AP Psychology - Modules 76-78
norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. "These" prescribe "proper" behavior.
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. "This" generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
social script
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
outgroup
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
ingroup
"us" - people with whom we share a common identity
other-race effect
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect or the own-race bias.
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame