AP Psychology Unit 2 Reveiw
Researchers recruited student volunteers for a study about memory. Each student given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In Group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In Group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told the real reason for the study before they left. The data collected are presented in the table.
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Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.
A methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem is called a(n
Algorithm.
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?
Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.
Cory's Skateboards, Incorporated, has been producing their top-selling Model A skateboard for 10 years. The company has just developed a new skateboard, Model B. Company executives want to test whether customers who have already used Model A will be able to learn more quickly to skateboard using Model B as compared to those who have no experience. The company's research team recruits 50 participants for their study and randomly assigns them to two groups. Group 1 is given 3 weeks of skateboarding lessons using the Model A skateboard.
An independent variable
In a study on visual perception, participants were presented with the figure depicted and asked to describe what they saw. Of the 100 participants in the study, 97 saw a cube. Which of the following Gestalt principles best describes the phenomenon that has impacted these results?
Closure
The mental activity associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing is called
Cognition.
Even though the banana seemed to change color as the lighting in the room changed, Jane knew that the color of the banana was not actually changing. This is due to
Color Constancy.
Darnayia has been seeing a lot of social media ads about an exciting new sports simulation game. While several of her friends say that the game is their ideal example of a video game, others who have played the game complain that it was too expensive and not as fun as they expected. Darnayia buys the game. When her mother asks her why she chose that game, Darnayia only mentions the advice she heard about the game was the best one they've ever played. Which of the following cognitive processes explains why Darnayia can justify her purchase of the expensive game and ignore her concerns over the cost?
Confirmation bias
Thom believes that his congresswoman is an honest woman. He looks for examples of her giving to charity and ignores her ethics violations, which have recently been in the news. Thom is being affected by
Confirmation bias.
Students in Dr. Milne's Introduction to Psychology class met three times a week in a large, windowless lecture hall. Students had the option of taking their final comprehensive exam in the same lecture hall, or in smaller classroom on the other side of campus. The results from the final exam are depicted in the table. Which of the following memory processes could help explain the differences between these two groups? Responses
Context-dependent memory
On a warm summer day, Kimberly tells her brother to put on a suit. Kimberly's brother knows to put on a swimsuit instead of a business suit because of
Context.
Dr. Messina conducts experiments that explore the rate at which people forget information. To conduct her research, she uses students who are taking psychology courses at her university. Which of the following best describes the type of samples Dr. Messina uses in her research? Responses
Convenience sample
Which of the following refers to the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?
Convergent thinking
Researchers repeatedly presented a picture of a goat along with other animals and asked participants to rank how closely the picture of the goat matched their prototype of a "mammal." Participants used a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 meaning "not at all like my prototype of a mammal" to 5 meaning "exactly like my prototype of a mammal." The graph depicts the rankings of each participant based on the number of exposures. What type of research has been conducted?
Correlational Study
Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following?
Creativity
Researchers recruited student volunteers for a study about memory. Each student given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In Group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In Group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told the real reason for the study before they left. The data collected are presented in the table.
Distributed practice
Working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active-processing of incom-ing auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information received from long-term memory.
What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?
A rapid initial decline followed by a leveling off
Which of the following monocular depth cues is most represented in the image?
Linear perspective
Amirah attended a concert for her favorite band. As the band played her favorite song, Amirah sang along and repeated one of the lyrics incorrectly. Another person nearby heard the mistake and told her she had made a mistake, Amirah was confident she heard and sang the lyric correctly. What term best describes Amirah's belief?
Overconfidence
Researchers want to examine if there is a difference between the retention of implicit versus explicit memories. To conduct this research as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary?
Random Assignment
Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question?
Recall
Professor DuVall teaches two classes of psychology. For Class Y, their first quiz consisted of multiple-choice questions. Class Z's first quiz covered the same material, but the questions required that students write a short answer for each question. Professor DuVall compared the scores for Class Y and Class Z and found that the mean score for Class Y was 76%, while the mean score for Class Z was 89%. In terms of memory retrieval processes, which of the following is consistent with this outcome?
Recall led to higher scores than recognition on this quiz.
Which of the following is the best operational definition of superior autobiographical memory?
Recalling information about life events with over 90% accuracy.
Ten students were expected to learn about the geography of the major rivers, mountains, and cities of the US state of Arizona. Half of the students were given an unlabeled map and expected to fill in the information they learned from memory. The other half was given the same unlabeled map but had a word bank of terms to choose from. The students' scores are represented in the table. What conclusion can you make based on the data?
Recognition is easier than recall.
Professor Jovan randomly assigns each student in her psychology class to one of three groups. Group X is required to post a journal entry each week in which they discuss some aspect of psychology in daily life. Group Y is required to take an online quiz about the material each week. Group Z was not instructed to do any additional activities. At the end of the class, Professor Jovan compares the final comprehensive exam scores for Groups X, Y, and Z. The results are shown in the figure. Which of the following psychological principles are best supported by the data in the figure?
Repeated testing can improve learning and memory.
Narmeen is viewing the board in the classroom. She knows that the board is located far away because the view from her left eye is slightly different than the view from her right eye. Her ability to judge the distance of the board is due to which depth cue?
Retinal Disparity
One night, Noel went to a new restaurant. While waiting for her meal, she could not ignore the slurping sound the other diners made while eating. She was so focused on that sound that she could not even enjoy her meal. Which of the following concepts explains Noel's experience?
Selective attention
David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory?
Self-reference
To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy?
Semantic encoding
Regarding therapist-guided "recovered" memories of sexual abuse in infancy, which statement best represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue?
Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 4, memories from the first 4 years of life are not reliable.
Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall?
Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.
Your teachers asks how many uses you can think of for a pencil. She is testing your
Divergent thinking.
Dr. Fredericks is interested in studying how quickly people forget what they learn in class. He teaches a class on biological psychology on a Monday. On Tuesday, he gives the class a quiz asking the students about details from the previous class. Which of the following procedures should Dr. Fredericks have followed to avoid the confounding variable of experimenter bias?
Double-blind
Dr. Adedeji is trying to measure the capacity of her students' short-term memories. She shows them a long series of numbers on a display for several seconds, and then has them write down as many numbers as they can remember in order. Dr. Adedeji has the students complete a survey in which she asks them "On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being highly effective, how well did you remember the numbers?" She concludes that her students have exceptionally good memories, as most of her students rated themselves as "highly effective." Which of the following best explains Dr. Adedeji's inaccurate conclusion?
Dr. Adedeji's survey led to self-report bias.
Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect?
Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.
Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free- standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate?
Encoding failure
In a research study on the multi-store method of memory, one group of randomly assigned high school students were given 5 minutes to rehearse details about a stimulus after being exposed to it for 15 seconds. A second group were not given time to rehearse the details of the stimulus. Which of the following research designs best represents this study?
Experiment
In a research study, participants were randomly assigned to two conditions. One group of participants received a drug once per day for four weeks. The drug increases the speed of communication between neurons. Other participants did not receive the drug. Researchers found that those who took the drug demonstrated an increased memory recall. What type of research design was conducted in this scenario?
Experiment
Cory's Skateboards, Incorporated, has been producing their top-selling Model A skateboard for 10 years. The company has just developed a new skateboard, Model B. Company executives want to test whether customers who have already used Model A will be able to learn more quickly to skateboard using Model B as compared to those who have no experience. The company's research team recruits 50 participants for their study and randomly assigns them to two groups. Group 1 is given 3 weeks of skateboarding lessons using the Model A skateboard.
Experimental
After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect?
How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
Which of the following statements is best explained by research on depth perception using the visual cliff?
Human infants are born with an innate sense of depth.
A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story.
It was a study that involved convenience sampling.
Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation?
The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
In an experiment evaluating encoding strategies, a researcher taught participants 15 new psychological concepts. One group took notes to help learn the concepts while the other group was asked to create a mnemonic device for each concept. In this experiment, what is the independent variable?
The method used to learn the concepts.
