AP Psychology: Unit 6
Why are environments not the whole story to conditioning?
-Kimble said that any organisms can be conditioned if given the right environment -Proven wrong because each organism is heavily dependent on its own biology
Give an example of how biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.
-You can condition a hamster to dig by giving it food, but it would be difficult to get it to wash its face for food. -You can condition a pigeon to peck for food, but it would be difficult to get it to peck to avoid a shock
Persons associated with classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Psychologist associated with behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
Emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
Problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
Law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Mirror Neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
in classical conditioning a stimulus that conditionally a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically triggers a response
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
in classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Variable-Ration Schedule
in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable-Interval Schedule
in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Reinforcement
in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Fixed Interval Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Discriminative Stimulus
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response
Negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response
Observational Learning
learning by observing others also called social learning
Associative Learning
learning that certain event occurs together. The evens may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive t demonstrate it
Example of secondary reinforcers
money, grades in school, etc
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
Prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time' results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Operant conditioning
we learn to associate a response and its consequence
Classical conditioning
we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events
Negative punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus
What do you need to have better self-control?
A can-do attitude. Viewing ourselves as free and responsible for our actions is the foundation for self-discipline.
A person associated with observational learning
Albert Bandura
A person associated with operant conditioning
B.F Skinner
Describe how a Skinner Box works.
B.F. Skinner proposed his theory on operant conditioning by conducting various experiments on animals. He used a special box known as "Skinner Box" for his experiment on rats. A Skinner box, also known an operant conditioning chamber, is an enclosed apparatus that contains a bar or key that an animal can press or manipulate in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement.
Summarize Bandura's famous Bobo Doll experiment.
Bobo doll experiment. ... The most notable experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the model get rewarded, get punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll. The experiments are empirical approaches to test Bandura's social learning theory. Bobo doll experiment, groundbreaking study on aggression led by psychologist Albert Bandura that demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behavior.
The person who created the law of effect
Edward L. Thorndike
What did John Garcia find in his studies of taste aversion?
For humans, if you become violently ill four hours after eating contaminated seafood, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of seafood; not the sight of it, restaurant or people you were with.
What does it mean that we learn by association?
Learning that certain events occur together. The evens may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences
Pavlov's Dog Experiment
Pavlov presented a neutral presented (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response. Pavlov and his assistant tried to imagine what the dog was thinking and feeling as it drolled in anticipation of food.
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement is anything that increases the frequency of a behavior. Punishment decreases the frequency. Reinforcement can be split into two categories: positive reinforcement refers to adding something pleasant; while negative reinforcement refers to removing something unpleasant.
What did Rescorla & Wagner show about conditioning?
The Rescorla-Wagner model ("R-W") is a model of classical conditioning, in which learning is conceptualized in terms of associations between conditioned (CS) and unconditioned (US) stimuli. ... The model casts the conditioning processes into discrete trials, during which stimuli may be either present or absent.
What is the theory of mind?
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Habituation
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Conditioned Response (CR)
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Tolman's Cognitive Map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Reinforcement Schedule
a pattern that defines how often the desired response will be reinforced
Higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is shared with new neutral stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus
Insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
Biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Positive punishment
administer an aversive stimulus
Primary Reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcers
secondary Reinforcement refers to a situation wherein a stimulus reinforces a behavior after being previously associated with a primary reinforcer or a stimulus that satisfies basic survival instinct such as food, drinks, and clothing. A secondary reinforcer can be helpful or not.
Self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
Cognitive Learning
the acquisition of mental information whether by observing events, by watching others or through language
Classical Conditioning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events by watching others, or through language
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
Learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Acquisition
the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that you control your own fate
learning
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.