AP Psychology chapter 8

Morphemes

In a language, the smallest units of meaning are

Additive strategy

Lists and rate the desired attributes that influence your decision. Pick the one choice with the largest total.

Mental Set

Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

3 types of problems

Problems of inducing structure,Problems of arrangement,Problems of transformation

Field dependence-independence

Refers to individuals' tendency to rely primarily on either external or internal frames of referece when orienting themselves in space

Problem Space

Refers to the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver

structured

Rules exist that govern how words may be combine into phrases and sentences.This describes the critical property that language is

Telegraphic Speech

Single-word utterances that represent the meanings of several words

Metalinguistic Awareness

The ability to reflect on the use of language

Problem Solving

The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable

Mean Length of Utterance

The average of youngsters' spoken statements (measured in morphemes)

Gambler's fallacy

The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently

the 1950s

The cognitive revolution in psychology occurred in

Semantics

The component of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations

Acculturation

The degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture

Generative

The fact that a limited number of words may be combined into an infinite number of sentences illustrates that language is

Cognition

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Problems of Arrangements

The person must arrange the parts in a way that satisfies some criterion. Example: the string and the anagram problems.

Problems of Transformation

The person must carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal. Examples: Hobits and orcs and the water jar problem.

Problems of inducing structure

The person must discover the relations amoung the parts of the problem,such as: Series of completion and analogy problems.

Fast Mapping

The process by which children map a word on an underlying concept after only one exposure to the word

Syntax

The rules that specify how words can be combined into phrases and sentences

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in a spoken language

Insight

The sudden discovery of a correct solution to a problem following incorrect attempts

Syntax

The system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences in a language refers to

Functional Fixedness

The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

Functional Fixedness

The tendency to percieve an item only in terms of its most common use. Example: solving this problem requires finding a novel use for one of the objects. (screw driver).

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek information that supports one's decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming evidence

Linguistic Relativity

The theory that one's language determines one's thoughts

Syntax

The two sentecnes "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to

Irrelevant Information

This problem leads people astray. Examples: The 15% of 200 names listed in phone book.

Approaches to problem solving

Trial and error,forming subgoals,hill climbing,searching for analogies, and changing representation,

Overextension

Using a word incorrectly to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to

Underextension

Using a word to describe a narrower set of objects than it is meant to

Babbling

When an infant produces repetitive consonant-vowel combinations such as "babababa," the infant is

all the phonemes in their native language

Which of the following best describes the capabilities of three-month-old infants. They can distinguish

Cookie

Which of the following is the best example of overregularization?

Understand; speak

Young children have a larger receptive vocabulary than productive vocabulary. In other words, they ____ more words than they ____

Decision making

involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.

Mental Set

when people persists in using problemsolving strategies that have worked in the past.

Language Acquisition Device

A hypothetical innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language

Algorithm

A methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possibly alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem

Heuristic

A strategy for solving problems

Theory of Bounded Rationality

Asserts that peole tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only on a few facets of available options an often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal

Representativeness Heuristic

Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

Availability Heuristic

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Bilingualism

Consists of the acquisition of two languages that employ different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules

Cultural Problem solving

Easterners see whole,(big picture), where as westerners see parts.

Decision making

Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

Overregularization

Generalizing grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply

Framing

How issues are posed or how choices are structured

Language

A collection of symbols, and rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to create an infinite variety of messages

Risky Decision Making

Making decisions under conditions of uncertainty

Conjunction Fallacy

Occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

Insight

Occurs when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while.

Alternative Outcomes Effect

Occurs when peoples' belief about whether and outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant