AP Psychology Unit 14 Social Psychology (VOCAB)
Norm
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Prescribe "proper" behavior.
Aggression-Replacement Program
Lowered re-arrest rates of of juveniles and gang members by teaching families communication skills, anger control, and encouraging more thoughtful moral reasoning
Implicit Prejudice
Unconsciously holding prejudicial attitudes towards a group.
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
Social Identity
Our sense of ourselves as members of particular groups.
Personal Control
The power of the individual.
Social Script
Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. - TV, movies, video games, YouTube
Preservation of Innovation
Culture's accumulated knowledge.
Mirror Image Perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
Overt Prejudice
Prejudice that is shown openly and declared as a self-acknowledged belief of the individual.
Companionate Love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. - Oxytocin; supports feelings of trust, calm, and bonding with partner.
Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. - Talking with like-minded people strengthens one's already held beliefs.
Culture
Enduring behaviors, ideas, values, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Free Riding
Enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs.
Outgroup
"Them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
Ingroup
"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity.
Social Norms
Expectations that govern what behavior is acceptable within a group.
Attitude
Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Self-Disclosure
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
Bystander Effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
Positive Support
Compliments, touches, and laughing. Happy couples have a 5 to 1 ratio of positive to negative interactions.
Diffusion of Responsibility
The weakening of each group member's obligation to act when responsibility if perceived to be shared with all group members.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. - People feel less accountable, individual contributions seem replaceable, free riding.
Actor-Observer Bias
The tendency to attribute one's own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. We change our attitudes to match our actions. - Fake it 'til you make it!
Chameleon Effect
Unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling. - Automatic mimicry
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. - Wearing hoods, masks, hiding online.
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Equity
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. - Core of every relationship.
Prejudice
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. - Attitude
Scapegoat Theory
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
Stereotype
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. - Belief
Role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. - When adopting a new role, one strives to follow the social prescriptions.
Social Trap
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
Reward Theory of Attraction
A social-learning view that says we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum cost.
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. - Asch line experiment
Rape Myth
The false belief that, deep down, women enjoy forcible sex and find it sexually exciting.
Frustration-Aggression Principle
The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression.
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. - Focuses on the situation, why the same person will act differently in different situations.
Just World Phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. - How the rich justify their privileges.
Outgroup Homogeneity
The tendency for people to perceive members of the outgroup as more similar than members of the ingroup.
Foot-in-the-door phenomenom
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. - Actions affect attitude.
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. - Genuine acts of kindness.
Blame-the-victim
When people think the victim is partly to blame for their situation.
Milgrim
Obedience. Shock test.
Central Route Persuasion
Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. - Attitude affects actions.
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. - Attitude affects actions.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
Self Fulfilling Prophecies
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
Passionate Love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
Division of Labor
An arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task.
Social-Responsibility Norm
An expectation that people will help those needing their help. - We'll help even if the costs outweigh the benefits.
Reciprocity Norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. - We give about as much as we receive.
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
Proximity
Geographic nearness.
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. - What one does well, is likely to do better in front of others. What one finds hard, will seem impossible in front of others.
Other-race Effect
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. - AKA cross-race or own-race; emerges during infancy between 3-9 months.
Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Informational Social Influence
Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. - Put the needs of others above yourself.
Mood Linkage
Sharing up and down moods.
Culture Shock
The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture. - Don't know what's expected or accepted.
Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. - Familiarity breeds fondness
Minority Influence
The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities by consistently expressing their views and holding firmly to their position.
Social Control
The power of the situation.
Social Exchange Theory
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. - We'll help if the rewards exceed the cost.
Attribution Theory
The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (situational attribution) or the person's disposition (dispositional attribution).
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. - Action