AP Psychology Exam 2021 Practice

postconventional morality

-adolescence and beyond -actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Preoperational Stage

-ages 2 to 7 -able to represent things with words and images, but too young to perform mental operations -lack the concept of conservation -can do symbolic thinking at about age 3 -egocentric -pretend play -theory of mind begins to form

babies are ready to walk at about age....

1

What is the capacity of your working memory?

1 to several days.

human factors psychology

A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Basilar Membranes Hair Cells

Help interpret loudness of sound & compressed sons (muffled noises)

What is a set point?

Help maintain homeostasis, balance around set point,weight range where body does the best influenced by Basal Metabolic Rate

What is a Secondary Drive?

Help us get the primary drive ex: earn money to get food

Rods

Help you see at night, black/white/grey, peripheral vision

Place Theory (Cochlea)

High pitched sounds

Intensity

Hight of sound wave; amount of energy in a light or sound wave perceived as brightness or loudness

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

Learned helplessness.

What are Learned Motives?

Learned needs, drives, goals

Proactive interference

Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

Location/use of Wernicke's area?

Left temporal lobe causing difficulty understanding.

What is a representative heuristic?

Likelihood of something happening, chance.

Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the power of

Immediate Reinforcement

agemates

Impact & Legacy The Importance of Mothering Harlow was the first to demonstrate that attachments do not necessarily develop from association with feeding showed that non-maternal caregivers could be effective parents. Arguably showed play with ________ "more necessary than mothering"? Tentative about this as limited to outcomes up to 2 years

theta brain waves

Low frequency, medium amplitude brain waves experienced during sleep

Serotonin

Low levels of this neurotransmitter are associated with depression

Frequency Theory (Auditory Nerve)

Low pitched sounds

episodic memories

Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.

Our sense of smell is near the ____ part of our brain

Memory

spatial memories

Memory of the location and direction of places and objects.

Which of the following is an example of biofeedback?

Milos learns to relax by being provided with information on changes in his heart rate.

Difference Threshold (nickname = noticeable difference)

Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

Absolute Threshold

Minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time

What are microexpressions?

Momentary & involuntary expressions that reveal true emotions

Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, delusions, and other symptoms of psychological disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?

MMPI

Which of the following tests was empirically derived?

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

May be produced through classical conditioning.

Pragmatic is...

Meaning and practical.

Iris

Ring of muscle tissue surrounding pupil (color portion) controls opening and closing

Which theorist emphasized that personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?

Rogers

Who was Alfred Kinsey?

Sex researcher, homosexuality, kinsey scale how gay are you

In what level of processing do we encode words based on their structure or appearance?

Shallow processing.

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

Shaping

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as

Shaping

Feature Detectors

Cells in brain that detect structures of stimuli (shape,angle,movement)

Fovea

Central focal point in retina, where eye's cones cluster

Simon can't remember how to ride a bike. What part of the brain would a skill like this be processed in?

Cerebellum and basil ganglia.

What part of the brain is classical conditioning processed in?

Cerebellum and basil ganglia.

Where are space, time, and frequency processed in the brain?

Cerebellum and basil ganglia.

"Little Brain" is Latin for what?

Cerebellum.

Speech at 2 years old?

Child engages at two word speech, telegraphic.

What is nonverbal communication?

Communicating using body language, movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Conditioned response.

Top-Down Processing

Conducted by higher level mental processes, construct drawings on experiences and expectations

Freudian Idea

Conscious awareness of what goes on in our own mind is very limited is what kind of idea?

impaired theory of mind

Difficulty reading other peoples' facial emotions and states of mind

Sensory Adaptation

Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates

Discrimination

151. Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

What are the different responses to stress?

Displaced aggression: directed toward something else Escape: physically remove themselves from situation Mood altering behaviors: drugs, alcohol

Wavelength

Distance from one peak of light or sound wave to the next

stability and change

Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age?

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)

Selective Attention

Focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Encoding failure leads to what?

Forgetting.

G. Stanley Hall

Founded the American Psychological Association (now largest organization of psychologists in the USA) and became first president

continuity and stages

Is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?

541. source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experiences, heard about, read about, or imagined (source misattribution) the heart of many false memories

source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experiences, heard about, read about, or imagined (source misattribution) the heart of many false memories

Freud

austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis

Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the

axon

The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the

axon

359. nerves

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense of organs.

The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs.

by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis?

free-running condition

condition that is used when a researcher conducts a sleep study without any natural or artificial cycle (random lights)

68. Broca's area

controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

607. Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobes.

585. transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

Compared to those with an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to:

cope effectively with stress

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptom

could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments.

Francis Bacon

one of the founders of modern science; promoted use of scientific method & wrote about problems with (what was later known as) confirmation bias

Sandra Scarr

parents should be blamed less for their children's wrongdoings and praised less for the children's successes

In explaining prosocial behavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized

the beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior.

genes

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

sex

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

427. primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible)

endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

47. basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expendenture

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

74. central nervous system (CNS)

the brain and spinal cord.

plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

415. plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

401. personal space

the buffer-zone we like to maintain around our bodies

menarche

the first menstrual period

389. parapsychology

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of:

the superego

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

A slow but steady rate of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval

slow-wave sleep

The last two stages of sleep, characterized by slow brain waves, deep breathing, and calm heartbeat

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the

Unconditioned stimulus

which aggressions are men more likely to show? women?

men- aggression related to hunting, fighting, violent crime etc. women- relational aggression like gossip

combination

mental meeting place (consciousness allows you to combine and think properly)

266. imagery

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

imagery

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

285. intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

modeling

People's scores on a test of extraversion are likely to be most strongly correlated with the number of social conversations they initiate during the course of a single:

month

Compared with Freud, contemporary research psychologists are less likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving:

motivational conflict

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to emphasize the importance of:

motivational conflict

In rejecting claims that personality trait measures fail to predict behavior effectively, Seymour Epstein emphasized the importance of:

multiple behavior assessments

337. mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

98. color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

525. Sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Motor neurons are to the _______ nervous system as interneurons are to the _______ nervous system.

peripheral; central

459. reaction formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites, Thus, people may express feelings that are opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

Projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective.

psychoanalytic

431. projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

558. sublimation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.

139. denial

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Choose the correct answer to fill in each blank

resting potential Na+ axon hillock action potential myelin sheath exocytosis reuptake

267. implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection. (nondeclarative or procedural memory)

implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection. (nondeclarative or procedural memory)

A failure to recognize that one's arm or leg is part of one's self is most likely to be associated with damage to the

right hemisphere

motor development sequence

roll, sit, crawl, walk

random sample

sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

534. social psychology

scientific study of how we think about influence, and relate to one another

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

29. applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

Money is to food as ________ is to ________.

secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Maslow most clearly interjected his own personal values into his study of self-actualized individuals by:

selectively studying people with qualities he admired.

According to terror-management theory, anxiety about our own mortality motivates our pursuit of:

self esteem

Personality inventories typically gather information by means of:

self reports

Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates:

self serving bias

In one survey, Americans were more optimistic that they themselves would go to heaven than would either Michael Jordan or Bill Clinton. This best illustrates:

self serving bias

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to raising one's self-esteem?

self serving bias

Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of:

self-actualization

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality.

self-concept

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of:

self-determination

606. well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life; used along measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates:

self-serving bias

Unrealistic optimism could best be described as a(n):

self-serving bias

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?

sensory

181. estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics; in nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.

shaping

561. superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

microsleeps

short bursts of sleep as a result of complete exhaustion. can occur during driving and can last a few seconds or thirty seconds

Walter Mischel

showed that delayed gratification in his marshmallow experiment led to higher college completion rates and incomes and less addiction problems

57. binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

hallucinogens

similar to neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates moods and perceptions (create loss of contact from reality, alters emotion, perception, thought, produces hallucinations)

Social Traps

simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings to study ______?

chronic insomnia

sleeping troubles that last for a period of more that 3 weeks

depressants

slow down activity in central nervous systems, increase GABA neurotransmitters, which inhibit brain activity (mild euphoria, impairs judgement, friendliness, causes aggressiveness and violence, talkativeness)

Japanese students are more likely than American students to describe themselves in terms of their:

social identities

Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of:

social influence

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of:

social responsibility.

sodium oxybate

specifically prescribed for severe cataplexy. Taken at night and thought to alleviate loss of muscle tone and sleep attacks.

stimulants

speed up the activity of the nervous system, increase the release of neurotransmitters norepinephrine (arousal) and dopamine (pleasure)... (reduce fatique, hallucinations)

Anvil is connected to the ____

stirrup

What is problem-focused coping?

stragegy for managing/fixing distressing situation

237. GRIT

strategy designed to decrease international tensions

An individual who perceives an internal locus of control would most likely show signs of a

strong ego

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a:

strong ego

No matter how long and hard Oprah studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Oprah shows signs of a:

strong superego

529. social facilitation

stronger responses on simple/well-learned tasks in the presence of others

278. inner ear

structures and liquids that relay sound waves to the auditory nerve fibers on a path to the brain for interpretation of sound

cataplexy

sudden loss of muscle control

latent content

symbolic meaning of a dream according to Freud. is based on interpretation.

medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

231. genes

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.

81. Circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

circadian rhythms

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

177. endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream.

360. nervous system

the body's speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

575. thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory reviving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

138. dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

social power

the capacity to alter the actions of others

211. fovea

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

334. middle ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

449. psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

118. coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America

232. genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.

control group

the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment., In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

468. rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

527. social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

99. companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

200. fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

170. embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

457. range

the difference between the highest and lower scores in a distribution.

range

the difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution.

308. levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

582. tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

608. withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

487. retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall fo old information

retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall fo old information

430. proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

563. sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

390. parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

539. somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body'd skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

deja vu

the eerie sense that"I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

194. facial feedback

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

frontal lobe maturation lags behind......

the emotional límbic system

508. semantic encoding

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

semantic encoding

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

602. visual encoding

the encoding of picture images

visual encoding

the encoding of picture images

6. acoustic encoding

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

acoustic encoding

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

412. pituitary gland

the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

131. culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted form one generation to the next.

130. culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted through generations

dependent variable

the experimental factor - in psychology, the behavior or mental process - that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

271. independent variable

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

independent variable

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

44. axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fivers through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

generalizability

the extent to which a study's findings can be reasonably assumed to apply to the study population (not just the sample); enhanced by having larger, random samples and large differences between (experimental and control) groups

596. validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

validity

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

114. content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

472. reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.

400. personal control

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather that feeling helpless.

510. sensation

the faculty through which the external world is apprehended

555. stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

613. zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

zygotes

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

326. menarche

the first menstrual period

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

245. heritablity

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. This may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

479. repression

the psychoanalytic theory, the basis defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

480. resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

331. mere-exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

519. set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set; when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate my act to restore the lost weight

65. blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

frontal lobes

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

132. debriefing

the postexperimental explanation for a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

113. conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

218. frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration, the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger which can generate aggression

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

160. dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

515. sensory interaction

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

354. natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

353. natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited variation, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

268. imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

consciousness

the process by which the brain creates a model of internal and external experience

556. stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

263. identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

486. retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

394. perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

encoding

the processing of information into the memory system

387. parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

repression

the psychoanalytic theory, the basis defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

544. spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

nrem sleep

the recurring periods, mainly associated with the deeper stages of sleep, when the sleeper is not showing rapid eye movements

tolerance

the reduced effectiveness a drug has after repeated use

312. long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

17. Alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

554. storage

the retention of encoded information over time

storage

the retention of encoded information over time

565. syntax

the rules for combing words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

syntax

the rules for combing words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

94. cognitive psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

53. behavioral psychology

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

418. positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

144. developmental psychology

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

biological psychology

the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes

444. psychometric

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits; also sometimes called "quantitative psychology"

Semantic Encoding

the self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

38. audition

the sense or act of hearing

398. peripheral nervous system (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

509. semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning

semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning

610. X chromosome

the sex chromosome found in both men and women; females have two & males have one; one from each parent produces a female child

Y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

249. hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I- knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

78. change blindness

the tendency to fail to detect changes in any part of a scene to which we are not focusing our attention

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

344. mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

383. other race effect

the tendency to recall faced of one's own race more accurately than faces of another race

219. functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

229. generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

71. Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

NREM Stage 2

theta and start of delta waves; start of true sleep, sleep spindles in EEG patterns - sudden bursts of brain activity

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumption, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidences, and assesses conclusions

126. critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

536. social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

wording effects

when a specific word used in a question affects how respondents answer the question or the order of the questions

root reflex

when baby's cheek is rubbed, it will automatically turn toward the stimuli

What is personal frustration?

when your own internal characteristics stop you from achieving a goal

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what?

whether we see the people as similar to us

are men or women most likely to form intimate relationships?

women

Projection

A defense mechanism where people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Long-Term

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ____ memory

318. Mania

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

experimental group

A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested.

What is emotional intelligence?

Ability to recognize/label your own emotions as well as others correctly

What strategy guarantees a solution and is step by step?

Algorithms.

Parietal Lobe

Although not notably heavier or larger in size than the typical Canadian's brain, Einstein's brain was 15% larger in the lower region of the _____?

Brian has gotten into a terrible car accident. He can remember his tenth birthday party but is unable to form new memories. What does he suffer from?

Anterograde amnesia.

What is evolutionary psychology?

Approach that tries to explain the mental and psychological traits ie memory, language, perception as adaptations to the environment Natural selection & instinct behaviors allow for survival

What is Motivation?

Drive that initiates, sustains, directs, and terminates actions Why do people behave a certain way?

Conscious

Explicit Attitudes are typically

Lawrence Kohlberg

Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment

Divergent thinking

Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates

Wilhelm Wundt

German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879

What is the Appraisal Theory?

How do people react to a stressor? Richard Lazarus primary appraisal: is the stressor relevant? Threatening? secondary appraisal: person considers resources available

nature and nurture

How does our genetic inheritance (our nature) interact with our experiences (our nurture) to influence our development?

Frequency

How often wavelength shows up

Intuition is...

Huge, adaptive, recognition born of experience.

(Retina) Optic Nerve

Nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain

What is paralanguage?

Non linguistic properties of speech ex: pitch, speech rate

smell (olfaction)

Only sense that does NOT route through the thalamus 1st. Goes to temporal lobe and amygdala

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of

Operant conditioning.

Between the stirrup and cochlea there is a ____

Oval Window

Whorf's hypothesis. Explain.

Over exaggerated saying language determines our thinking, in reality it only influences.

*Olfactory Bulb

Part of nose that receives smell

Intrinsic motivation means what?

Personal motivation.

hypnopompic hallucinations

REM-like state that intrudes into wakefulness after awakening

EGO

Reality principle

Chunking

Rearranging Y, M, O, M, R, E into MEMORY

What is stress?

School

438. psychoanalysis

Sigmond Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences and the therapists interpretations of them released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Phonemes include...

Sounds, about 40 in the English language.

Id

The behavior of a newborn is controlled by the ____?

323. Medical Model

The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

192. extrasensory perception

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.

What did Herman Ebbinghaus discover about stored memories?

The course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time.

253. hue

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

215. frequency

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

Passionate Love

The two-factor theory helps explain ___?

Young-Helmoholtz Trichromatic Theory

Theory that retina contains 3 color receptors (Red-Green-Blue) sensitive eyes

Pitch

Tone of sound you're listening to; highness or lowness

Dichromatic Vision

We can see two of these colors

Monochromatic Vision

You only see one of the three colors

61. biological psychology

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

continuous positive airway pressure

a device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

108. conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

333. methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

physical dependance

a process by which the body adjusts to, and comes to need, a drug for its everyday functioning

220. functionalism

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish

411. pitch

a tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency

What are sexual dysfunctions?

abnormal sexual performance

319. manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

502. self-concept

all our thoughts and feeling about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

72. case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

424. prejudice

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members; generally involved stereotyped beliefs

399. peripheral route of persuasion

attitude change in which people are influenced by incidental cues

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates _____. a. the serial position effect b. flashbulb memory c. proactive interference d. sensory memory

b. flashbulb memory

559. subliminal

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

ego

center of our consciousness, rational decision maker of the brain (looks out for you)

conscious

consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of a. negative reinforcement. b. operant conditioning. c. respondent behavior. d. observational learning. e. spontaneous recovery.

d

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to a. punishing. b. extinguishing. c. discriminating. d. modeling. e. generalizing.

d

Peers have more influence on:

dressing, acting, and communicating

depressants

drugs that slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system

alcohol while pregnant causes....

epigentic effects

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to:

have a strong ego

293. intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

469. reinforcer

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

477. representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood o things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or math, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

restriction

keeps brain from being overwhelmed

father absence

lacking a father's care

291. interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs.

80. chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

207. fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

128. crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Parents in collectivist cultures are more likely than parents in individualist cultures to encourage teenage children to:

participate in household chores

fetal achohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in a child caused by a mothers excessive drinking during pregnancy

15. aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as ________ is to ________.

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates at school are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a:

projection

489. rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond

The goal of constraint-induced therapy is to

rewire damaged brains by forcing patients to use a nonfunctioning limb

three types of neurons

sensory, motor, interneurons

491. role

set of expectations (norms) about a social position that define how those in the position ought to behave

Prenatal sexual development begins about ____ weeks after conception. Adolescence is marked by the onset of ____.

seven; puberty

sleep spindles

short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep

1. Aaron Beck

sought to reverse patient's catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations and futures using cognitive therapy

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to

speak fluently

According to Freud, the personality system that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the:

superego

Janine experiences feelings of revulsion at the prospect of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's:

superego

450. psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

biological perspective

the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, genetics, and other biological functions

370. object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3

insomnia

the most common of the sleep disorders; a sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep

mode

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.

339. mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

340. modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

176. encoding

the processing of information into the memory system

297. James-Lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

262. identical twins

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

the zygote attaches to...

uterine wall

sleepwalking

walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep

Sheelah was able to jerk her hand out of the scalding water before sensing any pain because this withdrawal reflex

was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord

prenatal hormones help sculpt....

what we love to do

Prenatal Development Stages

zygote, embryo, fetus

Echoic memory lasts how long?

4 seconds.

Harry Harlow

1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)

Babbling stage starts when?

4 months old.

At what age can fetuses begin to detect sounds?

6 months

When can babies start differentiating between syllables?

7 months old.

Harlow and Harlow (1962)

>Took baby monkeys away from mothers when born and raised them in complete isolation. >Took isolated monkeys and put them in with other normal monkeys who were not isolated once they reached sexual maturity.

The ear drum is able to process sound how?

By hitting w/ vibrations

Julia rolls of her bed to get her third piece of pie. She walks into her kitchen and forgets what she went in there for. She trudges back to her room and lays back down on her bed. Suddenly, she realizes that she wanted pie. What is this an example of?

Context dependent memory.

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will

Continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

A child described as latent is...

Has hidden oral talent.

John Bowlby

____ ______ (1907-1990) thought that attachment proceeded through a number of phases 1. (0-2 months) - the infant shows little differentiation in social responses to familiar and unfamiliar people 2. (2-7 months) - infants recognise their caregivers but do not show anxiety on separation 3. (7 months - 2 yrs) - "stranger danger" and infants protest at separation 4. (> 2 years) - infants begin to show more independence and recognition of caregiver's needs

Mary Ainsworth

____ _________ (1913-1999) worked with Bowlby in the 1950s. Later lived with Ganda people in Uganda and observed the lack of uniformity in attachment behaviour Inspired by Harlow, she created the Strange Situation involving 20-minute miniature drama with 8 episodes. It is designed to examine attachment behaviours and styles, and the balance between attachment and exploration under conditions of low and high stress.

social deprivation

______ ___________ = Abnormal behaviours Monkeys reared in full or partial isolation develop severe abnormalities of behaviour: - They often engaged in stereotyped behaviour patterns - They exhibited excessive and misdirected aggression if introduced to other monkeys - They would often engage in self-punishing behaviour - If introduced to an opposite-sex monkey sex behaviour was, for all practical purposes, destroyed

601. visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. partial-interval c. variable-ratio d. variable-interval e. fixed-ratio

a

In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll a. imitated the adult's actions. b. acted aggressively in the presence of other children. c. behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents. d. did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such behavior was modeled later. e. displayed little interest in the experimental situation.

a

strange situation

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

163. Ecstacy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin- producing neurons and to mood and cognition

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) a. unpredictable time period has elapsed. b. specified time period has elapsed. c. specified number of responses has been made. d. unpredictable number of responses has been made. e. the desired behavior is performed a set number of times.

b

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a a. negative reinforcer. b. punishment. c. conditioned stimulus. d. delayed reinforcer. e. secondary reinforcer.

b

Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that a. viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges. b. viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively. c. there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively. d. although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression, there is no evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression. e. viewing violence is cathartic and lessens aggressive impulses.

b

Mr. Couros has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Couros is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development. a. shaping b. observational learning c. generalization d. delayed reinforcement e. spontaneous recovery

b

Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television. Research cited in the text indications that this may lead her to a. underestimate the actual frequency of violent crimes in the real world. b. experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground. c. become more hesitant about personally starting a fight with another child. d. become less fearful about being criminally assaulted. e. experience more distress when witnessing real-life violent episodes.

b

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule? a. studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes b. inserting coins into a slot machine c. paying a cashier for a candy bar d. checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived e. assembling car parts in a factory

b

A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of a. negative reinforcement. b. instinctive drift. c. discrimination. d. extinction. e. spontaneous reinforcement.

c

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning. a. shaping b. generalization c. modeling d. respondent behavior e. secondary reinforcement

c

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a a. negative reinforcement. b. positive reinforcement. c. negative punishment. d. positive punishment. e. punishing reinforcer.

c

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________. a. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer b. acquisition; extinction c. reinforcement; punishment d. generalization; discrimination e. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

c

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio e. partial-delayed

c

Which of the following recovered memories is most likely to be reliable and accurate? a. Oscar recovers a traumatic memory while under the influence of an experimental drug b. You suddenly have a very vivid memory of being lost in a mall when you were two years old c. You suddenly remember where you hid a bundle of money 3 years ago d. Jane recovers a memory of physical abuse under hypnosis

c. you suddenly remember where you hid a bundle of money 3 year ago

opiates

cause sleepiness and relieve pain, agonist for endorphins (intense rush or euphoria, feelings of contentment, severe withdrawal symptoms)

glial cells (glia)

cells in the nervous system that comprise the support system for the neurons

234. glial cell

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

363. neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

psychoactive drugs

chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the brain

Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of:

childhood sexual instincts.

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a. a specified time period has elapsed. b. an unpredictable time period has elapsed. c. a specified number of responses have been made. d. an unpredictable number of responses have been made. e. the desired behavior is performed during a predetermined time interval.

d

Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of a. negative reinforcers. b. generalization. c. spontaneous recovery. d. punishment. e. secondary reinforcers.

d

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. intermittent-continuous c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio e. variable-interval

d

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________. a. acquisition; extinction b. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer c. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer d. punishment; reinforcement e. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

d

When 4-year-old Michael hit his sister, his Mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be a. positive punishment. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. negative punishment. e. continuous reinforcement.

d

Memories emerge most efficiently when memories are retrieved in the same physical place and/or mood as when the memory was encoded. In general, these effects are referred to as _____. a. serial position effects b. levels-of-processing effects c. contextual distinctiveness d. context effects

d. context effect

The inability to remember who's face appears on a five-dollar bill is most likely due to a failure in _____. a. storage b. retrieval c. implicit memory d. encoding

d. encoding

324. medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Morphemes include...

Prefixes and suffixes.

436. psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Retrieval practice effect and test enhanced learning are examples of what?

Testing effect.

Carol Gilligan

Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships

Types of Touch

Pressure Warmth Cold Pain

Encoding

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to

William James called this process "the wakening of associations".

Priming.

Reasoning Skills

To access mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's ______?

347. motor cortex

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

295. intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning?

a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark

206. flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

283. instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

153. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

547. standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.

496. schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

393. passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

557. structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

What is a drive?

an emotional state that pushes you to do something Internal stimuli that motivate behavior

Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are least likely to be highly:

conforming

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension known as:

conscientiousness.

Morning types are to evening types as ________ is to ________.

conscientiousness; extraversion

Contemporary psychologists are least likely to agree with Freud's belief that:

conscious awareness of our own mental processes is very limited.

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people:

consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.

Harry and Margaret Harlow found that...

contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment, NOT nourishment

familiarity breeds

content

What is emotion-focused coping?

controlling/ replacing negative emotional responses to stressors . . . stay calm

Split-brain patients have had their _______ surgically cut.

corpus callosum

A person whose selfesteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to:

criticize the shortcomings of others.

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of a. respondent behavior. b. spontaneous recovery. c. negative reinforcement. d. observational learning. e. intermittent reinforcement.

d

A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) a. specified time period has elapsed. b. unpredictable number of responses has been made. c. specified number of responses has been made. d. unpredictable time period has elapsed. e. number of responses is performed in a specific time period.

d

9. active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client centered therapy

Lev Vygotsky

emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the social environment

69. bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

34. attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

520. sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

275. informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

453. punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

506. self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true

social interest

Observations in humans that resemble observed behaviour in monkeys Ø Stereotypical movements, self-harm Ø Lack of ______ ________ & social skills Ø Generational effect Ø Ethics?

538. social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

462. reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy someone physically or emotionally

14. aggression

any physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

applause for an excellent piano recital

industrial-organizational psychology

application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

social-cultural perspective

approach that emphasizes how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

somatosensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

514. sensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

594. unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response

stereotypical movements

Observations in humans that resemble observed behaviour in monkeys Ø _____________ __________, self-harm Ø Lack of social interest & social skills Ø Generational effect Ø Ethics?

Sensory Interaction

Principle that one sense may influence another, interaction of smell and taste (McGurk Effect) Example: "It smells just like it tastes" "It looks as good as it smells"

Simon can't remember the password to his new locker but tries to put in his password from last year. What is this interference is called?

Proactive interference.

Perception

Process by organizing and interpreting sensory information. Enabling us to recognize meaningful events/objects

Sensation

Process by which our sensory receptors recieve stimulus energies from the environment

The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most likely to be emphasized in cultures that value:

individualism

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Brian is studying for a final exam. He finds that relearning the material is easier than when he initially learned it. What is this an example of?

Relearning.

According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among:

behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.

While mapping the motor cortex, researchers Foerster and Penfield found that

body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical space

why does ASD affect 3 boys for every 1 girl?

boys are "systemizers" and girls are "emphasizers" and people on the ASD are systemizers

spermarche (wet dream)

boys' first ejaculation

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

alpha brain waves

brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.

nerves

bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

439. psychodynamic psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

143. developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

60. biological psychology

a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by

A biopsychosocial approach.

counseling psychology

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

591. unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

228. general intelligence

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

250. hippocampus

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

hippocampus

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

8. action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

296. iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

456. random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

552. stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

599. vestibular sense

a sensory system located in structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head

cognition

Debate and Controversy- Problems with comparing rhesus monkeys to children due to differences Ø Development time Ø Role of _________ Ø Social interactions (e.g., sexual behaviour) Ø Family/social constellations

352. narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

256. hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

hypocretins

a special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness

330. mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

251. homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

107. confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

174. empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

Validity

a test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of _____?

family/social

Debate and Controversy- Problems with comparing rhesus monkeys to children due to differences Ø Development time Ø Role of cognition Ø Social interactions (e.g., sexual behaviour) Ø ______/______ constellations

259. hypothesis

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

hypothesis

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

social interactions

Debate and Controversy- Problems with comparing rhesus monkeys to children due to differences Ø Development time Ø Role of cognition Ø ______ ____________ (e.g., sexual behaviour) Ø Family/social constellations

572. terror-management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people' emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

43. aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant states (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking)

development time

Debate and Controversy- Problems with comparing rhesus monkeys to children due to differences Ø ___________ ____ Ø Role of cognition Ø Social interactions (e.g., sexual behaviour) Ø Family/social constellations

Encoding words based on their meaning is what level of processing?

Deep processing.

delta brain waves

Deepest sleep, lowest frequency & highest amplitude.

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

Eating disorder, overeat high calorie foods and then throwing it up

Who used nonsense syllables to prove storage decay?

Ebbinghaus.

Explicit memories form through what?

Effortful processing. (Declarative).

Social Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence is a critical component of ____?

566. systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

378. operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

82. classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

281. insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

addiction

a condition in which a person continues to use a drug despite its adverse effects - often despite repeated attempts to discontinue using the drug. It may be based on physical or psychological dependance

Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?

"I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."

Morpheme

"Lightly", "Neatly", "Shortly" , the "ly" ending is a ___?

psychodynamic perspective

A branch of psychology that studies how internal conflicts and unconscious drives influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. (Influenced by Sigmund Freud's model of psychoanalysis)

community psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

developmental psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

84. clinical psychology

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

agonist

A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter

159. DSM-IV-TR

A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

493. savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

26. Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

sampling bias

A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

cognitive perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

35. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

sleep paralysis

a condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes. it normally occurs during REM sleep.

180. equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship is proportional to what they give to it

156. Down syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

What is Sexual orientation?

A raging homosexual like myself or a confused heterosexual like yahzie

406. PET (positron emission tomography) scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

152. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

117. Conversion Disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

sleep debt

A sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning.

257. Hypochonriasis

A somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease.

fMRI (functional MRI)

A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

social desirability bias

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself; a potential challenge in surveys involving self-report

A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is called a(n) ________ test.

empirically derived

165. effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

What are Individualistic societies?

encourage reward and individual success

intersex

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

543. split brain

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum connecting them).

split brain

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

psychological dependance

a desire to obtain or use a drug even though there is no physical dependance

294. intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

524. signal detection theory

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("Signal") amid background stimulation ("Noise"). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.

193. extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

86. cochlear implant

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

sleep-related eating disorder

a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day

narcolepsy

a disorder of REM sleep, involving sleep-onset REM periods and sudden daytime REM-sleep attacks usually accompanied by cataplexy.

39. autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of minds

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

Maternal deprivation

infants who lack a caring mother

368. normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

explain brain cell development from womb to birth

-developing brain in womb overproduces neurons with a peak at 28 weeks -once born the rate decreases and stabilizes

conventional morality

-early adolescence -uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Biological factors that contribute to ASD

-genetic influences -abnormal brain development -maternal infection and inflammation -psychiatric drug use -stress hormones

benifets of androgyny

-more adaptable -more flexible in their actions and in career choices -more resilient and self-accepting -experience less depression

274. informative social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

novel tastes.

moral intuitionist perspective

-quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions -Jonathan Hadit -the mind makes moral judgments quickly and automatically -trolley car situation

Negligent parents

-uninvolved -neither demanding nor responsive -careless, inattentive, and do not seek to have a close relationship with their children -breeds children with poor academic and social outcomes

Permissive parents

-unrestraining -make few demands, set few limits and use little punishment -breeds children who are more aggressive and immature

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

sleep disorder

a disturbance of the normal sleep pattern

antagonist

a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of another drug

178. endorphins

"morphine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

Endorphins

"morphine within"--natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

284. intellectual disability

(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.

brain wave

(neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph

What are peptides?

**** BIOLOGYYYY short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Innate primary drive

- Bowlby argued that attachment of infants to their mother was an ______ _______ _____, not a secondary drive (argued by Harlow) - Bowlby's major conclusion in 1951 was that "the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment"

Formal Operational Stage

-ages 12 to adulthood -able to reason abstractly about hypotheticals (If this, then that) -systematic reasoning -potential for moral reasoning

Concrete operational stage

-ages 7 to 11 -gain mental operations that allow them to think logically about concrete events (experiences) -understand conservation and mathematical transformation (8+4 = 12 and 12-4=8)

preconventional morality

-before age 9 -self interest -obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete awards

Sensorimotor Stage

-birth to 2 years -babies take in the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping) -lack object permeance before 8 months -babies are able to recognize numbers in the sense of drumbeats, motions, larger numbers, and ratios

Authoritarian parents

-coercive -impose rules and expect obedience -breeds children with les social skills and self-esteem and a brain that overreacts when they make mistakes

Authoritative parents

-confrontive -both demanding and responsive -exert control by setting rules -encourage open discussion and allow exceptions -breeds children with high self-esteem, self-reliance, self-regulation, and social competence

insecure attachment

-demonstrated by infants who are less likely to explore their surrounding and may cling to their mother -display clinging, anxious attachment or avoidant attachment

secure attachment

-demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver -show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves -finds comfort in the caregivers return

110. confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

CR (Conditioned Response)

myelin sheath

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

CS; US (Conditioned Stimulus; Unconditioned Stimulus)

scaffold

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

The MyersBriggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by:

Carl Jung

96. collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces form our species' history.

institutional review board (IRB)

A committee organized by a university or other research institution that approves, monitors, and reviews all research that involves human subjects. Its main purpose is to ensure compliance with ethics standards.

daydreaming

A common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

What is the difference between a concept and a prototype?

A concept is a mental grouping of similar objects while a prototype is a mental image or best example of a category.

Long term memory

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

histogram

A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.

497. Schizophrenia

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

A half-second before the food.

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter.

correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Creativity

A mental set is most likely to inhibit

317. Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

64. Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

George Miller proposed that short term memory can retain about how many bits of information?

About 7.

Conscious Level

According the Freud's theory, the EGO operated on a ___?

Pupil

Adjustable opening in the eye which light enters

strange situation

Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, involving 20-minute miniature drama with 8 episodes. It is designed to examine attachment behaviours and styles, and the balance between attachment and exploration under conditions of low and high stress.

Hobson and McCarley

American psychiatrists and neuroscientists who have extensively researched the brain controls and neuropsychological events involved in sleep and dreaming; proposed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming.

John Watson

American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes

Emotion related memory is most connected to what part of the brain?

Amygdala.

Flashbulb memories are made in what part of the brain?

Amygdala.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

421. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

372. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/ or actions.

230. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

408. Phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

386. Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

biopsychosocial approach

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

What is Magnet theory?

Approach to management that uses rigorous techniques to help managers maximize use of organizational resources

What are display rules?

Appropriate ways fo expressing emotions based ont eh situation

Right Temporal Lobe

Associates meaningfully with three word solutions that occur with sudden insight in the brain

One word

At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.

Framing effect

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the impact of

What is appraisal-focused coping?

Attempts to reframe stressors, changing one's perspective . . . put a positive spin on things

Sound waves travel down ______ to the _____

Auditory Canal, Eardrum

Encoding failure

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

Freud

Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis, who proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges

The results of early research on biofeedback were surprising because they indicated that people could learn to control bodily functions regulated by the

Autonomic nervous system.

What occurs at ten months old?

Babbling represents household language.

During the one-word stage

Babies' first demonstrate of productive language occurs

The humanistic perspective is to Maslow as the socialcognitive perspective is to

Bandura

What are Biological Motives?

Based on biological needs for survival -- Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance innate: Born with them

Procedural memory is processed in what?

Basil ganglia.

Bottom-Up Processing

Begins with sensory receptors that send up to the brain

overt behavior

Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior.

What are Fixed Action patterns?

Behaviors in response to Stimuli that once you start you have to continue until you finish ex: Hatched sea turtles go to the ocean

Subliminal

Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

Biological predispositions

What is a Primary Drive?

Biologically connected to survival

Cochlea

Bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses

How does early maturation affect boys and girls?

Boys -ones who are stronger and more athletic during early teen years tend to be more popular, self-assured, and independent -more risk for alcohol use, delinquency, and premature sexual activity Girls -may begin associating with older adolescents, suffer teasing or sexual harassment -experience increased rumination with anxiety or depression

beta brain waves

Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.

John Locke

British political philosopher & author of "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"; coined the phrase "blank slate" to describe the state of human knowledge at birth

Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech?

Broca's area

Framing effect

Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates

Choice Blindness

Choosing to ignore something because you don't like it Example: Son who tells parent he is gay. Parent will ignore that the son is gay and act like he isn't.

prototype; category

Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.

What is Drive Reduction Theory?

Clark Hull, people are motivated by needs, drives, responses, goals People have a need when they have an internal deficiency --> creates a drive ex: hunger (internal need) --> creates drive --> you eat goal met =stop eating

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

Classical conditioning

What is processed in the cerebellum?

Classical conditioning and learned responses.

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of

Classical conditioning.

What is the capacity of your short term memory?

Close to one minute.

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

Cognitive Processes

After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop an averse reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.

Cognitive processes

Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

Cognitive processes

Opponent Processing Theory

Colors cancel out Red-Green Blue-Yellow Black-White

Elementary school (6 years to puberty)

Competence vs. Inferiority

Damage to the left parietal lobe decreases your ability to do what kind of thinking?

Convergent thinking.

Transduction

Conversion of one form of energy into another, transforming of stimulus energies such a sights

Regression

Coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristics of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called ______?

people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.

Critical period for language acquisition is the fact that

Sensorineural Hearing Loss (Inner Ear)

Damage to receptor cells of cochlea

After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates

Desensitization.

wire

Design- · Rhesus monkeys were "raised" by substitute or 'surrogate' mothers. These 'mothers' were made either of ____ or of wood covered with soft terry cloth. In one experiment both 'mothers' were present, but only one provided food . During the first 14 days of life the monkey's cage floor was covered with a heating pad wrapped in a folded gauze diaper, and thereafter the cage floor was bare. Infants were always free to leave the heating pad or cage floor to contact mother, and the time spent on the surrogate mothers was automatically recorded.

cloth

Design- · Rhesus monkeys were "raised" by substitute or 'surrogate' mothers. These 'mothers' were made either of wire or of wood covered with soft terry _____. In one experiment both 'mothers' were present, but only one provided food . During the first 14 days of life the monkey's cage floor was covered with a heating pad wrapped in a folded gauze diaper, and thereafter the cage floor was bare. Infants were always free to leave the heating pad or cage floor to contact mother, and the time spent on the surrogate mothers was automatically recorded.

time spent

Design- · Rhesus monkeys were "raised" by substitute or 'surrogate' mothers. These 'mothers' were made either of wire or of wood covered with soft terry cloth. In one experiment both 'mothers' were present, but only one provided food . During the first 14 days of life the monkey's cage floor was covered with a heating pad wrapped in a folded gauze diaper, and thereafter the cage floor was bare. Infants were always free to leave the heating pad or cage floor to contact mother, and the ____ _____ on the surrogate mothers was automatically recorded.

Ways to boost creativity.

Develop expertise, let it sit, set aside time to let mind roam freely. and experience other cultures and ways of thinking.

442. Psychological Disorder

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Hue

Dimension of color the wavelength produces

Source amnesia

Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates

WAIS

EX: 22 year old Bernie takes a test that measures such diverse abilities as digital span, vocabulary, and object assembly has completed what test ____?

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Eating disorder where you starve yourself

Person-Situation Controversy

Evidence that our traits persist over time across different settings is of greatest relevance to _____?

Cocktail Party Effect

Example: Hearing your name at the other side of the room. or when we hear there will be a pop quiz, you will immediately question if we have one

What're the five components of creativity?

Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment. (Sternberg).

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

Extinction

What is obesity?

Extra fat

Inattentional Blindness

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is elsewhere Example: When you're texting and driving. You're attention is only on the phone; thus, you get into a car crash.

Change Blindness

Failure to see changes in the environment Example: Not noticing the change in desks in a classroom

137. Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

In the middle of the list

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

What is Satiety?

Feeling of being full

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-Ratio

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Fixed-interval

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Fixed-ratio

Simon recalls the first time he saw an explosion with perfect precision. What is this an example of?

Flashbulb memory.

What is the capacity of your sensory memory?

Fleeting.

Brian is told that 10 percent of people die during heart surgery. Julia is told 90 percent of people survive heart surgery. This is an idea of what?

Framing.

Rene Decartes

French philosopher who agreed with Socrates and Plato concerning the origins of knowledge and the separation between mind & body; speculated about how mind & body communicate

Which theory would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity?

Freud's psychoanalytic theory

437. psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

589. Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard- driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

590. Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

What is The Balance theory of social motivation?

Fritz Heider, humans have a need for congruence in their social interactions . . . desire for social balance ex: boy, dog, dad --> everyone loves eachother

Location/use of Broca's area?

Frontal left lobe and physical speaking.

Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the

Frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

Mechanics include...

Grammar and rules.

Artistotle

Greek philosopher who emphasized observation as a source of knowledge; believed mind & body to be inseparable.

Vibrations from the ear drum go to the ____

Hammer

Middle Ear contains ____, ____, and ____ The functions of those three bones are to

Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup Send vibrations

What is General Adaptation Syndrome?

Hans Selye, 3 stage process people go through in response to stressors 1) Alarm: mobilize resources to cope 2) Resistance: tries to cope with stressors 3) Exhaustion: energy gone, shut down, increased vulnerability

6-12 hours

Harlow & Harlow (1962) Participants- Infant rhesus monkeys were separated from their mothers _-__ _____ after birth

infant rhesus monkeys

Harlow & Harlow (1962) Participants- ______ ______ _______ were separated from their mothers 6-12 hours after birth

attachment formation

Harlow's life work provided a developmental framework for __________ _________ based on experimental findings His work provided some of the most convincing evidence of the: - Dangers of early isolation - Existence of a critical period of development - Importance of mothering and TLC - Importance of peer groups

peer groups

Harlow's life work provided a developmental framework for attachment formation based on experimental findings His work provided some of the most convincing evidence of the: - Dangers of early isolation - Existence of a critical period of development - Importance of mothering and TLC - Importance of ____ ______

critical period

Harlow's life work provided a developmental framework for attachment formation based on experimental findings. His work provided some of the most convincing evidence of the: - Dangers of early isolation - Existence of a ________ ______ of development - Importance of mothering and TLC - Importance of peer groups

mothering

Harlow's life work provided a developmental framework for attachment formation based on experimental findings. His work provided some of the most convincing evidence of the: - Dangers of early isolation - Existence of a critical period of development - Importance of _________ and TLC - Importance of peer groups

love and social bonds

Harlow's motivation for the study- Harlow set out to demonstrate the importance of ____ ___ ______ _____

75

Harry F. Harlow (1906-1981) 1905: Born in Fairfield, Iowa, as Harry Israel. Four siblings, one with a serious disease 1930: Received a PhD from Stanford University. Worked with Lewis Terman. Married Clara Mears, one of Terman's gifted 'children'; they later divorce 1930-1970: entire professional career at the University of Wisconsin. Married Margaret Kuenne who died of cancer in 1970. Re-marries Clara Mears. His focus of research was on learning and attachments in primates. Received many honours and awards. 1981: Dies aged __

Stanford University

Harry F. Harlow (1906-1981) 1905: Born in Fairfield, Iowa, as Harry Israel. Four siblings, one with a serious disease 1930: Received a PhD from ________ __________. Worked with Lewis Terman. Married Clara Mears, one of Terman's gifted 'children'; they later divorce 1930-1970: entire professional career at the University of Wisconsin. Married Margaret Kuenne who died of cancer in 1970. Re-marries Clara Mears. His focus of research was on learning and attachments in primates. Received many honours and awards. 1981: Dies aged 75

Iowa

Harry F. Harlow (1906-1981) 1905: Born in Fairfield, ____, as Harry Israel. Four siblings, one with a serious disease 1930: Received a PhD from Stanford University. Worked with Lewis Terman. Married Clara Mears, one of Terman's gifted 'children'; they later divorce 1930-1970: entire professional career at the University of Wisconsin. Married Margaret Kuenne who died of cancer in 1970. Re-marries Clara Mears. His focus of research was on learning and attachments in primates. Received many honours and awards. 1981: Dies aged 75

Watson to the study of learning?

He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning.

Conduction Hearing Loss (Middle Ear)

Hearing aids amplify sound & start up mechanisms

Where are facts and general knowledge processed in the brain?

Hippocampus and frontal lobes.

Where would your memory of last year's family holiday be processed in?

Hippocampus and frontal lobes.

What is Leptin?

Hormone that produced by fat cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite

What is Insulin?

Hormone that regulates levels of glucose by turning into fat

What is Sexual Motivation?

Horny

What is the Biological Bases of Hunger?

Hunger = biological drive nervous & endocrine systems active in regulation of hunger "Turn on" "Turn off"

What is Ghrelin?

Hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

What is Orexin?

Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Levels of Arousal?

If arousal is too high or too low --> bad performance moderate = good

Adding more detail often times false details, often occurring in children eyewitness recall.

Imagination inflation.

Damage to frontal lobes decreases your ability to have what?

Imagination, divergent thinking.

2 years

Impact & Legacy The Importance of Mothering Harlow was the first to demonstrate that attachments do not necessarily develop from association with feeding showed that non-maternal caregivers could be effective parents. Arguably showed play with agemates "more necessary than mothering"? Tentative about this as limited to outcomes up to _ _____

not necessarily

Impact & Legacy- Shaffer and Emerson (1964) found that infants' strongest attachments were ____ ___________ to the one who fed the infant and also demonstrated that infants can form multiple attachments.

Multiple attachments

Impact & Legacy- Shaffer and Emerson (1964) found that infants' strongest attachments were not necessarily to the one who fed the infant and also demonstrated that infants can form ________ ____________.

mothering

Impact & Legacy- The Importance of _________ Harlow was the first to demonstrate that attachments do not necessarily develop from association with feeding showed that non-maternal caregivers could be effective parents. Arguably showed play with agemates "more necessary than mothering"? Tentative about this as limited to outcomes up to 2 years

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Impact & Legacy- ________ ___ _______ (____) found that infants' strongest attachments were not necessarily to the one who fed the infant and also demonstrated that infants can form multiple attachments.

Unconscious

Implicit Attitudes are typically

Automatic processing produces what?

Implicit memories. (Nondeclarative).

Which way to turn the car key to start the engine is what kind of memory?

Implicit memory.

Morphemes

In the words "helped" and "called," the "ed" ending is a(n)

Iconic memory lasts about how long?

One tenth of a second.

Julia knows how to chew but can't recall how she learned to chew because she was taught in her first few years of life. What is this phenomenon called?

Infantile amnesia.

preconscious

Information that is not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily or after something calls attention to them

What is an Instinct?

Innate and consistent pattern of complex behavior that is performed the same way by everyone in a species

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

Inserting coins into a slot machine

Cochlea Implant

Insides skull attached to cochlea; converts sound to neural impulses

Caroline was halfway through writing an essay for her English class, when she couldn't think of what to say next. She decided to stop working on the essay for a while. When she returned to her desk, she suddenly realized what she should write. Caroline's experience best illustrates

Insight

privation

Inspired by Harlow's study, Sir Michael Rutter conducted the Romanian adoptees study which showed the negative effect of severe _________ in institutionalised children and catch up after adoption to UK

Michael Rutter

Inspired by Harlow's study, Sir _______ ______ conducted the Romanian adoptees study which showed the negative effect of severe privation in institutionalised children and catch up after adoption to UK

Researchers trained pigs to pick up large wooden "dollars" and deposit them in a piggy bank. Instead of picking up the wooden discs, the pigs would drop them, push them with their snouts, and then pick them up to put them in the piggy bank. This behavior best illustrates

Instinctive drift

disease-free colony

Interested in reducing infant mortality in monkeys and creating a sturdy and _______-____ ______ for use in research Monkeys raised in this way: · Displayed disturbed behaviours · Were unable to form a social structure · Were unable to mate · If females did give birth, they were unable to nurture their infants and were often abusive

disturbed

Interested in reducing infant mortality in monkeys and creating a sturdy and disease-free colony for use in research Monkeys raised in this way: · Displayed _________ behaviours · Were unable to form a social structure · Were unable to mate · If females did give birth, they were unable to nurture their infants and were often abusive

mate

Interested in reducing infant mortality in monkeys and creating a sturdy and disease-free colony for use in research Monkeys raised in this way: · Displayed disturbed behaviours · Were unable to form a social structure · Were unable to ____ · If females did give birth, they were unable to nurture their infants and were often abusive

Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit.

Intrinsic Motivation.

Linguistic determinism

It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates

Ganda people

Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999) worked with Bowlby in the 1950s. Later lived with _____ ______ in Uganda and observed the lack of uniformity in attachment behaviour. Inspired by Harlow, she created the Strange Situation involving 20-minute miniature drama with 8 episodes. It is designed to examine attachment behaviours and styles, and the balance between attachment and exploration under conditions of low and high stress.

One word stage occurs when?

One year old.

the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible

James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, he decided to serve in the Peace Corps and was sent to Guatemala. While he had forgotten most of his early Spanish training, he quickly remembered it. This illustrates that

Algorithm

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of

Superego

Janie's is repulsed by the thought of watching inappropriate videos, Freud would attribute these feelings to Janie's _____?

what are the 3 stage theories?

Jean Piaget - coginitive development Lawrence Kohlberg - moral development Erik Erikson - psychosocial development

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Jerking your hand off a very hot stove

Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? "Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods."

John B. Watson

> 2 years

John Bowlby (1907-1990) Bowlby thought that attachment proceeded through a number of phases 1. (0-2 months) - the infant shows little differentiation in social responses to familiar and unfamiliar people 2. (2-7 months) - infants recognise their caregivers but do not show anxiety on separation 3. (7 months - 2 yrs) - "stranger danger" and infants protest at separation 4. (_ _ _____) - infants begin to show more independence and recognition of caregiver's needs

7 months - 2 years

John Bowlby (1907-1990) Bowlby thought that attachment proceeded through a number of phases 1. (0-2 months) - the infant shows little differentiation in social responses to familiar and unfamiliar people 2. (2-7 months) - infants recognise their caregivers but do not show anxiety on separation 3. (_ ______ - _ _____) - "stranger danger" and infants protest at separation 4. (> 2 years) - infants begin to show more independence and recognition of caregiver's needs

2-7 months

John Bowlby (1907-1990) Bowlby thought that attachment proceeded through a number of phases 1. (0-2 months) - the infant shows little differentiation in social responses to familiar and unfamiliar people 2. (___ ______) - infants recognise their caregivers but do not show anxiety on separation 3. (7 months - 2 yrs) - "stranger danger" and infants protest at separation 4. (> 2 years) - infants begin to show more independence and recognition of caregiver's needs

0-2 months

John Bowlby (1907-1990) Bowlby thought that attachment proceeded through a number of phases 1. (___ ______) - the infant shows little differentiation in social responses to familiar and unfamiliar people 2. (2-7 months) - infants recognise their caregivers but do not show anxiety on separation 3. (7 months - 2 yrs) - "stranger danger" and infants protest at separation 4. (> 2 years) - infants begin to show more independence and recognition of caregiver's needs

Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice?

John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning.

247. hierarchy of neds

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Retrieval cues

Mentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activate

Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?

Jung

24 months and up?

Language develops rapidly into complete sentences.

Retina

Light-sensitive inner-surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones, first stage of visual processing

Type A personality?

Lilly, competitive, impatient, hard-driving, easily angry

Algorithms

Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called _____?

The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)

MRI

One is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, etc. is an example of what?

Mnemonic specifically a peg word system.

Visual imagery, peg word system, acronyms are examples of what?

Mnemonics.

Brian has just been dumped by Julia. As he is driving home he thinks about his dying cacti and lost Superman sock along with other bad memories. What is this an example of?

Mood congruent memory.

Stress & health

More stress = get ill

Humans

Most likely to first recognize _____ as a mamal

no normal

Motherless infants raised in individual cages were brought together for 20 minutes a day in a zoo with a specially constructed playgroup with equipment for climbing and swinging. - Cage raised for 2 years- __ ______ behaviour - Cage raised for 80 days- displayed almost normal behaviour. - Those caged raised for 6 months began to show low (play and defence)/almost normal behaviour (sex) aged 6-8 years

almost normal

Motherless infants raised in individual cages were brought together for 20 minutes a day in a zoo with a specially constructed playgroup with equipment for climbing and swinging. - Cage raised for 2 years- no normal behaviour - Cage raised for 80 days- displayed ______ ______ behaviour. - Those caged raised for 6 months began to show low (play and defence)/almost normal behaviour (sex) aged 6-8 years

sex

Motherless infants raised in individual cages were brought together for 20 minutes a day in a zoo with a specially constructed playgroup with equipment for climbing and swinging. - Cage raised for 2 years- no normal behaviour - Cage raised for 80 days- displayed almost normal behaviour. - Those caged raised for 6 months began to show low (play and defence)/almost normal behaviour (___) aged 6-8 years

20 minutes

Motherless infants raised in individual cages were brought together for __ _______ a day in a zoo with a specially constructed playgroup with equipment for climbing and swinging. - Cage raised for 2 years- no normal behaviour - Cage raised for 80 days- displayed almost normal behaviour. - Those caged raised for 6 months began to show low (play and defence)/almost normal behaviour (sex) aged 6-8 years

Julia eats eight pieces of pizza but when asked by her mother how many she ate she replies with 2 to three slices. This an example of what?

Motivated forgetting.

A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their

Muscle tension.

What is external frustration?

Negative emotional state when environmental factors prevent you from reaching a goal

Olfactory Nerve

Never that sends smell to brain

Two causes of infantile amnesia.

Nonspeaking children haven't learned many words and hippocampus is one of the last structures to measure.

Individualism is most likely to be emphasized in:

North America

A venturesome personality means what?

Not afraid to be wrong, hate limitation, thinks outside the box, and not afraid to fail.

Sympathy vs empathy.

Not experience vs relatable emotions.

Type B personality?

Not lilly, easy going, Chill

What does having imaginative thinking skills mean?

Novel solutions.

Priming

Predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

Parallel Processing

Our brain is able to detect details consciously and unconsciously Example: We see a flock of birds and are able to describe it

Auditory Cortex

Our brain will process things we see

What are Stimulus Motives?

Our need fo rinformation, learning, stimulation Inborn, not needed for survival

Change Deafness

People ignore or tune you out because you have changed Example: Daniella's father likes Marco Rubio. Daniella doesn't like Marco Rubio. Whenever Daniella makes a comment about Marco Rubio her father tunes her out.

Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic:

Personality Traits

psychoanalytic

Perspectives on attachment at the time Dominated by behaviourist (Watson & Skinner) and ______________ (Freud) perspectives- Against "spoiling" children with love

behaviourist

Perspectives on attachment at the time- Dominated by ____________ (Watson & Skinner) and psychoanalytic (Freud) perspectives- Against "spoiling" children with love

Tinnitus

Phantom sound Example: When you think your phone is ringing or you get a text message sound.

What is The Human Sexual response cycle?

Physiological changes from arousal and back to normal state

ID

Pleasure seeking principle

What is the Psychoevolutionary theory of emotions?

Plutchik, wide acceptance as a way to characterize emotions 8 main emotions that help to direct attempts to survive and adjust to changing conditions

Blind Spot

Point at which optic nerve leaves eye, no more receptor cells are located there

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)

Positive Punishment

Jocelyn has just learned some Spanish. Previously learned Spanish facilitates the new Spanish with no competition between old and new learning. What is this an example of?

Positive interference.

420. Post-Traumatic Growth

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered

Positive punishment.

What is the arousal theory?

Proposes that people and other animals are motivated to perform bc they want to maintain optimal levels of physiological arousal

540. Somatoform Disorder

Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause.

27. Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

343. Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

403. Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

E.B. Titchener

Psychologist who developed structuralism and introspection; student of Wilhelm Wundt.

What are incentives?

Pulling behavior, external stimuli that motivate behavior Motivates the same behavior as drives ex: eating good food not bc you are hungry but bc you want it

sleep thinking

Repetitive, bland, and uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep

A fill in the blank test would test what?

Recall.

Julia is asked to remember the first person to offer her a Diet Coke when she was 5. What measure of retention will Julia have to use to answer this question?

Recall.

A multiple choice test tests what?

Recognition.

In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when their photos were framed in

Red

Simon has difficult remembering how to build a home made explosive. He asks Julia for some advice on how to remember the instructions better. What are some things she can suggest?

Rehearse repeatedly, make material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use mnemonics, minimize interference, sleep more, and self test.

If a baseball player gets a hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he is more likely to repeat that behavior the next time he's up to the plate. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?

Reinforced behavior, even if it is accidental, is more likely to be repeated.

deception

Researchers sometimes need to keep details of a research design hidden from participants (or intentionally mislead them about the study's true purpose). Note: must be corrected during debriefing

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?

Respondent behavior

What are emotions?

Response of the whole organism involving Physiological arousal Expressive behaviors Conscious experience

Nociceptors

Responsible for telling your brain that something hurts

106. cones

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Cones

Retinal receptor cells, work well in day-time, colors, details

Priming

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process know as ______?

