AP Psychology: Unit 6

Why are environments not the whole story to conditioning?

-Kimble said that any organisms can be conditioned if given the right environment -Proven wrong because each organism is heavily dependent on its own biology

Give an example of how biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.

-You can condition a hamster to dig by giving it food, but it would be difficult to get it to wash its face for food. -You can condition a pigeon to peck for food, but it would be difficult to get it to peck to avoid a shock

Persons associated with classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

Psychologist associated with behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov

Emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

Problem-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Mirror Neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

in classical conditioning a stimulus that conditionally a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically triggers a response

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

in classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

in classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Discrimination

in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Variable-Ration Schedule

in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Variable-Interval Schedule

in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Fixed Interval Schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Discriminative Stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response

Negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Observational Learning

learning by observing others also called social learning

Associative Learning

learning that certain event occurs together. The evens may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

Latent Learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive t demonstrate it

Example of secondary reinforcers

money, grades in school, etc

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response

Prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time' results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Operant conditioning

we learn to associate a response and its consequence

Classical conditioning

we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events

Negative punishment

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

What do you need to have better self-control?

A can-do attitude. Viewing ourselves as free and responsible for our actions is the foundation for self-discipline.

A person associated with observational learning

Albert Bandura

A person associated with operant conditioning

B.F Skinner

Describe how a Skinner Box works.

B.F. Skinner proposed his theory on operant conditioning by conducting various experiments on animals. He used a special box known as "Skinner Box" for his experiment on rats. A Skinner box, also known an operant conditioning chamber, is an enclosed apparatus that contains a bar or key that an animal can press or manipulate in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement.

Summarize Bandura's famous Bobo Doll experiment.

Bobo doll experiment. ... The most notable experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the model get rewarded, get punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll. The experiments are empirical approaches to test Bandura's social learning theory. Bobo doll experiment, groundbreaking study on aggression led by psychologist Albert Bandura that demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behavior.

The person who created the law of effect

Edward L. Thorndike

What did John Garcia find in his studies of taste aversion?

For humans, if you become violently ill four hours after eating contaminated seafood, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of seafood; not the sight of it, restaurant or people you were with.

What does it mean that we learn by association?

Learning that certain events occur together. The evens may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

Pavlov's Dog Experiment

Pavlov presented a neutral presented (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response. Pavlov and his assistant tried to imagine what the dog was thinking and feeling as it drolled in anticipation of food.

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Reinforcement is anything that increases the frequency of a behavior. Punishment decreases the frequency. Reinforcement can be split into two categories: positive reinforcement refers to adding something pleasant; while negative reinforcement refers to removing something unpleasant.

What did Rescorla & Wagner show about conditioning?

The Rescorla-Wagner model ("R-W") is a model of classical conditioning, in which learning is conceptualized in terms of associations between conditioned (CS) and unconditioned (US) stimuli. ... The model casts the conditioning processes into discrete trials, during which stimuli may be either present or absent.

What is the theory of mind?

Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Habituation

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Conditioned Response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Tolman's Cognitive Map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Reinforcement Schedule

a pattern that defines how often the desired response will be reinforced

Higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is shared with new neutral stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus

Insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Positive punishment

administer an aversive stimulus

Primary Reinforcers

an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

Secondary Reinforcers

secondary Reinforcement refers to a situation wherein a stimulus reinforces a behavior after being previously associated with a primary reinforcer or a stimulus that satisfies basic survival instinct such as food, drinks, and clothing. A secondary reinforcer can be helpful or not.

Self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards

Cognitive Learning

the acquisition of mental information whether by observing events, by watching others or through language

Classical Conditioning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events by watching others, or through language

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

Learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Acquisition

the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

External Locus of Control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Internal Locus of Control

the perception that you control your own fate

learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

Generalization

the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.