A+P test 2 chapter 3
32) Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains A) a higher concentration of potassium ions. B) a lower concentration of dissolved proteins. C) almost no glycogen. D) a higher concentration of amino acids. E) almost no lipids.
A
37) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle except A) lysosomes. B) cilia. C) centrioles. D) ribosomes. E) cytoskeleton.
A
53) Centrioles form the basal bodies that anchor microtubules within cilia and A) flagella. B) microfilaments. C) microvilli. D) ribosomes. E) chromosomes.
A
62) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgi apparatus
A
72) Peroxisomes A) both generate and break down hydrogen peroxide. B) pull the chromosomes toward the poles of a dividing cell. C) manufacture proteins. D) manufacture most of a cell's ATP. E) contain the genetic information of a cell.
A
80) The control center for cellular operations is the A) nucleus. B) mitochondria. C) Golgi apparatus. D) endoplasmic reticulum. E) ribosome.
A
85) Histones are found in A) nucleosomes. B) proteasomes. C) lysosomes. D) vesicles. E) endosomes.
A
89) Each triplet of bases in a gene corresponds to A) one amino acid in a protein. B) one DNA nucleotide. C) one protein. D) one mRNA. E) one chromosome.
A
9) The extracellular fluid in most tissues is called ________ fluid. A) interstitial B) cytosolic C) cytoplasmic D) outside E) peripheral
A
50) Microvilli are found on cells of the inner surface of the small intestine, where they A) slow the movement of food through the digestive tract. B) increase the absorption of nutrients from digested food. C) sense the presence of food in the digestive tract. D) push food along the digestive tract. E) protect the intestinal lining from irritants or toxins in the food.
B
56) ________ may be scattered in the cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum. A) Mitochondria B) Ribosomes C) Vesicles D) Proteosomes E) Nuclei
B
57) Ribosomes are composed of protein and A) glycogen. B) rRNA. C) ATP. D) DNA. E) steroids.
B
59) ________ are responsible for identifying and digesting damaged or denatured proteins. A) Peroxisomes B) Proteasomes C) Lysosomes D) Endosomes E) Nucleosomes
B
60) Proteosomes ________ proteins that have been damaged or denatured. A) tag for destruction by a different organelle B) break down C) expel from the cell D) repair E) duplicate
B
65) Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum except A) storage and release of calcium ions. B) synthesis of protein. C) synthesis of steroid hormones. D) synthesis of triglycerides. E) detoxification of drugs.
B
66) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells? A) digestive enzymes B) steroid hormones C) protein hormones D) transport proteins E) antibodies
B
28) Water and small hydrophilic solutes A) may pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. B) cannot pass through a plasma membrane. C) can dissolve holes in the plasma membrane. D) may pass through channels in the plasma membrane. E) do not mix with each other.
D
33) The cytoplasm contains the fluid cytosol, insoluble inclusions, and the A) microvilli. B) nucleolus. C) enzymes. D) organelles. E) cilia.
D
35) The endoplasmic reticulum is an example of a(n) ________ organelle. A) filamentous B) extracellular C) interstitial D) membranous E) bound
D
3) The cell theory includes all of these concepts except A) each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level. B) cells are the smallest units that carry out the essential functions of life. C) cells are the building blocks of all organisms. D) all cells come from the division of preexisting cells. E) every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body.
E
34) Masses of insoluble material that are sometimes found in cytosol are known as A) colloids. B) emulsifiers. C) solutes. D) crystals. E) inclusions.
E
51) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to A) move. B) synthesize proteins. C) produce DNA. D) metabolize sugars. E) divide.
E
6) Cytology is the study of A) biological macromolecules. B) causes and treatment of cancer. C) the origins of life on Earth. D) genes and their function. E) the structure and function of cells.
E
63) Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins? A) all forms of endoplasmic reticulum B) simple endoplasmic reticulum C) raised endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) rough endoplasmic reticulum
E
64) The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for all of the following except A) drug and toxin neutralization. B) lipid synthesis. C) modification of new proteins. D) passing molecules to the Golgi apparatus. E) housing the chromosomes.
E
74) What is the source of new material for the plasma membrane? A) microtubules B) mitochondria C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) ribosomes E) Golgi apparatus
E
81) A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, it A) can repair itself readily. B) is malformed. C) can only divide once more. D) will be a long-lived cell. E) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.
E
84) The components of ribosomes are formed within A) the endoplasmic reticulum. B) Golgi complexes. C) lysosomes. D) mitochondria. E) nucleoli.
