AP Psychology Psychological Disorders Study Guide
One of the first reformers to advocate this position and call for providing more humane living conditions for the mentally ill was ____.
Philippe Pinel
psychological disorder
a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable
manic episode
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
obsessive compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted receptive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
fMRI scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal excessive activity in a brain region called the ____ cortex. Some antidepressants drugs dampen fear-circuit activity in the ____, thus reducing this behavior.
anterior cingulate; amygdala
An individual who seems to have no conscience, lies, steals, is generally irresponsible, and may be criminal is said to have an ____personality. Previously, this person was labeled a ____.
antisocial; pscychopath or sociopath
Humans probably ____ biologically prepared to develop certain fears. Compulsive acts are typically exaggerations of behaviors that contributed to our species' _____.
are; survival
ADHD, or ____________ plagues children who display one or more of 3 key symptoms: ____, _____, and ____.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; inattention; hyperactivity; impulsivity
Drugs that alleviate mania reduce ____; drugs that relieve depression increase ____ or ____ supplies by blocking either their ____ or their chemical ____.
norepinephrine; norepinephrine; serotonin; reuptake; breakdown
Independent diagnoses made with the current manual generally ____ agreement.
show
People who ____ have an increased risk of a first-time ____ because ____ is a stimulant.
smoke; panic attack; nicotine
The view that psychological disorders are sicknesses is the basis of the ____ model. According to this view, psychological disorders are viewed as mental ____, or ____, diagnosed on the basis of ____ and cured through ____.
medical; sickness; psychopathology; symptoms; therapy
bipolar disorder
mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Compared with men, women are ____ vulnerable to major depression. In general, women are most vulnerable to disorders involving ____ states, such as _____.
more; internal; depression, anxiety, and inhibited sexual desire
Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders, including 5 subtypes: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, or ____; disordered speech or behavior, or _____; immobility, or ____; many and varied symptoms, or ____; and withdrawal, or _____.
paranoid; disorganized; catatonic; undifferentiated; residual
When a person has an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation, the diagnosis is a ____. Although in many situations the person can live with the problem, some ____ such as a fear of thunderstorms, are incapacitating.
phobia; specific phobias
Although ____ are more common, ____ is the number one reason that people seek mental health services. It is also the leading cause of disability worldwide.
phobias; depression
People with schizophrenia who display inappropriate behavior are said to have ____, while those with toneless voices and expressionless faces are said to have ____.
positive symptoms; negative symptoms
DSM-IV
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text revision"
medical model
the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these "mental" illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
Three manifestations of schizophrenia are disorganized ____, disturbed ____, and inappropriate ____ and ____.
thinking; perceptions; emotions; actions
One criticism of DSM-IV is that as the number of disorder categories has ____ and the number of adults who meet the criteria for at least one psychiatric ailment has ___.
increased; increased
With each new generation, the rate of depression is ____ and the disorder is striking _____. In North America today, young adults are ___ times more likely than their grandparents to suffer depression.
increasing; earlier; three
Studies of biological relatives of those with antisocial and unemotional tendencies suggest that there ____ a biological predisposition to such traits.
is
As in other disorders, in antisocial personality, genetics ____ the whole story.
is not
Dissociation itself ____ rare.
is not so
It usually ____ the case that a depressive episode has been triggered by a stressful event. An individual's vulnerability to depression also increases following, for example, _____.
is; a family member's death, loss of a job, a marital crisis, or a physical assault
The anxiety response probably ____ genetically influenced. There may be anxiety ____ that affect brain levels of the neurotransmitter ____, which influences mood, as well as the neurotransmitter ____, which regulates the brain's alarm centers.
is; genes; serotonin; glutamate
Older people are ____ likely than teens and young adults to suffer from this disorder.
less
The brains of depressed people tend to be ___ active, especially in an area of the ____ lobe. In severely depressed patients, this brain area may also be ____ in size. The brain's ____, which is important in processing ____, is vulnerable to stress-related damage. Anti-depressant drugs that boost ____ may promote recovery by stimulating neurons in this area of the brain.
less; left frontal; smaller ; hippocamous; memories ; serotonin
The possible signs of depression include _____.
lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities
To determine which genes are involved in depression, researchers use ____, in which they examine the ____ of both affected and unaffected family members.
linkage analysis; DNA
Brain scans have shown that many people suffering from schizophrenia have abnormally ____ brain activity in the ____ lobes.
low; frontal
Depression may also be caused by ____ levels of two neurotransmitters, ____ and ____. Most people with a history of depression also were habitual ____.
low; norepinephrine; serotonin; smokers
People suffering from ____ interpret normal sensations as symptoms of serious disease.
hypochondriases
Major depression occurs when its signs las _____ or more with no apparent cause.
2 weeks
Some studies have detected early signs of antisocial behavior in children as young as ____. Antisocial adolescents tended to have been ____, ____, unconcerned with ____ and low in ____.
3 to 6; impulsive; uninhibited; social rewards; anxiety
The most widely used system for classifying psychological disorders is the American Psychiatric Association Manual, commonly known by its abbreviation, ____. It was developed in coordination with the World Health Organization's _____ of ____. This manual ____ explain the cause of a disorder; rather, it ____ the disorder.