A group of researchers are investigating how different studying strategies impact how much participants remember on a test. They recruit 50 participants and have half of the participants study by just reading a passage over and over for 10 minutes. The other half of the participants spend five minutes reading the passage one time and then answering a series of multiple-choice questions on the material for another five minutes. Finally, the participants write down as many facts from the reading passage as they can in three minutes. Which of the following is the dependent variable of the study?
The number of facts the participants remember during the test phase
In a groundbreaking study, a researcher shared a translation of an American Indian folk tale with middle-class British participants. Later, the participants were asked to repeat the story. The researcher measured the accuracy of their recollections when they were repeating the story. Several of the participants changed the words "canoes" to "boats" and "hunting seals" to "fishing". Which of the following explains why the participants made errors in their recollections?
The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema.
Jim has just memorized the following list of words for his 3rd grade spelling tests host moet coast, boast, ghost. When asked by a classmate, "What do you put ina toaster?" Jim i rOCess "Toast!" "No, silly!" said his friend. "You put bread ina toaster!" What psychological process caused Jim to reply incorrectly?
priming
Suzanne gets a new phone number. Each time she tries to give someone the new number, she gives her old one instead. The fact that her old number is causing difficulty in her remembering of the new one is an example of
proactive interference.
Leila is studying an alphabetical list of thirty African countries. She has a test tomorrow in her 4th grade history class and hopes to remember all thirty. According to the recency effect, it is most likely that Leila will
recall the countries at the beginning and end of the list, but not as many from the middle.
Victor is blind, unable to speak, and understands very few words. He is, however, able to hear a piece of music once and play it back flawlessly on the piano. Victor's abilities best represent someone with
savant syndrome.
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story.
The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.
To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using which of the following memory concepts?
the method of loci
Which of the following is not a component of emotional intelligence?
Which of the following is not a component of emotional intelligence?
In history class, James is effortfully connecting the new material to what he has learned in the past. This making of connections in the moment best describes James'
Working memory.
general intelligence (g)
according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
An intelligence test that asks a person how many uses they can think of for a golf ball is most likely testing a person's _____ intelligence.
creative
According to Charles Spearman and others, _____ underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
general intelligence (g)
The brain structure shown to be essential in laying down new explicit memories of names, images and events is the
hippocampus.
After brief, rapid stimulation, cells demonstrate an increase in their firing potential. This neural basis for learning and memory is known as:
long-term potentiation
A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using which of the following memory concepts? Responses
maintenance rehearsal
Short-term memory is best described in which of the following ways?
memory that can hold only a small amount of information
Long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Which of the following is a typical example of a flashbulb memory?
your first kiss
Thom still believes that the congresswoman is an honest person even after she is arrested and sent to jail. Thom is now experiencing
Belief perseverance.
Audra is working on a puzzle book and comes across the following figure. Which of the following Gestalt laws would best explain Audra's perception of the image?
Closure
A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story.
Availability heuristic
After seeing a news story about a kidnapping, we are more afraid of kidnapping, even though it is a very rare occurrence. Which of the following is the term for this phenomenon?
Availability heuristic
Meloni's new friend from another state just gave her his phone number. As she goes to enter the number into her contacts list she finds that she cannot remember all the numbers in their right order. Which of the following is the best explanation for this failure?
Being 10 digits long, the number is beyond Miller's "magic number."
Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation?
Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.
Bryanna and Charles are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of
Figure-ground Relationship
Many people prefer meat that is 80 percent lean instead of 20 percent fat, even though they are the same thing. Which concept is being used when the same information is presented in a more desirable way?
Framing
Fatima tries out for the debate team at her school because she believes that debate team members are the smartest kids in school. She is not chosen as a team member. After failing to make the debate team, Fatima remembers that the students who made the team last school year were juniors and members of the History Club. She now decides that she knew she should not have tried out since she is a sophomore and not a member of the History Club. Which of the following cognitive processes is Fatima using to justify her failure to make the team?
Hindsight bias
When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions?
Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.
Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia?