E
86) Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________. A) RNA; carbohydrates B) DNA; lipids C) DNA; proteins D) water; RNA E) RNA; proteins
C
87) In cells that are not dividing, chromosomes uncoil to form a tangle of fine fibers known as A) histones. B) histiocytes. C) chromatin. D) chromaffin. E) genes.
C
98) The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is A) ATC. B) TAG. C) UAG. D) AUG. E) AUC.
C
106) Amino acids are transferred to the ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain by A) aRNA. B) mRNA. C) rRNA. D) tRNA.
D
104) The anticodon for the triplet UCA is A) AGU. B) AGC. C) TCA. D) TGT. E) AGT.
A
108) What is the correct order of occurrence for the steps of protein synthesis? 1. mRNA is produced in nucleus. 2. Ribosome moves along mRNA. 3. DNA uncoils for transcription. 4. Polypeptide is produced. 5. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome. 6. mRNA moves to ribosome. A) 3, 1, 6, 2, 5, 4 B) 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5 C) 2, 1, 5, 4, 3, 6 D) 3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 4 E) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2, 6
A
109) The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________. A) replication; transcription; translation B) interphase; replication; active transport C) replication; translation; transcription D) mitosis; duplication; protein synthesis E) reproduction; duplication; initiation
A
11) If a hole is torn in a cell's plasma membrane, the cell will die because A) it will not be able to maintain differences between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. B) germs are attracted toward cytoplasm leaking from a cell. C) it will not be able to undergo cell division. D) its chromosomes will not be held in place. E) cells can only make more plasma membrane during cell division.
A
115) Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal breathing. Under these circumstances, in the lungs A) more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood. B) more carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood. C) less carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood. D) less carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood. E) the amount of carbon dioxide diffusion will remain unchanged.
A
116) Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane may be influenced by all of the following except A) the availability of ATP. B) the presence of membrane channels for the substance. C) its charge of the substance. D) its concentration gradient. E) its lipid solubility.
A
118) Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through A) channels formed by integral membrane proteins. B) peripheral proteins. C) lipid channels. D) peripheral carbohydrates. E) defects in the lipid layer of the membrane.
A
123) If the amount of chloride ion in blood plasma increases, which of the following would initially occur? A) The blood osmotic pressure will increase. B) The blood osmotic pressure will decrease. C) The blood osmotic pressure will stay the same. D) The blood hydrostatic pressure will increase. E) The blood hydrostatic pressure will decrease.
A
13) How is the plasma membrane involved in structural support of body tissues? A) It has specialized connections to other cells or extracellular materials. B) It primarily consists of fibrous proteins. C) It is inflated by cytoplasm at high pressure. D) Tissues are largely composed of empty plasma membranes left by dead cells. E) It is hydrophobic, so it repels extracellular fluid and attracts the membranes of other cells.
A
132) A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called A) active transport. B) passive transport. C) facilitated transport. D) osmosis. E) diffusion.
A
134) An extracellular cation whose concentration gradient drives the secondary active transport of many different solutes is A) sodium. B) calcium. C) potassium. D) chloride. E) glucose.
A
138) Endocytosis is a A) method for transporting substances into the cell. B) method for metabolizing within the cytosol. C) form of anabolism. D) viral infection. E) method for packaging secretions.
A
141) The electric potential difference across the cell membrane is known as A) the membrane potential. B) the membrane difference. C) the cellular potential. D) the cellular difference. E) the plasmalemma potential.
A
149) When is DNA replicated? A) interphase B) anaphase C) metaphase D) telophase E) interkinesis
A
151) The process of duplicating chromosomes prior to cell division is called A) replication. B) repetition. C) recurrence. D) remodeling. E) reassembling.
A
161) Generally, cells with a very brief interphase and lacking a G0 phase A) are stem cells. B) do not exhibit cytokinesis. C) have brief life spans. D) are reproductive cells. E) lack the enzyme DNA polymerase.
A
168) An alternate term for tumor is A) neoplasm. B) cytoplasm. C) benign malignancy. D) primary metastasis. E) nucleoplasm.
A
26) Proteins of the plasma membrane carry out all of the following functions except A) binding to DNA to turn on genes. B) sending and receiving signals to and from other cells. C) transporting substances across the membrane. D) anchoring the cell to external structures. E) catalyzing chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
A
29) The watery component of the cytoplasm is called A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellular fluid. D) interstitial fluid. E) matrix.
A
30) Which of the following descriptors regarding cytoplasm is false? A) contains less protein than extracellular fluid B) the material that fills a cell C) syrupy or gel-like consistency D) includes cytoskeleton E) includes cytosol
A
92) Which of the following is false about DNA fingerprinting? A) determined by analyzing proteins B) unique to each individual with the exception of identical twins C) used extensively during crime scene investigations D) may be obtained from blood, semen, hair, and other tissues E) based on short tandem repeats (STRs) in the DNA
A
93) The "m" in mRNA stands for A) messenger. B) modifier. C) metabolic. D) molecular. E) matching.
A
94) The enzyme ________ is required for the synthesis of mRNA. A) RNA polymerase B) deoxyribase C) phosphatase D) RNA synthetase E) ribase
A
102) A molecule of ________ contains all the codons needed to produce a particular polypeptide. A) rRNA B) mRNA C) dRNA D) tRNA E) cRNA
B
110) Permanent alterations in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes are called A) interferons. B) mutations. C) reconstructions. D) polymorphs. E) changelings.
B
117) There is a direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its ability to A) dissolve in water. B) dissolve in lipids. C) bind to proteins. D) interact with carbohydrates. E) bind to DNA.
B
121) A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. A) isotonic B) hypertonic C) hypotonic D) merotonic E) homotonic
B
124) If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of other solutes remains constant, A) the cells will shrink. B) the cells will swell. C) the fluid outside of the cells will become isotonic. D) the fluid outside of the cells will become hypertonic. E) the cells will not change.
B
126) A patient suffers blood loss and is given IV fluids that contain an impermeable carbohydrate called dextran, which serves to ________ leading to an increase in blood volume. A) provide nutrition B) increase the osmolarity of the blood C) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood D) decrease the osmolarity of the blood E) reduce blood clotting
B
129) The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called A) osmosis. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) endocytosis. E) exocytosis.
B
133) Secondary active transport A) is not carried out by membrane proteins. B) is not directly linked to the hydrolysis of ATP. C) does not link the pumping of one substance to the concentration gradient of another. D) does not require the cell to invest energy, either directly or indirectly. E) cannot move a substance against its concentration gradient.
B
139) Receptor-mediated endocytosis A) is a type of secretion. B) imports target molecules after they bind to membrane proteins. C) does not require energy from the cell. D) can only move a substance down its concentration gradient. E) imports extracellular fluid, including all of its dissolved molecules.
B
147) If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could not A) maintain the integrity of the nuclear envelope. B) form complementary strands of DNA during replication. C) link segments of DNA together. D) form spindle fibers. E) form a new nuclear membrane during telophase.
B
154) The proper distribution of a somatic cell's genetic material to two daughter cells is accomplished by the process of A) cytosis. B) mitosis. C) cytokinesis. D) phoresis. E) meiosis.
B
16) Most of the surface area of a plasma membrane consists of A) a protein bilayer. B) a phospholipid bilayer. C) carbohydrate molecules. D) DNA. E) cells.
B
160) Which phase of the cell cycle has the biggest extremes in duration? A) S phase B) G0 phase C) G1 phase D) G2 phase E) V phase
B
2) The smallest living unit within the human body is A) a protein. B) a cell. C) a tissue. D) an organ. E) an organ system.
B
31) Many proteins in the cytosol are ________ that accelerate metabolic reactions. A) carbohydrates B) enzymes C) lipids D) messengers E) ions
B
67) Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false? A) It receives transport vesicles from the RER. B) It sends transport vesicles to the RER. C) It produces lysosomes. D) It supplies new membrane components. E) It produces secretory vesicles.
B
7) ________ cells are all of the cells of the body except the reproductive cells (sperm and oocytes). A) Core B) Somatic C) Corpus D) Main E) Primary
B
71) Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris. What organelle must be especially plentiful in these cells? A) centrioles B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) ribosomes E) nuclei
B
73) Organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are A) lysosomes. B) peroxisomes. C) endocytic vesicles. D) nuclei. E) toxisomes.
B
77) Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that A) cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived. B) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand. C) cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply. D) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand. E) some cells are older than others.
B
83) Which organelle is more prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein? A) nucleus B) nucleolus C) chromosome D) proteasome E) mitochondria
B
88) How do chromosomes become visible under a light microscope as a cell prepares to divide? A) The cell becomes flat and thin, and its internal structures become easier to see. B) Thin strands of chromatin coil tightly and then coil again. C) DNA is thicker after it has replicated. D) Chromosomes become more intensely colored before cell division. E) Chromosomes are created before cell division, and then broken down afterward.
B
90) The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are A) chromosomes. B) genes. C) ribosomes. D) codons. E) RNA.
B
95) The process of forming mRNA is called A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) ribolation. E) auscultation.
B
97) Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA? A) ribose B) uracil C) guanine D) thymine is not replaced in RNA E) cytosine
B
10) What is a structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) cell wall B) tissue C) plasma membrane D) skin E) nucleus
C
101) mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm. A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) phospholipids
C
103) The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) mitosis. E) auscultation.
C
105) During protein synthesis, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA has a(n) ________ that binds to the next codon in the mRNA. A) enzyme B) nucleotide C) anticodon D) promotor E) transporter
C
107) The "t" in tRNA stands for A) translate. B) transport. C) transfer. D) transcribe. E) transmit.
C
114) The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of A) osmosis. B) active transport. C) diffusion. D) facilitated transport. E) filtration.
C
120) Imagine a beaker divided down the center by a rigid membrane that is freely permeable to water but impermeable to glucose. Side 1 contains a 10 percent glucose solution and side 2 contains the same volume of pure water. At equilibrium, what will be the situation? A) Water will continue to move from side 1 to side 2. B) Water will continue to move from side 2 to side 1. C) The volume of liquid will be greater in side 1. D) The volume of liquid will be greater in side 2. E) The volume of liquid remain equal on both sides.
C
122) Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into a(n) ________ solution. A) isotonic B) hypertonic C) hypotonic D) merotonic E) homotonic
C
127) In ________, one substance is transported into the cell and another is transported out. A) cotransport B) ditransport C) countertransport D) protransport E) throughtransport
C
128) Assume that the import of a particular amino acid across the plasma membrane is observed (1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a different but similar amino acid is added to the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely by A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) facilitated diffusion. D) active transport. E) pinocytosis.
C
130) Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that A) facilitated diffusion consumes ATP. B) facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. C) the rate of facilitated diffusion is limited by the number of available carrier proteins. D) facilitated diffusion never eliminates the concentration gradient. E) facilitated diffusion does not rely on carrier proteins.
C
136) All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes except A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) vesicular transport. D) osmosis. E) movement of water.
C
144) The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the unequal distribution of ________ across the membrane. A) carbohydrate molecules B) water molecules C) cations and anions D) acids and bases E) phospholipids and proteins
C
146) The genetically programmed death of cells is called A) differentiation. B) replication. C) apoptosis. D) metastasis. E) mitosis.
C
150) The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called A) prophase. B) metaphase. C) interphase. D) telophase. E) anaphase.
C
153) Before a cell divides, its DNA must be replicated to A) provide a backup copy of DNA in case the original DNA is damaged during mitosis. B) replace the DNA lost during transcription. C) supply each new cell with a full set of the genetic material. D) replace genetic instructions used by the original cell. E) use as an energy source during cytokinesis.
C
157) During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has A) a different number of chromosomes than the original cell. B) twice as many chromosomes as the original cell. C) the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. D) a lesser number of chromosomes than the original cell. E) half as many chromosomes as the original cell.
C
162) Special cells called ________ cells maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division. A) cytogenic B) mother C) stem D) root E) omnipotent
C
163) The physical process by which a single animal cell separates into two cells is called A) cytosis. B) mitosis. C) cytokinesis. D) phoresis. E) meiosis.
C
164) During growth, a tissue increases in size by A) increasing the size of its cells. B) increasing the osmolarity of its tissue fluid to draw in water. C) increasing its rate of cell division. D) dilating blood vessels to increase its blood supply. E) recruiting cells from surrounding tissues.
C
167) When telomeres get too short after repeated cell divisions, A) the cell dies. B) the cell becomes cancerous. C) the cell stops dividing. D) the chromosomes uncoil. E) the cell divides more frequently.
C
169) Cancer cells A) are indistinguishable from normal body cells. B) have a slow mitotic rate. C) may exhibit metastasis. D) do not form neoplasms. E) generally form benign tumors.
C
17) The tails of a phospholipid molecule in a plasma membrane are A) hydrophilic. B) composed of amino acids. C) hydrophobic. D) facing the cytosol. E) interlocked to provide membrane strength.