Brian has just hear some alternative lyrics to the song "Jingle Bells". He now has trouble recalling the lyrics to the original lyrics. What is this a reference to?

Retroactive interference.

Julia has just had brain surgery after collapsing from lack of soda and hitting her head against a table. She can't remember her weight or birthday but can form new memories. What is she suffering from?

Retrograde amnesia.

Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parentchild interaction was most explicitly recommended by:

Rogers

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

Salivation to the food in the mouth.

What information do we automatically process?

Skills, classically conditioned associations, space, time, and frequency.

dyssomnias

Sleep disorders characterized by disturbances in the amount, quality or timing of sleep. Example include Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, and Narcolepsy

Umami

Savory taste, proteins to grow and repair tissues

227. general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Thinking about how words relate to your own life is an example of what?

Semantic encoding.

Meaning of words.

Semantics.

Auditory Nerve

Sends neural impulses form ear to brain

Audition

Sense of act or hearing

Vestibular Sense

Sense of body movement and position including sense of balance, controlled by the hair in your ears

Simon's writes down a list of things (sulfur, TNT, timer, chips, bananas, wires, and gloves) he needs to buy. He goes to the store and realizes he's forgotten the list. He can only recall the first few and last items on the list. What is this an example of?

Serial position effect.

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

So many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

stereotyped behaviour

Social deprivation = Abnormal behaviours Monkeys reared in full or partial isolation develop severe abnormalities of behaviour: - They often engaged in ___________ _________ patterns - They exhibited excessive and misdirected aggression if introduced to other monkeys - They would often engage in self-punishing behaviour - If introduced to an opposite-sex monkey sex behaviour was, for all practical purposes, destroyed

misdirected aggression

Social deprivation = Abnormal behaviours Monkeys reared in full or partial isolation develop severe abnormalities of behaviour: - They often engaged in stereotyped behaviour patterns - They exhibited excessive and ___________ __________ if introduced to other monkeys - They would often engage in self-punishing behaviour - If introduced to an opposite-sex monkey sex behaviour was, for all practical purposes, destroyed

self-punishing

Social deprivation = Abnormal behaviours Monkeys reared in full or partial isolation develop severe abnormalities of behaviour: - They often engaged in stereotyped behaviour patterns - They exhibited excessive and misdirected aggression if introduced to other monkeys - They would often engage in _____-________ behaviour - If introduced to an opposite-sex monkey sex behaviour was, for all practical purposes, destroyed

Collectivist Cultures

Social roles are especially likely to be central to people's self-identity in ____ cultures

mental health

Some psychologists challenged this view from behaviourists and psychoanalysts. "Mother love in infancy and childhood is as important for ______ _______ as are vitamins and proteins for physical health" (Bowlby, 1952)

Bowlby, 1952

Some psychologists challenged this view from behaviourists and psychoanalysts. "Mother love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health" (______, ____)

Julia writes a song and publishes it. She later gets sued for it because it sounds exactly like someone else's song. She claims that the song came from her own imagination and denies any plagiarizing. What has she experienced?

Source amnesia and source misattribution.

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Specific facial expressions alter blood flow to the brain which causes emotions "Just smile & you'll feel better"

descriptive statistics

Statistics used to describe only the observed group or sample from which they were derived; summary statistics such as percent, averages, and measures of variability that are computed on a particular group of individuals.

What is the lateral Hypothalamus?

Stimulated when hungry, no hypothalamus = not hungry

What is the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Stimulated when you're full Without it you would never feel full and you would get fat

What is the Galvanic Skin response (GSR)?

Stress-induced change in the skin that affects electrical conduction

Healing personality?

Strong social relationships, emotionally secure, excited about life not depressed people

Spacing Effect

Students who restudy course materials at the end of a semester in order to pass to AP final exam are especially likely to demonstrate long term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of ____?

Psychophysics

Study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience on them

What is Health psychology?

Subfield of psychology that provides Sike's contribution to behavioral medicine

Which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language?

Subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understanding speech) are processed by different parts of the brain

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

Successive approximations.

What does SQ3R stand for?

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

Structure, order of the words.

Syntax.

Kinesthesis

System for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts, how we sense body parts moving

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the:

TAT

Amplitude is how

Tall the wave is, reason it's called amplitude is due to the loudness

Two word

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.

Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates:

The Barnum effect

The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as:

The Barnum effect

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates

The Law of Effect

429. priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

humanistic perspective

The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior; influenced heavily by ideas of Rogers and Maslow

moral reasoning

The aspect of cognitive development that has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions.

603. wavelength

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

85. cochela

The fluid-filled, coiled tunnel in the inner ear that contains the receptors for hearing.

The explicit memory system consists of what?

The frontal lobes and hippocampus.

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the _____?

cerebral cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called

The law of effect.

201. figure ground

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

parasomnias

a catergory of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; inclues sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism(teeth grinding), sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder

396. perceptual consistency

The perceptual stability of the size, shape, and brightness, and color for familiar objects seen at varying distances, different angles, and under different lighting conditions.

Remembering the first items on a list is an example of?

The primacy effect.

604. Weber's law

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

p-value

The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically significant (not due to chance).

388. parallel processing

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Remembering the last few items the best is an example of?

The recency effect.

443. psychology

The science of behavior and mental processes

social psychology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

X chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

What are Kinesics?

The study of gestures & movements during communication ex: mad = jerky movements anxious = fidgety sad= slower

164. educational psychology

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

What are proxemics?

The study of the space people place between themselves and others

activation-synthesis model of dreaming

The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story.

restorative theory

The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning.

adaptive theory

The view that the unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation; also called the evolutionary theory of sleep.

Change influences...

The way of our development.

Gate Control Theory

Theory that spinal cord contains a "gate" that blocks pain signals or lets pass depending on how bad the pain is

modafinil

This CNS-stimulant is used for narcolepsy and shift work sleep disorder because it promotes wakefulness

transient insomnia

This is insomnia that occurs due to things like jet lag, changes in work shift, excessive noise, unpleasant room temperature, stressful life events, acute medical/surgical illnesses, and medications.

acetylcholine

This neurotransmitter is used by motor neurons to make muscles fire.

Fluid Intelligence

This refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly

303. law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behavior followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

G Factor

Those who emphasize the importance of a ______ would encourage qualifying intelligence with a single numerical score

Cooing occurs when and is what?

Three weeks old, vowel sounds.

Weber's Law

To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by constant percentage

Syntax

To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of _____?

semantic encoding

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates

What is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)?

Tool for measuring the movement of the muscles which lead them to create taxonomy of facial expressions

Cornea

Transparent part of eye that protects it all

Lens

Transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to help focus

What is the approach - approach motivational conflict?

Two desirable options

What is the avoidance - avoidance motivational conflict?

Two undesirable options

What is Glucose?

Type of sugar, important source of energy

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

Unconditioned stimulus

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Noam Chomsky's beliefs.

Universal grammar-system of nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money is currently in a jackpot. Every day several randomly selected residents are called and asked to identify the amount, and thereby win it. Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Variable-interval

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Variable-interval

Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Variable-ratio

The hammer then transfers _____ to the ____

Vibrations, anvil

What is Psychological Constructivism?

Views emotions not as discrete elements that can be identified. instead in a particular part or region of the brain as perceptions constructed in the mind from interaction of sensory input & learned prior associations

Peg-Word System

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrate the use of _____?

Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior?

Voluntary

Semantics

When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of

Signal-Detection Theory

When we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid loud background noise w/out having to achieve threshold based on alertness experience

Phantom Limb Sensations

When you get your leg amputated and your brain thinks the pain is still there

310. linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

functionalism

William James's school of thought that stressed the adaptive and survival value of behaviors

Cognitive Factor

With framework of Bandura's reciprocal determinism, and external locus of control refers to an ____?

American Psychological Association (APA)

World's largest association of psychologists with around 152,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students

Charles Darwin

Wrote "The Origin of Species" proposed idea of natural selection as primary means of species diversity. His influence appears in psychology's evolutionary perspective.

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? a. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. b. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. c. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. d. Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. e. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding.

a

123. counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

485. retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes, distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the close the object

168. electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an aenesthetized patient

435. psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes providemedical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

122. counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

584. trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

495. scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slop of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).

scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.

83. client centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth. Also called person- centered therapy.

351. myelin sheath

a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fivers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the pulse hops from one node to the next.

AIDS

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

416. polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

329. mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

460. recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

463. recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

471. relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

120. correlation

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

psychiatrist

a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication

100. concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

434. prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

397. perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

91. cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned this

287. intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

introspection

a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

16. algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problems. contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone-use of heuristics

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problems. contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone-use of heuristics

Antagonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response

Agonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

161. echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

260. iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

346. motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

362. neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

reticular formation

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

483. reticular formation

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

258. hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

REM sleep behavior disorder

a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams

dendrites

a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

all-or-none response

a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.

reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

488. reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.

609. working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

13. adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

withdrawal

a pattern of uncomfortable or painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the user when the level of drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated

emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

569. temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; doesn't change much

432. projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one'es inner dynamics.

410. physical dependence

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

89. cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

270. incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

315. LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

332. meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

248. higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

577. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

441. psychological dependence

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

404. personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

350. mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

507. self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

305. learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

skewed distribution

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

experiment

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one of more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experiment controls other relevant factors.

185. experiment

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

261. id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

sleep apnea

a respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many times while asleep

172. emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

465. refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

157. dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. ______ are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

129. CT (computed tomography) scan

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan.

CT (computed tomography) scan

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan.

dream

a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep

gender schema

a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave

490. role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

225. gender role

a set of expected behavior for males or for females

gender role

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

464. reflex

a simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.

246. heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

535. social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

364. night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

526. sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

150. dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

REM sleep

a stage of sleep that occurs approximately every 90 minutes, marked by bursts of rapid eye movements occurring under closed eyelids. also associated with dreaming

meditation

a state of consciousness often induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation. It may be intended to enhance self-knowledge, well-being, and spirituality.

operational definition

a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables. (ex: memory may be defined as "number of words correctly recalled from a list").

379. operational definition

a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

121. correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between to things (from -1 to +1).

correlation coefficient

a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

195. factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

550. statistical significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

statistical significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

102. conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

127. cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

546. SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, rehearse, review.

244. health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

280. insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

279. insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

422. posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

367. normal curve

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.

59. biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

562. survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.

208. fMRI (functional MRI)

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. Shows brain function.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

349. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. Shows brain anatomy.

22. anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

NREM Stage 1

alpha and theta waves; lasts only a few minutes, person quickly gains consciousness, most common hypnagogic hallucination during this time is the sensation of falling, which is accompanied by a myoclonic jerk which often awakes the person

relational aggression

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing

357. near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

169. electroencephalogram

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

600. virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

162. eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

motor cortex

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

People with vivid imagination are more likely than others to experience a(n) _____. a. false memory b. sensory memory c. flashbulb memory d. implicit memory

a. false memory

American university students are more likely than Japanese university students to describe themselves in terms of their:

academic abilities

49. basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

374. Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

203. fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure- seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

595. unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream, seen without interpretation

301. latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

501. self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

592. unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as

acetylcholine

An individual's responses to a personality inventory would be most useful for accurately predicting that person's behavior ________ that involve(s) highly ________ social expectations or roles.

across a wide variety of situations; ambiguous

5. acommodation

act or state of adjustment or adaptation, changes in shape of the occular lens for various focal distances

523. short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

3. accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

109. conformity

adjusting one's behavior/thinking to coincide with a group standard

571. teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

The brains of patients with Parkinson's disease have little dopamine. Drugs used to treat such patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. These drugs would be considered

agonists

informed consent

agreement to participate in psychology research, after being informed of the dangers and benefits of the research

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

417. population

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population.)

population

all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study.

88. cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and commnicating

155. double-blind procedure

an experiment procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo.

578. theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. 579. theory of mind: people's ideas about their own and others'

theory

an explanations using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations.

Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of:

an external locus of control

Learned helplessness is most likely to contribute to:

an external locus of control

Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha's belief most clearly illustrates:

an external locus of control

The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects:

an external locus of control

407. phi phenomenon

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

313. long-term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

long-term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

402. personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

hypnosis

an induced state of awareness, usually characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and highly focused attention.

grasping reflex

an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand

426. primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

63. biopsychological approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

cognitive neuroscience

an interdisciplinary field involving cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes in the human brain

52. behavioral medicine

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Emma believes that she will be highly successful in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates:

an internal locus of control

case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

581. token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort or exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

522. shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

125. critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experience produces proper development

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

241. habituation

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on

an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

233. gestalt

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Mr. Hendriks, a high school teacher, washes the chalkboard and realigns student desks in precise rows before every class. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, Mr. Hendriks is most likely fixated at the ________ stage.

anal

Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development.

anal

66. bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Botulin is a poison with a molecular structure so similar to acetylcholine (ACh) that it blocks the effects of ACh in synapses, making botulin which kind of molecule?

antagonist

non conscious

any brain process that does not involve conscious processing, including both preconscious memories and conscious processes

32. association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking , and speaking.

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

startle reflex

arms and legs spring out, quickly followed by fist clenching and loud crying

What is the Cannon Bard Theory?

arousal and emotional feelings happen at the same time Stimulus --> Autonomic response & conscious feeling "i became scares and my heart beat quickened"

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

455. random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates

associative learning.

What are the Discrete emotion theories?

assume that emotions are universal and preexisting, there are a specific number of biologically-determined core emotions

75. central route of persuasion

attitude change in which interested people focus on the actual argument and respond with favorable thoughts

The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her:

attributional style

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence a. causes visible harm. b. goes unpunished. c. seems unjustified. d. is committed by an unattractive person. e. is committed by children.

b

REM sleep

beta brain waves; brain activity becomes more active, resembling that of an awakened state approximately 85% of dreams occur during this stage. Muscle activity is suppressed...

What is the multiple approach -avoidance motivational conflict?

between 2+ things each with desirable & undesirable aspects

320. maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Professor Seif conducts research on the relationship between the limbic system and sexual motivation. Her research interests best represent the psychological speciality known as

biological psychology

babbling stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Operant conditioning involves a learned association between

behavior and its consequence.

482. respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

376. operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

189. exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear or avoid

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

blushing when embarrassed

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates _____ memory. a. sensory b. implicit c. flashbulb d. explicit

b. implicit

What is distress?

bad stress, too much & overwhelming

A geometric figure is most likely to become sexually arousing if presented shortly

before an appropriate US. (Unconditioned Stimulus)

588. two-word stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

two-word stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

45. babbling stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a a. positive reinforcer. b. conditioned reinforce. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment. e. negative reinforcer.

c

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of a. delayed reinforcement. b. spontaneous recovery. c. observational learning. d. respondent behavior. e. shaping.

c

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to a. the law of effect. b. spontaneous recovery. c. the violence-viewing effect. d. instinctive drift. e. operant conditioning.

c

182. evidence based practice

clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

When Professor Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was a retired college professor. His sense of surprise suggests that he had not previously lived in a culture that valued:

collectivism

Environmental influences on sexual behaviors

communication about birth control, impulsivity, alcohol use, mass media

People who are challenged by severe physical disabilities are likely to maintain normal levels of self-esteem by:

comparing themselves with others who are similarly disabled.

11. addiction

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

conditioned response.

The "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were

conditioned responses.

Because his football coach frequently yells at him for swearing, Antonio now becomes anxious when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n) ________ for Antonio's anxiety

conditioned stimulus

Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place where she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.

conditioned stimulus

The process of encoding refers to _____. a. the recall of information previously learned b. the persistence of learning over time c. getting information into memory d. a clear memory of an emotionally significant event

c. getting information into memory

Ellen volunteers during AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements?

cerebellum

The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the

cerebral cortex

252. hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured buy the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Vygotsky said by age 7....

children are able to use internalized language from their culture and end up having better performance because of it

social connectedness

citizens' involvement in groups and their relationships to their communities and families

56. belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Hormones are the chemical messengers of the

endocrine system

Santa Claus is to Superman as ________ is to ________.

endomorph; mesomorph

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

epigenetic effects

environmental factors affect whether or not particular genes in particular cells are expressed

The social-cognitive perspective is least likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of:

environmental influences

Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than ________ it.

describing; explaining

A brain lesion refers to _______ of brain tissue.

destruction

513. sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

during adolescence parental influence.....

diminishes and peer influence increases

In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the ________. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) ________.

discriminative stimulus; operant behavior

What is the Common-Sense theory?

environmental stimulus evokes subjective emotional feeling that then leads to arousal of the autonomic nervous system Stimulus --> conscious feeling --> autonomic response "I was afraid so my heard started beating fast"

This memory system has a seemingly unlimited storage capacity a. iconic memory b. working memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory

d. long-term memory

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of _____. a. the spacing effect b. repression c. the serial position effect d. priming

d. priming

After learning the combination of his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination of his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of _____. a. automatic processing b. proactive interference c. source amnesia d. retroactive interference

d. retroactive interference

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

240. habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

night terrors

deep sleep episodes that seem to produce terror, although any terrifying mental experience (such as a dream) is usually forgotten upon awakening. occurs mainly in children (occurs in NREM sleep stage 4)

286. intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence test, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

548. standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

NREM Stage 3

delta brain waves; considered this stage when 20 percent of brain activity shows delta waves, referred to as slow-wave sleep

NREM Stage 4

delta brain waves; considered this stage when delta waves exceed 50 percent of brain activity - person does not experience sensory stimulation - hard to wake up (slow-wave sleep)

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the _______ of a single neuron.

dendrites to the cell body to the axon

Self-esteem is negatively correlated with:

depression

342. monocular cues

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

58. binocular cues

depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes

While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of:

displacement

Androgyny

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

moral action

doing the right thing

309. limbic system

doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.

Freud believed that ________ are the "royal road to the unconscious."

dreams

What is extrinsic motivation?

drive to perform tasks by being pushed by rewards or punishments doing it for something

141. depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

553. stimulants

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstacy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

stimulants

drugs that arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses

hallucinogens

drugs that create hallucinations or after perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness

46. barbiturates

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

20. amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

23. antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

24. antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

25. antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

When looking at a flying bird, we are consciously aware of our cognitive processing("It's a bird!") but not of our subconscious processing of the bird's form, color, distance, and movement . This illustrates what psychologists call

dual processing

K complexes

during sleep, periods of greater wave amplitude (can be response to sound); during Stage 2 sleep

After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates a. latent learning. b. spontaneous recovery. c. extinction. d. instinctive drift. e. desensitization.

e

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered a. continuous reinforcement. b. negative punishment. c. positive reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement. e. positive punishment.

e

568. telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram -

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs

Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.

ego

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the:

ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.

73. catharsis

emotional release; the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

During the early psychosexual stages, the id derives pleasure from distinct:

erogenous zones

42. availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

environment

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

179. environment

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

What are external cues that influence eating behaviors

ex: Clock . . . tells you what time to eat Calssical condiitoning culture & environment

pineal gland

excretes melatonin

placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance of condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

414. placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

extinction

parents have the most influence in cases of.....

extremes (abuse)

use neutral words that children can understand.

eyewitness testimony from children, interviewers must

Newborns prefer to look at

faces

The Big Five trait dimensions were identified by means of:

factor analysis

269. inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

242. hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

jet lag

fatigue and sleep disturbance resulting from disruption of the body's normal circadian rhythm as a result of jet travel

Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from:

feelings of inferiority.

36. attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to response in a particular way to objects, people, and events

What are Gonads?

female: Ovaries Male: Testicles

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as:

fixation

Saleem seeks sexual pleasure by means of solitary masturbation rather than through sexual interaction with his wife. Freud would have suggested that this illustrates a(n):

fixation.

171. emerging adulthood

for some people on modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use their abilities to function in their environments; known for being an early teacher of psychology

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as:

free association

Which of the following techniques would Freud have used to discover the latent content of his patients' dreams

free association

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, a soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior?

frontal lobe

336. mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

generalization

551. stereotype

generalized belief about a group of people

Middle adulthood (40s to 60s)

generativity vs stagnation

debriefing

giving participants in a research study a complete explanation of the study after the study is completed; required by APA ethics guidelines

272. indicisualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in therms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

97. collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence

goes unpunished.

What is eustress?

good stress, push people to achievement

sleep bruxism

grinding teeth during sleep

Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women:

have weak superegos

511. sensorieneural hearing loss

hearing impairment caused by lesions or dysfunction of the cochlea or auditory nerve

105. conduction hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Environmental influences on sexual restraint

high intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, service learning participation

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

higher-order conditioning.

opiates

highly addictive drugs, derived from opium, that can produce a profound sense of well-bring and have strong pain-relieving properties

255. humanistic psychology

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and individual's potential for fostering personal growth

clinical psychologist

holds an advanced degree in psychology but is not a medical doctor; specializes in identifying and treating persons with mental illness, but does not prescribe medication

melatonin

hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark

What is Schachter's two-factor theory?

how people try to understand their arousal. arousal does not directly lead to emotions Stimulus --> autonomic response --> interpretation --> feeling

Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality?

humanistic theories

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the:

id

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his:

id

What is the James-Lange theory?

idea that feelings are based on arousal in a linear order where each step causes the next Stimulus --> autonomic response --> conscious feeling "My heart started beating fast and I became afraid"

What is Yerkes-Dodson Law of arousal?

idea that people need moderate levels of arousal

Adolescnece (teen to into 20's)

identity vs. role confusion

Mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

imitation

28. aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

the growth of the myelin allows for.....

improved judgment, impulse control, and long-term planning

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

167. egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

425. pre-operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

512. sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor acitvities

101. concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

210. formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

236. grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

345. morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

confounding variable

in an experiment, a variable, other than the independent variable, that could influence the dependent variable

186. experimental group

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

116. control group

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

104. conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

7. acquisition

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned resposne. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

147. discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

103. conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

593. unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

500. self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

413. place theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

216. frequency theory

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

409. phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

377. operant chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

598. variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

597. variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

205. fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

204. fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

148. discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

214. free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

292. interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

481. resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material

586. transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

478. repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

133. defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

223. gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

395. perceptual adaptation

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

338. misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

419. positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

358. negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (NOT punishment)

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.

independence; interdependence

A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of:

individualism

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of:

individualism

Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture that values:

individualism

The humanistic perspective has been criticized for promoting an excessive degree of

individualism

583. top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

preconscious

information that is not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily

Preschool (3 to 6 years)

initiative vs guilt

electroencephalograph

instrument used to turn brain waves into electrical patterns showing a picture of changes in activity

Late adulthood (late 60s and up)

integrity vs despair

31. assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Young adulthood (20s to early 40s)

intimacy vs isolation

311. lobotomy

invented by Egas Moniz, a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal loves to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

567. tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

myoclonic jerk

involuntary muscle spams of the whole body that jolts a person completely awake.