Louis can remember his past, but nothing since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.
A researcher evaluated over 300 studies where algorithms were used to predict the future of the stock market. This study determined that Algorithms accurately predicted the stock market within three percentage points on average. These findings were later provided to individuals who follow the market to inform them about when to sell or buy stocks. Which of the following research techniques best represents the research described?
Meta-analysis
A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifted the wearer's gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered per-ception. A student wearing the goggles initially bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but after 30 minutes of wearing the goggles was able to smoothly avoid obstacles, illustrating the concept of
Perceptual Adaptation.
Tonya's psychology teacher played some backwards mu-sic to the class, and they were not able to make out any words or phrases in the selection. When the teacher told them to listen for the words "The rat ate the cat" when she played it again, most of the class now heard the words. Which principle explains this experience?
Perceptual Set
What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary, adjacent lights blinking on and off in quick succession
Phi Phenomenon
Cory's Skateboards, Incorporated, has been producing their top-selling Model A skateboard for 10 years. The company has just developed a new skateboard, Model B. Company executives want to test whether customers who have already used Model A will be able to learn more quickly to skateboard using Model B as compared to those who have no experience. The company's research team recruits 50 participants for their study and randomly assigns them to two groups. Group 1 is given 3 weeks of skateboarding lessons using the Model A skateboard.
Proactive interference
When asked to think of a bird, many people think of a robin. In this case a robin is people's _________ for a bird.
Prototype
A researcher is studying the accuracy of people's memories when they use mnemonic devices. After studying the first 10 people, the data showed that memories using mnemonic devices were more accurate than the average's person's memories. Which of the following explains why the researcher should not draw any conclusions about the accuracy of memories using mnemonic devices yet?
The researcher should expect that the more data she collects, the more likely the results will regress to the mean.
Researchers recruited student volunteers for a study about memory. Each student given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In Group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In Group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told the real reason for the study before they left. The data collected are presented in the table.
The results are not likely due to chance.
Which of the following is most likely to be encoded automatically?
What you ate for breakfast this morning
The graph is an illustration of which of the following?
The testing effect
A high school instructor wanted to see if implementing encoding strategies would help students master concepts in AP Psychology. They conduct a double-blind study in which students are randomly assigned to either the encoding strategy group or the group that continued to study as they had before. The data for each group is presented in the table. Which of the following best represents the results of this investigation?
The variation of scores for the encoding strategies group was smaller.
A researcher wants to determine which studying technique would be more effective: massed practice or distributed practice. The researcher randomly assigns 30 students to two groups and gives them a list of vocabulary words to remember. One of the groups uses a massed practice technique. The other uses a distributed practice technique. The researcher gives the students a quiz four days later to see how well they remembered their list of words. He compared the scores for both groups. What is the dependent variable in this study?
The vocabulary quiz scores
Which of the following best describes the primacy effect?
When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence
At the end of each class period, Professor Dodgson asks each student to write on a notecard which concepts from the class period they understood, which ones they didn't understand, and a plan for how they will approach learning any confusing concepts. This is not a required activity, but Professor Dodgson collects the cards and records which students complete them. The figure depicts student scores on the most recent test, along with how many notecards (out of 20) each student completed. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of the data depicted in the graph?
There is a positive relationship between the use of metacognitive practices and score on the test.
Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?
Thinking about how the words relate to your own life
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency.
Clive Wearing is an individual involved in a well-known case study examining anterograde amnesia. Clive experienced a high fever which led to damage to the hippocampus nearly 40 years ago. Since that time, Clive has not been able to encode new memories and, by some estimations, can only hold a thought for 7 to 9 seconds. Which of the following is an ethical consideration regarding the case of Clive Wearing?
We should not know Clive's identity, especially while he is still living.
factor analysis
analyzing correlations among items to see which form related clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
Implicit procedural memories for motor movement or skills like riding a bike seem to be a function of the
basal ganglia.
The brain structure shown to be necessary in the development of implicit memories for skills, particularly classically conditioned reflexes, is the
cerebellum.