C
19) Identify the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane. A) enables ions to pass B) forms enzymes C) reduces membrane fluidity and permeability D) anchors the phospholipids E) provides energy
C
27) Receptor molecules on the surface of cells bind specific molecules called, in general, A) recognizers. B) binders. C) ligands. D) bonders. E) reactants.
C
38) Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8). 1) mitochondrion 5) synthesizing molecules 2) centriole 6) liquid in cell 3) endoplasmic reticulum 7) provides cell with energy 4) cytosol 8) aids the formation of the spindle apparatus A) 1 and 7, 2 and 6, 3 and 8, 4 and 5 B) 1 and 8, 2 and 5, 3 and 6, 4 and 7 C) 1 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 6 D) 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7, 4 and 8 E) 1 and 6, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 7
C
61) Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the A) ribosomes. B) rough ER. C) smooth ER. D) Golgi apparatus. E) mitochondria.
C
70) When activated, lysosomes function in A) formation of new cell membranes. B) synthesis of proteins. C) digestion of materials. D) synthesis of lipids. E) cell division.
C
111) The ________ of a cell membrane indicates how easy it is for substances to cross. A) thickness B) pliability C) density D) permeability E) charge
D
112) Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. A) impermeable B) doubly amphipathic C) hydrophilic D) selectively permeable E) hydrophobic
D
113) A cell can increase how fast a substance diffuses across its plasma membrane by inserting channels, which modify the A) distance across the membrane. B) concentration gradient of the substance. C) size and mobility of the substance. D) membrane's permeability to the substance. E) charge of the substance.
D
119) Which of the following best describes osmosis? A) active transport of water across the cell membrane B) diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration C) movement of water into a solute D) diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane E) random movement of water due to kinetic energy
D
12) What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes? A) the nucleus B) the nucleolus C) the cytosol D) the plasma membrane E) the cytoskeleton
D
125) A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called A) merotonic. B) hypertonic. C) isotonic. D) hypotonic. E) homotonic.
D
135) In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, one abundant type of exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell and imports ________ ions. A) potassium; calcium B) sodium; calcium C) potassium; sodium D) sodium; potassium E) calcium; sodium
D
137) The intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called A) osmosis. B) exocytosis. C) facilitated transport. D) endocytosis. E) an ion exchange pump.
D
14) Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except A) separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. B) regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment. C) sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid. D) thermal insulation. E) structural support.
D
140) A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates A) pinocytosis. B) receptor-mediated exocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) phagocytosis. E) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
D
142) The membrane potential in an undisturbed cell is called its A) quiet potential. B) inactive state. C) passive state. D) resting membrane potential.
D
145) Which of these substances could be driven across a membrane by the resting membrane potential? A) H2O B) O2 C) glucose D) Na+ E) CO2
D
148) In DNA replication, A) 23 copies are made of each chromosome. B) one new copy is made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome remains intact. C) two new copies are made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome is destroyed. D) two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome. E) the chromosome is copied to RNA, which is then copied to DNA for a new chromosome.
D
156) During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs. A) anaphase B) prophase C) interphase D) telophase E) metaphase
D
158) The correct order of phases in the cell cycle is A) prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase. B) telophase, anaphase, metaphase, interphase, and prophase. C) interphase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase. D) interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. E) metaphase, anaphase, interphase, prophase, and telophase.
D
159) If an animal cell has 18 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes would each daughter cell have? A) 9 B) 36 C) 23 D) 18 E) It varies, but the total number in the two daughter cells will always add up to 18
D
170) A(n) ________ is a mutated regulatory gene that causes cancer. A) neogene B) plasmogene C) toxogene D) oncogene E) monogene
D
171) ________, which is usually inactive in adult cells, is active in 90% of cancer cells. A) Phagocytosis B) Apoptosis C) The p53 gene D) Telomerase E) DNA polymerase
D
172) The process by which cells become specialized is called A) determination. B) cytokinesis. C) mutation. D) differentiation. E) distinction.
D
173) Different cell types in the body A) produce exactly the same proteins. B) have different genes. C) are identical except for their superficial appearance. D) have the same genes, but different sets of genes are inactivated. E) have the ability to take on the characteristics of each other or any cell in the body.
