APHG U5

Commercial Agriculture

Large scale, high labor, high technology farming for profit

What changes occured in Latin America with the Green Revolution?

Latin America like other areas has been gripped by major seed corporations and has lost some agricultural independence due to the GR.

Who is Monsanto?

Leading producer of chemical, agricultural, and biochemical products, who own the genetically modified soybean seed

Township & Range System

Method to facilitate the settlement of non-Indians in the farmland of the U.S using a grid like pattern. Land was divided as 1 mile^2 and was divided when sold allowing uniformity across the fields.

rectangular survey system

Prevailing survey system throughout the United States, the one that appears as checkerboards across agricultural fields.

Who was van Thunen

A farmer and economic who created the first spatial economic model on land rent using his observations

What are food deserts?

geographic areas with limited access to affordable , healthy, food

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

Explain the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment in the developing world.

The Green Revolution was characterized in agriculture by the use of high-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals, and mechanized farming.

How is food production and consumption influence be people's changing tastes? What are the consequences of this?

The production of a multitude of products like corn leads to less food diversity.

Nucleated settlement

a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings (CLUSTERS)

What is the difference between subsistence and commercial farming?

1. Subsistence feeds, commercial makes profit 2. Commercial uses more technology 3. Subsistence uses more manual labor

What percent of the population of any given MDC is in agriculture

1%

What is a cash crop

A crop that is grown to sell for money rather than for use by the growers

What was the second agricultural revolution?

A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses (seed drill, other machinery)

Explain challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and food-production practices.

Agricultural innovations such as biotechnology, genetically modified organisms, and aquaculture have been accompanied by debates over sustainability, soil and water usage, reductions in biodiversity, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use.

Explain how agricultural practices have environmental and societal consequences

Agricultural practices—including slash and burn, terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands, shifting cultivation, and pastoral nomadism—alter the landscape.

Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.

Agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices (monocropping or monoculture).

Define organic agriculture

Agriculture based on ecology, biodiversity principles, and cycles. The natural way of growing

What were the negative effects of the Green Revolution?

As more chemicals and fertilizers are used, the more harm they can cause on the environment when they aren't properly contained, like when chemicals go into runoff.

Explain how patterns of global food distribution are affected by political systems. Provide at least two examples. Make sure to describe what a cash crop is in your definition.

Big corporations depend on LDCs to produce cash crops like cocoa beans and when the LDCs political systems are experiencing issues, it can lead to lower production of things like chocolate and coffee

Explain challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and food-production practices.

Challenges of feeding a global population include lack of food access, as in cases of food insecurity and food deserts; problems with distribution systems; adverse weather; and land use lost to suburbanization.

Explain how patterns of global food distribution is affected by patterns of world trade. Make sure to define what a luxury crop is in your definition. Additionally, how does the trade of coffee demonstrate the interdependence among regions of food production and consumption?

Coffee is a luxury crop because you don't need it to survive, but it's a common commodity. Developing countries often sell back luxury crops to their previous colonizers and

What type of agriculture uses machinery?

Commercial agriculture

long-lot survey system

Dividing land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

Explain how agricultural practices have environmental and societal consequences

Environmental effects of agricultural land use include pollution, land cover change, desertification, soil salinization, and conservation efforts.

Identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals.

Early hearths of domestication of plants and animals arose in the Fertile Crescent and several other regions of the world, including the Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, and Central America.

What is the geographical impact of GMOS?

Erosion of soil, loss of soil fertility, water pollution (runoff), water salinity, increased livestock disesases

How could van Thunens model apply at a global scale

Farmers wouldn't grow very perishable/bulky items

Explain the interdependence among regions of agricultural production and consumption.

Food and other agricultural products are part of a global supply chain.

What is the role of high yield seeds?

High yield seeds boosted crop production significantly. I.e. wheat, soybeans, rice

GMO's & Fears or Concerns

Idea that the gm seeds can spread to the wild and eradicate the real seed, if gmo logic is spread to animals, companies can own breeds of animals

How does cost determine what farmers grow?

If they need more money they will get cheaper crops.

Dispersed village

Individual housings were quite far apart and more equally spread

Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.

Intensive and extensive farming practices are determined in part by land costs (bid-rent theory).

Explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution.

New technology and increased food production in the second agricultural revolution led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories

Using organic agriculture as your example, explain how patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by food choice issues.

People will produce organic crops because the demand for it is present. People don't always like GMO crops so specialty crops like organic and fair trade are choice items.

How does what people produce and consume vary in different locations?

People will produce what is naturally available for them to access, and they will base their diets and lifestyles around their environments.

Explain how plants and animals diffused globally

Patterns of diffusion, such as the Columbian Exchange and the agricultural revolutions, resulted in the global spread of various plants and animals.

Explain challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and food-production practices.

Patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by movements relating to individual food choice, such as urban farming, community-supported agriculture (CSA), organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade, local-food movements, and dietary shifts.

subsistence agriculture

Small scale, high labor, low technology farming that feeds a small population and possibly has a surplus for some profit

Explain how agricultural practices have environmental and societal consequences

Societal effects of agricultural practices include changing diets, role of women in agricultural production, and economic purpose.

Explain the interdependence among regions of agricultural production and consumption.

Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities.

How do a people's culture and the resources available to them influence how they grow food?

Some cultures may frown upon a certain plant/animal, so a combination to what is available and acceptable is what will be consumed

What changes occured in Sub Saharan Africa with the Green Revolution?

Sub saharan africa has been very resilient to the GR, and it has basically failed.

What changes occured in Asia with the Green Revolution?

The GR's impact in Asia helped significantly. It led to a large boost of crops which partially fixed their growing food problem

Explain the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment in the developing world.

The Green Revolution had positive and negative consequences for both human populations and the environment.

What was the Neolithic Revolution?

The change from hunting and food gathering to farming

How has the green revolution changed the way we eat?

The green revolution allows for more crops and thus feeds more people and it is mostly due to fertilizers, pesticides, and high yielding crops

How did the Green revolution lead to increased food prosperity?

The green revolution led to a severe increase in food production which means more people can be fed.

Explain challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and food-production practices.

The location of food-processing facilities and markets, economies of scale, distribution systems, and government policies all have economic effects on food-production practices

Explain the interdependence among regions of agricultural production and consumption.

The main elements of global food distribution networks are affected by political relationships, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade.

Explain geographic variations in female roles in food production and consumption.

The role of females in food production, distribution, and consumption varies in many places depending on the type of production involved.

What do farmers consider when deciding what to grow?

Transportation cost, land cost

Metes & Bounds Survey

Using natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land.

Round Village

Villages are clustered around a central building (castle) and have flat farmlands on the outer boundaries.

Describe how the von Thünen model is used to explain patterns of agricultural production at various scales.

Von Thünen's model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market; however, regions of specialty farming do not always conform to von Thünen's concentric rings.

What was the Green Revolution?

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

Grid Village

modern village type laid out in straight street patterns that run in parallel and perpendicular lines

What is agribusiness?

system of commercial farming found in developed countries

What is biotechnology?

the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

walled village

village developed in order to protect villagers from attack

What percent of the population of any given LDC is in agriculture

~75%