Martin Seligman's positive psychology differs from the humanistic perspective in that it

involves the scientific study of optimal human functioning.

sample

items (often people) selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood o things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or math, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

selection effect

kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests

hypnagogic

leading to sleep; hypnotic.

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates:

learned helplessness

Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed:

learned helplessness

Conditioning is the process of

learning associations.

371. observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

John B. Watson emphasized that

learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

33. associative learning

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

302. latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n)

lesion

448. psychophysiological illness

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

supprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

located in the hyptothalamus, manages the electrical activity in brain - when to be awake /fall asleep

What is burn out?

me

procedural memories

memories for conditioned responses and learned skills

327. menemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

menemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

188. explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory)

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory)

inferential statistics

numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance (e.g. p-value)

The transmission of cultural fads and fashions best illustrates the impact of

observational learning.

355. naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a

negative punishment.

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

negative reinforcer.

197. feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

A football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational forces. This best illustrates the activity of multiple

neural networks

use-it-or-lose-it rule

neural pathways will decay if not used in a process called pruning

limbic system

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.

sensory (afferent) neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

517. sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

motor (efferent) neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

348. motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

In classical conditioning, the

neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus.

369. NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

498. secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n):

oedipus complex

154. Donald Meichenbaum

offered stress inoculation training; teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it:

offers few testable predictions that allow one to determine its validity.

Hunger signal 2 parts

on signal (triggered by something that stimulates the appetite (orexigenic)) and then off signal (when anorexigenic (something that signals satiety) tells the body it is full and decreases appetite)

Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one's level of creativity?

openness

Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of

operant conditioning.

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates

operant conditioning.

The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by

operant conditioning.

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to ________ as a learned association between two stimuli is to ________.

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

380. opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Researchers found that new life insurance representatives were less likely to quit during their first year on the job if they demonstrated the trait of:

optimism

Arjean is terribly gullible and accepts as true just about anything she is told. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, Arjean is most likely fixated at the ________ stage.

oral

111. Consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

112. consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

224. gender identity

our sense of being male or female

gender identity

our sense of being male or female

264. identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

300. language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

10. adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

518. serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

503. self-concept

our understanding and evaluation of who we are 504. self-disclosure: revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others 505. self-esteem: one's feelings of high or low self worth

If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.

overestimate; overestimate

545. spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunder (as if we presume a spotlight shine on us).

While relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the "rest-and-digest" response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins?

parasympathetic nervous system

Stimulated digestion is to inhibited digestion as the _______ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.

parasympathetic; sympathetic

Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are especially likely to exhibit:

passive dependence

The social-cognitive perspective suggests that the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's:

past performance in situations involving similar responsibilities.

children to tend to adopt their culture to fit their....

peers

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

198. feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. According to Walter Mischel, Sheen's behavior should lead us to question the importance of:

personality traits

Walter Mischel's studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. According to Mischel, this should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing:

personality traits

behavioral perspective

perspective of psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental states; sees behavior as the result of conditioning & reinforcement; dominant perspective from 1920s-1960s (a.k.a. the "learning" perspective)

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote:

pessimism

According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.

phallic

Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.

phallic

The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called

phrenology

199. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking; in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain

plasticity

After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty

playing his guitar

Resting potential is to action potential as _______ is to _______.

polarization; depolarization

373. occipital lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.

parietal lobe

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

391. parietal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

217. frontal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.

temporal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

570. temporal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a

positive punishment.

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

positive reinforcer.

433. prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior

Larry studies diligently because he is haunted by an image of himself being unable to gain employment after his college graduation. Larry's diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of:

possible selves

Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be

preconscious.

62. biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates:

projection

The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called:

projection

Henry Murray found that children's perceptions of photographs were biased by their previous participation in a frightening game. Their perceptual reactions most clearly highlighted the potential value of:

projective tests

243. hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

The use of free association is central to the process of:

psychoanalysis.

466. regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

458. rationalization

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.

149. displacement

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object of person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

Freud observed that certain symptoms of illness were relieved when patients talked freely about their past. This led Freud to suspect that these symptoms resulted from:

psychological processes.

The major reason for the unreliability of the Rorschach inkblot test is the fact that:

psychologists often do not agree on how to score the results of this test.

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.

punishment; reinforcement

basic research

pure research that aims to confirm an existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon

48. basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

474. REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, "You could better spend the time playing with our kids." Melissa's comment best illustrates:

rationalization

The defense mechanism in which selfjustifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is:

rationalization

manipulation

react on more than just a primary level

Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of:

reaction formation

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.

reality principle; pleasure principle

Because Greta is extremely extraverted, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize. Because Jim is extremely introverted, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by:

reciprocal determinism

Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by:

reciprocal determinism

Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of:

reciprocal determinism

Freud emphasized that emotional healing is associated with the:

recovery of repressed memories.

282. insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

What is Intrinsic motivation?

refers to internal sense of satisfaction & enjoyment of performing the task doing it for yourself

Which of the following terms best describes a respondent behavior?

reflexive

An excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to:

regression

Four-year-old Timmy has not wet his bed for over a year. However, he starts bed-wetting again soon after his sister is born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates:

regression

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.

reinforcement; punishment

392. partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

115. continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Parents have more influence on:

religión, politics, college and career choices

476. replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete:

repression

Survivors' memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of:

repression

When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of:

repression

314. longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching it back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation?

sympathetic

Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. Where does this interference take place?

synapse

Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of

synaptic gaps

The concept of "personality" most clearly embodies the notion of:

temporal consistency.

70. bystander effect

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely

532. social loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when by themselves 533. social psychology: The scientific study of how we think about,

298. just world phenomenon

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

238. group polarization

tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group

hawthorne effect

tendency of some people to work harder and perform better when they are participants in an experiment. Individuals may change their behavior due to the attention they are receiving from researchers rather than because of any manipulation of independent variables.

277. ingroup bias

tendency to favor our own group

WAIS Test

test that test object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design

4. achievement tests

tests designed to assess what a person has learned.

30. aptitude tests

tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell?

thalamus

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

76. cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

530. social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

germinal stage

the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

587. two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

173. emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

124. creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

142. depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two- dimensional; allows us to judge distance

226. gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

428. priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memroy

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memroy

Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between:

the actual self and the ideal self

454. pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

288. intensity

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude

evolutionary perspective

the application of principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena.

273. industrial organization (I/O) psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

475. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

321. mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

499. selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect

235. glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hunger

361. neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

521. sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Jonson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

memory consolidation

the gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term memory codes

304. learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

158. drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

516. sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

202. fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

461. reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

93. cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

92. cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

289. interaction

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).

77. cerebral cortex

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

564. synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at the junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

119. corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

136. delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

166. ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

580. threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

484. retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

325. memory

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

356. nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

19. amnesia

the loss of memory

amnesia

the loss of memory

134. deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal or anonymity 135. deja vu: the eerie sense that"I've experienced this before." Cues

576. THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

87. cognition

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

cognition

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

descriptive

the method used to observe and record behavior without manipulation (survey, case study, naturalistic observation)

322. median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.

median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.

145. difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. (Also called just noticeable difference or JND.)

2. absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

574. testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones; both males & females have it, but the additional amount in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty

573. testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

335. Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

605. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

492. Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

382. optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

axon

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with:

the oedipus complex

67. brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; is responsible for automatic survival functions.

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

140. dependent variable

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

560. superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

41. autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

265. illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists.

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists; the basis for many superstitions

190. external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. 191. extinction: the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs

470. relative deprivation

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

290. internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate.

239. grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

452. puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

611. Y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males; when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child 612. Young-Helmhotz trichromatic: retina contains three diff color receptors (blue green red)

gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called:

the spotlight effect

375. one-word stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

one-word stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

187. experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

254. human factors psychology

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments.

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

445. psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

537. social-cultural psychology

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

405. personality psychology

the study of individual's characteristics patter of thinking, feeling, and acting.

447. psychophysics

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

446. psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

184. evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

50. behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

183. evolutionary psychology

the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection

molecular genetics

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

341. molecular genetics

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and functions of genes.

423. predictive validity

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity).

normal curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

366. normal curve

the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

299. kinesthesis

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Search for Identity (Erikson)

the task to synthesize past, present, and future possibilities into a clearer sense of self

473. REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

542. spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study of practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study of practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.

467. regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to regress toward their average

221. fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observes, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

209. foot in the door technique

the tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

385. overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.

activation-synthesis theory

the theory that dreams begin with random electrical ACTIVATION coming from the brain stem. Dreams, then, are the brain's attempt to make sense of - to SYNTHESIZE - this random activity.

381. opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

494. scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

531. social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

According to Freud, the unconscious is:

the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.

328. menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

12. adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

306. lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

316. lymphocytes

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because

the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school.

empiricism

the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

175. empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely and observation and experimentation.

54. behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

55. behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

212. framing

the way an issue is posed; can affect decisions and judgements

framing

the way an issue is posed; can affect decisions and judgements

549. Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

384. outgroup

them; those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

528. social exchange theory

theory that our social behavior is an exchange process; the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

222. gate-control theory

theory that spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pains signals or allows them to pass. gate is opened by activity of pain going up small nerve fibers & gate is closed by act of large fibers or by info coming from brain

90. cognitive dissonance theory

theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; change our attitudes rather than our behaviors

37. attribution theory

theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

440. psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

51. behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

95. cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

196. family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members

APA Ethical Guidelines

these rules specify that researchers avoid procedures that might cause serious physical or mental harm to human subjects, protect confidentiality of the data, respect a subject's right to refuse at any time during the study; includes Informed Consent, Freedom to Withdraw, Debriefing, No Harm, and Confidentiality

What are Collectivistic societies?

those that value the group over the individual

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

thought that behavior was directed toward meeting needs . . . organize needs based on the importance Growth needs: Self-actualization/full potential, esteem needs, love & belonging Deficiency needs: Security needs, biological needs

unconscious

thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior (according to classic Freudian theory)

chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

79. chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

lesion

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

307. lesion

tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

Freud is to the psychoanalytic perspective as Allport is to the ________ perspective

trait

Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation?

trait

Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called:

traits

451. psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Infancy (up to 1 year)

trust vs mistrust

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

213. fraternal twins

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer that brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

21. amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Socrates & Plato

two philosophers from ancient Greece (teacher & student); believed knowledge to be innate and that the mind & body are distinct

40. automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space time, and frequency, and of well- learned information, such as word meanings.

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Humanistic theorists have been criticized for:

underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.

365. norm

understood rule for accepted/expected behavior

146. discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Sexually active undergraduate women perceive themselves as much less likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy than other women at their university. This best illustrates:

unrealistic optimism

18. altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as:

unstable-introverted

276. ingroup

us; people with whom we share a common identity

Research on selfperception indicates that most people:

view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.

zone of proximal development

zone between what a child can and can't do, or what a child can do with help

Mark Rosenzweig and David Krech

• found raising rats in isolation versus in a communal playground influenced the growth of the cerebral cortex making the cortex thicker in enriched environments