AP Psychology Psychological Disorders Study Guide

One of the first reformers to advocate this position and call for providing more humane living conditions for the mentally ill was ____.

Philippe Pinel

psychological disorder

a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable

manic episode

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

obsessive compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted receptive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

fMRI scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal excessive activity in a brain region called the ____ cortex. Some antidepressants drugs dampen fear-circuit activity in the ____, thus reducing this behavior.

anterior cingulate; amygdala

An individual who seems to have no conscience, lies, steals, is generally irresponsible, and may be criminal is said to have an ____personality. Previously, this person was labeled a ____.

antisocial; pscychopath or sociopath

Humans probably ____ biologically prepared to develop certain fears. Compulsive acts are typically exaggerations of behaviors that contributed to our species' _____.

are; survival

ADHD, or ____________ plagues children who display one or more of 3 key symptoms: ____, _____, and ____.

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; inattention; hyperactivity; impulsivity

Drugs that alleviate mania reduce ____; drugs that relieve depression increase ____ or ____ supplies by blocking either their ____ or their chemical ____.

norepinephrine; norepinephrine; serotonin; reuptake; breakdown

Independent diagnoses made with the current manual generally ____ agreement.

show

People who ____ have an increased risk of a first-time ____ because ____ is a stimulant.

smoke; panic attack; nicotine

The view that psychological disorders are sicknesses is the basis of the ____ model. According to this view, psychological disorders are viewed as mental ____, or ____, diagnosed on the basis of ____ and cured through ____.

medical; sickness; psychopathology; symptoms; therapy

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Compared with men, women are ____ vulnerable to major depression. In general, women are most vulnerable to disorders involving ____ states, such as _____.

more; internal; depression, anxiety, and inhibited sexual desire

Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders, including 5 subtypes: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, or ____; disordered speech or behavior, or _____; immobility, or ____; many and varied symptoms, or ____; and withdrawal, or _____.

paranoid; disorganized; catatonic; undifferentiated; residual

When a person has an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation, the diagnosis is a ____. Although in many situations the person can live with the problem, some ____ such as a fear of thunderstorms, are incapacitating.

phobia; specific phobias

Although ____ are more common, ____ is the number one reason that people seek mental health services. It is also the leading cause of disability worldwide.

phobias; depression

People with schizophrenia who display inappropriate behavior are said to have ____, while those with toneless voices and expressionless faces are said to have ____.

positive symptoms; negative symptoms

DSM-IV

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text revision"

medical model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these "mental" illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

Three manifestations of schizophrenia are disorganized ____, disturbed ____, and inappropriate ____ and ____.

thinking; perceptions; emotions; actions

One criticism of DSM-IV is that as the number of disorder categories has ____ and the number of adults who meet the criteria for at least one psychiatric ailment has ___.

increased; increased

With each new generation, the rate of depression is ____ and the disorder is striking _____. In North America today, young adults are ___ times more likely than their grandparents to suffer depression.

increasing; earlier; three

Studies of biological relatives of those with antisocial and unemotional tendencies suggest that there ____ a biological predisposition to such traits.

is

As in other disorders, in antisocial personality, genetics ____ the whole story.

is not

Dissociation itself ____ rare.

is not so

It usually ____ the case that a depressive episode has been triggered by a stressful event. An individual's vulnerability to depression also increases following, for example, _____.

is; a family member's death, loss of a job, a marital crisis, or a physical assault

The anxiety response probably ____ genetically influenced. There may be anxiety ____ that affect brain levels of the neurotransmitter ____, which influences mood, as well as the neurotransmitter ____, which regulates the brain's alarm centers.

is; genes; serotonin; glutamate

Older people are ____ likely than teens and young adults to suffer from this disorder.

less

The brains of depressed people tend to be ___ active, especially in an area of the ____ lobe. In severely depressed patients, this brain area may also be ____ in size. The brain's ____, which is important in processing ____, is vulnerable to stress-related damage. Anti-depressant drugs that boost ____ may promote recovery by stimulating neurons in this area of the brain.

less; left frontal; smaller ; hippocamous; memories ; serotonin

The possible signs of depression include _____.

lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities

To determine which genes are involved in depression, researchers use ____, in which they examine the ____ of both affected and unaffected family members.

linkage analysis; DNA

Brain scans have shown that many people suffering from schizophrenia have abnormally ____ brain activity in the ____ lobes.

low; frontal

Depression may also be caused by ____ levels of two neurotransmitters, ____ and ____. Most people with a history of depression also were habitual ____.

low; norepinephrine; serotonin; smokers

People suffering from ____ interpret normal sensations as symptoms of serious disease.

hypochondriases

Major depression occurs when its signs las _____ or more with no apparent cause.

2 weeks

Some studies have detected early signs of antisocial behavior in children as young as ____. Antisocial adolescents tended to have been ____, ____, unconcerned with ____ and low in ____.

3 to 6; impulsive; uninhibited; social rewards; anxiety

The most widely used system for classifying psychological disorders is the American Psychiatric Association Manual, commonly known by its abbreviation, ____. It was developed in coordination with the World Health Organization's _____ of ____. This manual ____ explain the cause of a disorder; rather, it ____ the disorder.