DSM-IV-TR; Internal Classification; Diseases; does not; describes
bio psycho social perspective
a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, psychological and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
psychotic disorder
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
neurotic disorder
a psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially
Studies have shown that labeling has ____ effect on our interpretation of individuals and their behavior.
a significant
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
A fearful sensitivity to rejection may predispose the ____ personality disorder. Eccentric behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement, are characteristic of the ____ personality disorder. The third cluster exhibits dramatic or ____ behaviors, such as the ____ or ____ personality disorders.
avoidant; schizoid; impulsive; histrionic; narcissistic
In somatoform disorders, symptoms take a ___ form without having an apparent ____ cause.
bodily (somatic) ;physical
Depressed persons usually ____recover without therapy.
can
The commonality of depression suggests that its ____ must also be common.
causes
When schizophrenia develops slowly (called ____ schizophrenia), recovery is ____ likely than when it develops rapidly in reaction to particular life stresses (called ____ shizophrenia).
chronic (or process); less ; acute (or reactive)
Learning theorists, drawing on research in which rats are given unpredictable electric shocks, link general anxiety with ____ conditioning of ____.
classical ; fears
It appears that for schizophrenia to develop there must be both a ____ predisposition and other factors such as those listed earlier that "____" the ____ that predispose this disease.
genetic; turn on; genes
The disturbed perceptions of people suffering from schizophrenia may take the form of ____, which usually are ____.
hallucinations; auditory
One type of this disorder is ____, in which ____ is presumably converted into a physical symptom. This disorder is ____ common today than in Freud's time.
conversion disorder; anxiety ;less
The distorted, false beliefs of schizophrenia patients are called ____.
delusions
Mental health workers label thoughts, feelings, and actions disordered when they are ____, ____, and ____.
deviant, distressful, dysfunctional
A person who develops 2 or more distinct personalities is suffering from _____ disorder.
dissociative; identity
In ____ disorders, a person experiences a sudden loss of ___ or change in ____.
dissociative; memory; identify
Anxiety disorders are psychological disorders characterized by ____.
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
The brain tissue of schizophrenia patients has been found to have an excess of receptors for the neurotransmitter _____. Drugs that block these receptors have been found to ____ schizophrenia symptoms.
dopamine; decrease
Mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by ____. They come in 2 forms: The experience of prolonged depression with no discernible cause is called _____ disorder. When a person's mood alternates between depression and the hyperactive state of ____, a ____ disorder is diagnosed.
emotional; extremes; major depressive; mania; bipolar
Symptoms of mania include _____.
euphoria, hyperactivity, and a wildly optimistic state
Men's disorders tend to be more ____ and include ____.
external; alcohol abuse, antisocial conduct, and lack of impulse control
delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorder
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes
Some victims of schizophrenia lapse into a zombielike state of apparent apathy, or ____; others, who exhibit ____, may remain motionless for hours and then become agitated.
flat affect; catatonia
Enlarged, ____-filled areas and a corresponding ___ of cerebral tissue is also characteristic of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients also have a smaller-than-normal ____, which may account for their difficulty in filtering ____ and focusing ____.
fluid; shrinkage; thalamus; sensory input; attention
PET scans of murderers' brains reveal reduced activity in the ____, an area of the cortex that helps control ____.
frontal lobe; impulses
Five anxiety disorders discussed in the text are _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
generalized anxiety disorder; panic disorder; phobias; obsessive-compulsive disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder
When a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and physiologically aroused for no apparent reason, he or she is diagnosed as suffering from a ____ disorder. In Freud's term, the anxiety is _____.
generalized anxiety; free-floating
When a person cannot control repetitive thoughts and actions, an ____ disorder is diagnosed.
obsessive compulsive
Traumatic stress, such as that associated with witnessing atrocities or combat, can produce _____ disorder. The symptoms of this disorder include ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____. People who have a sensitive ____ are more vulnerable to this disorder. Research with identical twins indicates that ____ may also play a role.
post-traumatic stress; haunting memories; night-mares; social withdrawal; jumpy anxiety; insomnia; limbic system; genes
Bipolar disorder is less common among creative professionals who rely on ____ and ____ than among those who rely on ____ expression and vivid ____.
precision; logic; emotional; imagery
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
personality disorder
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Schizophrenia or "split mind," refers not to a split personality but rather to a split from ____.
reality
Phobias and compulsive behaviors reduce anxiety and thereby are ____. Through ____ learning, someone might also learn fear by seeing others display their own fears.
reinforced; observational
Freud assumed that anxiety disorders are symptoms of submerged mental energy that derives from intolerable impulses that were ____ during childhood.
repressed
Nicholas Spanos has argued that such people may merely be playing different ____.
roles
Many psychologists attribute the disorganized thinking of schizophrenia to a breakdown in the capacity for ____.
selective attention
According to the social-cognitive perspective, depression may be linked with _____ beliefs and a ____ style.
self-defeating; negative explanatory
Dissociation means to become ____ from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings.
separated
Personality disorders exist when an individual has character traits that are enduring and impair _____.
social functioning
When a person has an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, the diagnosis is a ____. People who fear situations in which escape or help might not be possible when panic strikes suffer from ___.
social phobia; agoraphobia
Some fears arise from ____, such as when a person who fears heights after a fall also comes to fear airplanes.
stimulus generalization
Twin studies ____ the contention that heredity plays a role in schizophrenia.
support
Mood disorders ____ to run in families. Studies of ___ also reveal that genetic influences on mood disorders are ____.
tend; twins; strong
Generalized anxiety disorder can lead to physical problems, such as ____ and ____. In some instances, anxiety may intensify dramatically and unpredictably and be accompanied by heart palpitations or choking, for example; people with these symptoms are said to have ____. This anxiety may escalate into a minutes-long episode of intense fear, or a _____.
ulcers; high blood pressure; panic disorder; panic attack
This definition emphasizes that standards of acceptability for behavior are ____.
variable