ITS EFFECTIVE BECAUSE PEOPLE REGRESS TOWARDS THE MEAN NATURALLY. HOWEVER, STUDIES HAVE FOUND THAT THOSE UNDERGOING PSYCHOTHERAPY WILL RECOVER MORE QUICKLY.

Behavior Modification

Todays therapies can practice this, knowing that voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced their consequences. They reinforce desired behaviors and withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors.

Genetic influences on schizophrenia and early warning signs

Twin and adoption studies reveal that schizophrenia is inherited. The environment influences gene expression to enable the disorder to come out. (People are predisposed to have schizophrenia, and the environment brings it out) No environmental causes invariably produce schizophrenia Possible early warning signs of later development of schizophrenia- Biological Factors: A mother with sever schizophrenia, oxygen deprivation and low weight at birth, short attention span, poor muscle coordination. Psychological Factors: Destructive or withdrawn behavior, emotional unpredictability, poor peer relations and solo-play.

Observational Learning and Anxiety

We learn fear though observing other's fears (Cognitive).