DSM-IV-TR; Internal Classification; Diseases; does not; describes

bio psycho social perspective

a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, psychological and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

psychotic disorder

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

neurotic disorder

a psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially

Studies have shown that labeling has ____ effect on our interpretation of individuals and their behavior.

a significant

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

A fearful sensitivity to rejection may predispose the ____ personality disorder. Eccentric behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement, are characteristic of the ____ personality disorder. The third cluster exhibits dramatic or ____ behaviors, such as the ____ or ____ personality disorders.

avoidant; schizoid; impulsive; histrionic; narcissistic

In somatoform disorders, symptoms take a ___ form without having an apparent ____ cause.

bodily (somatic) ;physical

Depressed persons usually ____recover without therapy.

can

The commonality of depression suggests that its ____ must also be common.

causes

When schizophrenia develops slowly (called ____ schizophrenia), recovery is ____ likely than when it develops rapidly in reaction to particular life stresses (called ____ shizophrenia).

chronic (or process); less ; acute (or reactive)

Learning theorists, drawing on research in which rats are given unpredictable electric shocks, link general anxiety with ____ conditioning of ____.

classical ; fears

It appears that for schizophrenia to develop there must be both a ____ predisposition and other factors such as those listed earlier that "____" the ____ that predispose this disease.

genetic; turn on; genes

The disturbed perceptions of people suffering from schizophrenia may take the form of ____, which usually are ____.

hallucinations; auditory

One type of this disorder is ____, in which ____ is presumably converted into a physical symptom. This disorder is ____ common today than in Freud's time.

conversion disorder; anxiety ;less

The distorted, false beliefs of schizophrenia patients are called ____.

delusions

Mental health workers label thoughts, feelings, and actions disordered when they are ____, ____, and ____.

deviant, distressful, dysfunctional

A person who develops 2 or more distinct personalities is suffering from _____ disorder.

dissociative; identity

In ____ disorders, a person experiences a sudden loss of ___ or change in ____.

dissociative; memory; identify

Anxiety disorders are psychological disorders characterized by ____.

distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

The brain tissue of schizophrenia patients has been found to have an excess of receptors for the neurotransmitter _____. Drugs that block these receptors have been found to ____ schizophrenia symptoms.

dopamine; decrease

Mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by ____. They come in 2 forms: The experience of prolonged depression with no discernible cause is called _____ disorder. When a person's mood alternates between depression and the hyperactive state of ____, a ____ disorder is diagnosed.

emotional; extremes; major depressive; mania; bipolar

Symptoms of mania include _____.

euphoria, hyperactivity, and a wildly optimistic state

Men's disorders tend to be more ____ and include ____.

external; alcohol abuse, antisocial conduct, and lack of impulse control

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorder

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes

Some victims of schizophrenia lapse into a zombielike state of apparent apathy, or ____; others, who exhibit ____, may remain motionless for hours and then become agitated.

flat affect; catatonia

Enlarged, ____-filled areas and a corresponding ___ of cerebral tissue is also characteristic of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients also have a smaller-than-normal ____, which may account for their difficulty in filtering ____ and focusing ____.

fluid; shrinkage; thalamus; sensory input; attention

PET scans of murderers' brains reveal reduced activity in the ____, an area of the cortex that helps control ____.

frontal lobe; impulses

Five anxiety disorders discussed in the text are _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

generalized anxiety disorder; panic disorder; phobias; obsessive-compulsive disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder

When a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and physiologically aroused for no apparent reason, he or she is diagnosed as suffering from a ____ disorder. In Freud's term, the anxiety is _____.

generalized anxiety; free-floating

When a person cannot control repetitive thoughts and actions, an ____ disorder is diagnosed.

obsessive compulsive

Traumatic stress, such as that associated with witnessing atrocities or combat, can produce _____ disorder. The symptoms of this disorder include ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____. People who have a sensitive ____ are more vulnerable to this disorder. Research with identical twins indicates that ____ may also play a role.

post-traumatic stress; haunting memories; night-mares; social withdrawal; jumpy anxiety; insomnia; limbic system; genes

Bipolar disorder is less common among creative professionals who rely on ____ and ____ than among those who rely on ____ expression and vivid ____.

precision; logic; emotional; imagery

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

personality disorder

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Schizophrenia or "split mind," refers not to a split personality but rather to a split from ____.

reality

Phobias and compulsive behaviors reduce anxiety and thereby are ____. Through ____ learning, someone might also learn fear by seeing others display their own fears.

reinforced; observational

Freud assumed that anxiety disorders are symptoms of submerged mental energy that derives from intolerable impulses that were ____ during childhood.

repressed

Nicholas Spanos has argued that such people may merely be playing different ____.

roles

Many psychologists attribute the disorganized thinking of schizophrenia to a breakdown in the capacity for ____.

selective attention

According to the social-cognitive perspective, depression may be linked with _____ beliefs and a ____ style.

self-defeating; negative explanatory

Dissociation means to become ____ from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings.

separated

Personality disorders exist when an individual has character traits that are enduring and impair _____.

social functioning

When a person has an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, the diagnosis is a ____. People who fear situations in which escape or help might not be possible when panic strikes suffer from ___.

social phobia; agoraphobia

Some fears arise from ____, such as when a person who fears heights after a fall also comes to fear airplanes.

stimulus generalization

Twin studies ____ the contention that heredity plays a role in schizophrenia.

support

Mood disorders ____ to run in families. Studies of ___ also reveal that genetic influences on mood disorders are ____.

tend; twins; strong

Generalized anxiety disorder can lead to physical problems, such as ____ and ____. In some instances, anxiety may intensify dramatically and unpredictably and be accompanied by heart palpitations or choking, for example; people with these symptoms are said to have ____. This anxiety may escalate into a minutes-long episode of intense fear, or a _____.

ulcers; high blood pressure; panic disorder; panic attack

This definition emphasizes that standards of acceptability for behavior are ____.

variable