AP Psychology, learning

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior and/or knowledge as a result of experience directly or indirectly

locus of control

foundation under expectancy-value theory; an individual's beliefs about how rewards are obtained

Albert Bandura

"The father of observational learning"; imitation learning, modeling or role modeling, vicarious learning, indirect learning used to only be classical and operant learning, he thought that they didn't explain all types of learning; example- driving a vehicle; procedural things like cooking; learning how to write; talking; 1961: bobo doll experiment, Stanford University; had a nursery; selected 36 boy and 36 girls from the ages 3-6 and divided them into three groups of 24, the children observed the adult models individually (to avoid contamination) 1963- followup research, new component was overt reward (positive reinforcement); when the adult model was rewarded for aggression towards the bobo doll, the children were much more aggressive

B.F. Skinner

'father of operant conditioning';

Laws of operant conditioning

1. Laws of Association was accepted by operant conditioning 2. The Law of Repetition it is what determines the strength or endurance of the conditioning 3. **The Law of Reinforcement it is the key to operant conditioning;the reinforcement must be appropriate to addressing both the subject and the behavior; we are attracted to pleasure and we avoid pain

Laws of Association

1. The CS and the UCS are paired together as close in time and space in order to establish a relationship 2. The CS and the UCS are paired together frequently and consistently so that the subject perceives a pattern

Ivan Pavlov

1800s, Russian physiologist/biologist who was researching the digestive system of dogs; had developed an apparatus to measure the amount of salivation of the dogs and the stomach juices one day he was aware that the dog's rate of salivation had increased without reason, he changed the experiment to study this concept; dogs responded in anticipation of something model of what occurs naturally in our lives

Arthur Bills

1934, the one that took Ebbinghaus's work and came up with a more detailed description of learning curves

Theodore Hall Wright

1936, actually put it into effect in a practical way, applied this concept to labor productivity; came up with a mathematical model of the learning curve

John B. Watson

1990s environmentalist who became known as 'the father of modern conditioning or behaviorism"; did experiments with little Albert

Law of Effect

a behavior is encouraged when it is followed by a rewarding consequence, a behavior is discouraged when it is followed by a punishing consequence; direct precursor to Skinner's work

punishment

also referred to as revertive conditioning or therapy; the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus after a response in order to decrease the occurrence of the unwanted behavior in the future

Robert Rescorla

anticipatory anxiety

response

any action that is the result of a stimulus

stimulus

any aspect of one's environment that can illicit a response

reflex

automatic innate action

John Garcia

aversive conditioning/ aversive therapy; using conditioning techniques to create an aversion, something unpleasant, so that the negative reinforcement is avoiding the aversive condition

reciprocal determinism

behaviorist believe that environment causes behavior, Bandura's research shows that behavior also causes environmental changes; in reciprocal determinism is it believed that behavior and environment cause each other modeling processes-

Julian Rotter

came up with the expectancy-value theory

Martin Seligman

did work in the same field; had aversion from personal experience; conditioned taste aversion; learned helplessness

optimal foraging theory

food seeking behaviors of many animals maximize the nutrition gained in relation to the energy expended (effort) to locate secure and consume various food

Discipline

increases the positive effect of punishment; root word- disciple; discipline is a form of training by setting an example for the child to imitate; exclusions- "do as I say not as I do" is not discipline; no double standard in discipline

Wolfgang Kohler

interested in insight learning- when we become aware of a problem and suddenly arrive at a solution (lightbulb goes on); worked with the chimp who used the sticks to get his food

O. Hobart Mowrer

interested in phobia; how do they develop? Why are they enduring? answer- two factor/stage theory of avoidance learning; driven by a desire to avoid anxiety; with phobias some are born full blow and other intensity over time

escape learning

involves a form of negative reinforcement where an individual acquires ('learns') a response that decreases or terminates some aversive stimulation; underlying issue is anxiety- we engage in behavior that reduces or terminates the anxiety producing stimulus (sucking thumb, twirling hair, picking nails)

indirect conditioning

is when a subject associates two or more stimuli (may or not be intended, accidental) which results in indirect conditioning

Edward Tolman

latent learning- learning something in the apparent absences of a reward; worked with rats and cognitive maps

operant conditioning

learning by consequences; started by Skinner; a behavior occurs prior to or in anticipation of some type of stimulus or consequence R (behavior) —> S (S = reinforcement/reward)

Edward Thorndyke

predecessor to Skinner, in the field of instrumental learning which means that our behavior is instrumental in effecting change in our environment, when we effect a change in our environment, the environmental change can effect us too (reciprocal action); Law of Effect

Mary Cover Jones

psychologist who worked with a boy named Peter; she works to extinguish his fear of rabbits; desensitization

simultaneous conditioning

the CS and the UCS are presented and terminated and the same time

delay conditioning

the CS is presented and continues until the UCS is presented and then the CS is terminated

trace conditioning

the CS is presented and terminated prior to the presentation of the UCS

backward conditioning

the UCS is presented prior to the CS

expectancy-value theory

three ideas; 1. preference for a particular event is determined by its reward value (the reward value is the result of comparison and experience); 2. there is a subjective expectation (very individualized) regarding the probability of obtaining a particular reward; 3. Previous experiences govern our expectation that the reward can be obtained in a particular environment

avoidance learning

we do escape learning in anticipation of and to prevent anxiety in the future; allows us, by anticipation of a stressful circumstance, we reduce or eliminate stress; temporarily avoiding something

spontaneous recovery

we refer to this as relapse, when a behavior suddenly comes back to the surface when the original stimulus is presented

generalization

when a conditioned response is transferred to different stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

shaping

when we condition a single simple behavior

discrimination

when we give different responses to similar stimuli

chaining

when we link individual simple behaviors into a complex sequence