D
25) Identify the mismatched pair. A) receptor proteins—bind to extracellular ligands B) channel proteins—provide passageway for ions C) recognition glycoproteins and glycolipids—identify the cell as "self" D) carrier proteins—allow a cell to move E) enzymes—speed up chemical reactions
D
36) ________ are compartments within the cell whose contents are isolated from the cytosol. A) Cytoskeleton B) Microvilli C) Nonmembranous organelles D) Membranous organelles E) Ribosomes
D
4) The only kind of cell in the body that is not produced by the division of preexisting cells is A) a gamete (sperm or egg cell). B) a neuron (nerve cell). C) an osteocyte (bone cell). D) none, because every cell is produced by the division of another cell. E) a liver cell.
D
42) Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) thick filaments D) microtubules E) basal bodies
D
44) Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is incorrect? A) supports organelles B) controls cell shape C) provides cell strength D) connects cells to each other E) moves organelles
D
18) The plasma membrane does not include A) integral proteins. B) glycolipids. C) phospholipids. D) cholesterol. E) silk mesh.
E
5) What would be an example of a cell maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level? A) a cell of the intestine secretes digestive enzymes B) a muscle cell contracts C) a sperm fertilizes an egg D) a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration E) a cell divides to become two cells
D
52) The ________ is the microtubule organizing center of the cell. A) flagellum B) ribosome C) nucleus D) centrosome E) plasma membrane
D
55) Motile cilia move fluids across a cell's surface, while a flagellum A) cools a cell. B) is not motile. C) fastens one cell to another. D) propels a cell through fluid. E) detects environmental stimuli.
D
58) The "r" in rRNA stands for A) regeneration. B) recurrence. C) rebuilding. D) ribosomal. E) radiation.
D
68) The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus. What is the proper order for these steps? 1. Cisternae move from the forming face toward the maturing face. 2. Exocytosis 3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles. 4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the maturing face. 5. Vesicles arrive at the forming face. 6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins. A) 5, 6, 1, 4, 2, 3 B) 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 4 C) 4, 3, 1, 6, 5, 2 D) 3, 5, 6, 1, 4, 2 E) 1, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5
D
75) In addition to secreting products from the cell, vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus can A) house chromosomes. B) produce ATP. C) synthesize proteins. D) add new material to the plasma membrane. E) transport materials to the endoplasmic reticulum.
D
76) Which of the following statements concerning mitochondria is false? A) The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. B) The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. C) Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae. D) The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.
D
78) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the A) cytoplasm. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) nucleus. D) mitochondria. E) cilia.
D
79) Most of a cell's DNA is located in its A) ribosomes. B) lysosomes. C) Golgi apparatus. D) nucleus. E) nucleolus.
D
91) A gene is a set of specific instructions that A) produces amino acids for proteins. B) copies DNA strands for mitosis. C) controls the process of mitosis. D) indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. E) directs carbohydrate synthesis.
D
96) The start of each gene begins with a(n) ________ segment. A) neocodon B) intron C) histone D) promoter E) boosting
D
99) Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be A) edited to remove introns. B) edited to remove exons. C) transported into the cytoplasm. D) edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm. E) coated with phospholipids for transport out of the nucleus.
D
100) Transfer of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol occurs through A) carrier proteins. B) gap junctions. C) nucleosides. D) gap lines. E) nuclear pores.
E
131) Membrane-bound proteins that use metabolic energy to move ions across the plasma membrane are called ________ pumps. A) channel B) receptor C) active D) motor E) ion
E
143) In a series of measurements of resting membrane potentials, the following values were recorded. Which one is likeliest to be an error? A) -10 mV B) -20 mV C) -40 mV D) -70 mV E) +100 mV
E
15) Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? A) bind to ligands B) regulate the passage of ions C) act as carrier molecules for various solutes D) act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane E) store cellular nutrients
E
152) A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase. A) Go B) G1 C) G2 D) Gm E) S
E
155) During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes at the start of A) prophase. B) metaphase. C) interphase. D) telophase. E) anaphase.
E
165) A chemical from outside a cell that promotes cell division is called a A) nutrient. B) promoter. C) mutagen. D) telomere. E) growth factor.
E
166) Cyclin, a protein that becomes more abundant as the cell cycle proceeds, A) delays cytokinesis. B) activates repressor genes. C) triggers DNA replication. D) damages telomeres. E) takes part in triggering mitosis.
E
24) Membrane proteins perform all of the following functions except A) anchoring the cell to other structures. B) binding to extracellular ligands. C) transporting solutes across the membrane. D) catalyzing chemical reactions. E) metabolizing glucose to gain energy.
E
