AP Psychology- Cognition and Intelligence

standardization

The process of giving the test to a large group of representative and randomly selected people to establish consistent methods administration.

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. Louis Terman of Stanford University created it.

Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Language Acquisition Device

theorized by Chomsky, it's an innate program that contains the schema for human language

Steven Pinker

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Intuition

A effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Developed by Benjamin Whorf, theory that language influences and controls thought processes and concepts.

Robert Sternberg

Developed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Howard Garnder

Developed the theory of Multiple Intelligences

verbal subtest

language based and abstract cognitive skills

IQ score

(Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100

Amos Tversky

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Carl Wernicke

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Carol Dweck

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Francis Galton

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Paul Broca

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two-word stage

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

belief perseverance

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Alfred Binet

Created the first known IQ test and developed the concept of mental age.

David Wechsler

Created what is today the most popular intelligence test.

telegraphic speech

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs

availability heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Divergent thinking

Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

Cognitive universalism

Idea that concepts are universal and they influence the development of language

Flynn Effect

Idea that over the course of history, intelligence has increased due to factors such as better diet and health and technological advancements.

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)

morpheme

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be word or a part of a word (such as prefix) Morphemes morph the meaning of words

phoneme

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

grit

In psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

Noam Chomsky

Linguist who theorized that humans are born with the innate ability to understand and produce language. The complexities of language are hard wired in us. said that because we are all exposed to language our language acquisition device will allow us to learn language if we are exposed to it during our critical period

Convergent thinking

Narrows available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Originally defined as the mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 Developed by Louis Terman.

language

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Social Intelligence

The know-how involved in successfully comprehending social situations

one-word stage

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Functional Fixedness

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions. An impediment to problem solving Ex. When you go on a picnic and sit on a tarp but when it starts raining you don't think to use the tarp to block the rain

framing

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Multiple Intelligences

Theory created by Howard Gardner that there are many types of intelligences such as musical, interpersonal, naturalist, and bodily-kinetics. Come critics say these are more abilities than intelligences

Critical Period Hypothesis

Theory that if one's Language Acquisition Device is not activated withing the first few years of life, the person will never fully acquire language. Likewise, if a second language is not introduced before puberty, the person's acquisition will be limited and they will speak that language with an accent.

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

what IQ measures

a person's cognitive ability compared to population at large mental speed and span of your working memory

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

normal curve

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.

Wolfgang Kohler

called the sudden understanding of a problem "insight"

split- half reliability

dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are

delayed gratification (self-discipline)

is the key to long term success (according to the Stanford Marshmallow Experiment)

Benjamin Whorf

language; his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

percentile rank

percentage of scores that fall below a given score

criterion validity

scores on a particular test are positively correlated with scores on another existing and well established test (criterion) of the same skill, trait, ability

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman

show that people base probability estimates on heuristics that do not always yield reasonable estimates of success

z-score

tells us whether a particular score is equal to the mean. below the mean or above the mean, by how many standard deviations

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Daniel Goleman developed a theory concerning it that focused on the importance of self control, empathy, and awareness of one's own emotions.

Fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

nativist theory

the theory of language development that states that humans have a natural, innate ability to develop language (theorized by Chomsky)

test-retest reliability

using the same test on two occasions to measure consitency

Prototype

a mental image or best example of a category.

analytic intelligence

(academic-problem-solving) traditional intelligence traits

intellectual disability

(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics

Down Syndrome

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

cohort

A group of people from a given time period

Heuristic

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, usually speedier but also more error-prone use of algorithms

mental set

A tendency to approach in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Confirmation bias

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to quickly problem solve, reason abstractly and pick up new skills. Decreases as we age

Crystallized Intelligence

Ability to use knowledge and facts we've gained over time Increases as we age

Master Image

Another image that overrides the lingering afterimage of the incomplete stimulus

babbling stage

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

B.F. Skinner

Believed that language was acquired through imitation and reinforcement.

grammar

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others, In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

representativeness heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Terman's Termites

Landmark longitudinal study on intelligence that put to rest many myths regarding genius

Louis Terman

Pioneer in the field of intelligence. Conducted the famous "termite" study, also created the Stanford-Binet test and the IQ formula.

heritability

Proportion of change that is due to genetic factors. For intelligence, it is about 50%. Estimates of heritability apply to groups, not individuals.

Deviation IQ Scores

Replaced the old IQ formula. IQ scores are now determined based on a normal curve with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.

Triarchic Theory

Robert Sternberg's theory that intelligence is composed of Analytic Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence.

Semantics

Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences. I have to go to a wake tonight vs. I have to wake my mom at 6 am have very different meanings

Charles Spearman

Saw intelligence as being composed of the g factor (ability to reason and solve problems) and the s factor (specific intelligence)

Grammar

System of rules that govern a language. For instance, in English, we put the adjective before the noun- pretty sunset.

Cultural bias

Tendency for IQ tests to reflect the language, culture, history, and customs of the people who designed the test.

Over-generalization/Over-regularization of Language

Tendency for young children to over enforce the rules of language inappropriately. For example, saying, "I gooed to the potty." Used to support the idea of the LAD.

Creativity

The ability to produce novel valuable ideas

mental age

The average age at which children could successfully answer a particular level of questions. a measure of intelligence devised by Binet; the age at which a person is mentally performing at. It can be higher, lower, or the same as their chronological age.

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language Snowman- 2 morphemes (snow, man)

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in a language th is a phoneme; the word they has 3 phonemes

Pragmatics

The social nicieties of language like taking turns, gesturing, and intonation.

Norms/Norming a Test

The standard(s) against which all others who take the test will be compared. Formed from the group used to standardize the test.

Concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

general intelligence

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Broca's area

controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

The Flynn Effect

intelligence scores have risen throughout the last 100 years or so (due to environment)

stereotype threat

just being aware of negative stereotypes that apply to your group can negatively impact your performance on intelligence tests

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. it is one's potential, not what they achieve.

L.L Thurstone

opponent to Spearman seven clusters of primary mental abilities

creative intelligence

reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas

practical intelligence

required for everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist

Syntax

rules for combining words and phrases to make grammatically correct sentences.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

similar to WAIS 6-16 year olds

performance subtest

spatial relations, perceptual skills, and speed of thinking

achievement tests

tests designed to assess what a person has learned. The AP Psychology Exam is an example

aptitude tests

tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. SAT, and IQ test are examples

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. In order for a test to be valid it has to be reliable.

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. The AP Psychology exam will measure your knowledge of Psychology, and not Chemistry.

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results. a test can be reliable but not valid. Can determine by retesting or by comparing the consistency of scores on two halves of the test (split half reliability)

predictive validity

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. The SATs have predictive validity.

High Intelligence

typically 130 IQ and above gifted education programs

alternate-forms reliability

using different varieties of the test to measure consistency between them

reification

viewing an abstract immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing

Gardeners Multiple Intelligences

visual/spatial verbal/linguistic musical/rhythmic logical/mathematical bodily/kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal natural