AP Unit 1 Test

Epithelial Tissue Descriptors (3)

L - Layer (ex. Simple, stratified) S - Shape (Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar) T - Type ( Epithelium)

Forehead

Frontal

Passes vertically through the body or organs. Produces an anterior and posterior section.

Frontal/Coronal Plane

How do feedback systems maintain homeostasis in the body

Through feedback system: Receptors (monitoring changes and sending input), Control Centers (evaluates input and generates output), Effectors (receives output and produces response to change controlled condition).

Melanocytes

Produce pigment melanin protein for protection from ultraviolet light.

Nearer to point of attachment of limb to trunk

Proximal

Pubis

Pubic

Ankle

Tarsal

ABCDE rule of Cancer

The ABCDE rule is used to determine if a mole is cancerous, Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color that is not uniform, Diameter greater than 6mm, and Evolving size, shape, or color. (section 5.2)

Meninges

The Meninges singular is called meninx (MEN-inks). These are the three protective connective tissue coverings that are located in the bony encasement area of the skull: The vertebral column , the brain and the spinal cord.

Chest 2

Thoracic

Peritoneum of serous membranes

the Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.

define moles

Also known as a nevus, is a round, flat, or raised area that represents a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes.

Forearm

Antebrachial

Front of elbow

Antecubital

Inflammatory Phase

Blood clot unites wound edges. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels enhance phagocytosis of foreign particles.

Lower Limb

Consists of buttock, thigh, groin, leg, ankle, foot

2 types of tissue found in Dermis?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.

thigh

Femoral

Between hips (right above buttcrack)

Sacral

5 Layers of the epidermis in thick skin

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Lucidum.

Collagen Fibers

Strong, flexible, packed in BUNDLES and Blurry in pics. Very strong but flexible to support and give tissue flexibility.

1st Degree Burn

only involves epidermis. Mild pain and redness no blisters. Skin functions intact.

Osseous tissue

(LOOKS LIKE WOOD) also known as Bone. Made up by mostly by Osteocytes. The extracellular matrix produced by osteoblasts, consists of mineral salts (calcium and phosphates) which give bone hardness, compressive strength and collagen fibers. RICHLY VASCULARIZED.

Endocrine Glands

(meaning inside secretion), secrete hormones to the interstitial fluid and diffuse into bloodstream, without using a duct. Far Reaching effects since distributed through entire body by bloodstream. Examples: Pituitary Gland at base of brain, pineal gland.

Mesothelium

(meaning middle) this is a simple squamous epithelium (covering and lining epithelia) which forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes (ex. peritoneium, pleura, pericardium).

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running parallel to direction of pull. Fibers slightly wavy to stretch a little. Few cells, fibroblasts create fibers and ground substance. Poorly vascularized.

Three types of Fibers?

Collagen fibers, Elastic Fibers, Reticular Fibers are the 3 types embedded in ground substance.

Epidermis

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. 4 Types of cells: Keratinocytes, melanocytes, intraepidermanl macrophages, and tactile epithelial cells.

Location of Connective Tissue vs Epithelial tissue

Connective Tissue is found throughout the body. In contrast to epithelial tissues, connective tissues are not located on body surfaces. It is the most abundant and widely distributed form of tissue and can be found all over the body. Epithelial tissues are found in the outer covering of the skin and outer covering of some organs. It also lines body cavities and hollow organs. They are also found in the secreting portion of glands.

Below

Inferior

Stratified Epithelia

Layer Descriptor: (Statrum = layer) consists of 2 or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in loactions.

Loin, Lower Back

Lumbar

Cartilage

Made up of chondroblasts and chondrocytes (MAIN CELL TYPE of cartilage). Tough yet flexible, no nerve fibers and up to 80% water. ALSO AVASCULAR.

Breast

Mammary

Closer to the midline of the body

Medial

Deadliest type of Skin Cancer

Melanoma: most dangerous form of skin cancer, cancer of melanocytes, and it metastasizes quickly

Melanoma

Melanoma: most dangerous form of skin cancer, cancer of melanocytes, and it metastasizes quickly

Base of Skull

Occipital

Cavity that contains the LUNG

Pleural Cavity

Negative feedback system

Reverses a change in a controlled condition. When a stimulus (ex. stress raises blood pressure) disrupts homeostatis by altering the controlled condition, the receptors (Baroreceptors in blood vessels) detect and send input to control center (ex. Brain). Then the CC evaluates input and sends output commands to effector (Heart, blood vessels). The effector produces a physiological resposne (decreases heart rate and widening of blood vessels to decrease blood pressure) that is able to return the controlled condition to normal state.

Sudoriferous glands

SWEAT GLANDS. release sweat into hair follicles or onto skin through pores. 2 Types Eccrine/Apocrine.

Squamous Epithelia

Shape Descriptor: Squamous (flat): thin cells which allows substances to pass rapidly through them.

Superficial Epiderman Wound healing

Surrounding Startum basale cells break contact with basement membrane to cover the wound area until contact other migrating basal cells. Epidermal growth factor stimulates stratum basale cell divsion to repalce migrated cells.

Pleurae of serous membranes

The serous membrane of the pleural cavities.

Passes horizontally through the body and produces superior and inferior sections.

Transverse Plane

Reticular Region

connects to hypodermis, contains various cells. Glands occupy space between fibers. The colleagen and elastic fibers provide skin with strength, stretchability.

What are 3 types of cartilage?

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Above

Superior

define freckles

Accumulations of melanin in patches on the skin that form reddish or brown spots.

Armpit

Axillary

Elastic Connective Tissue

Elastic Fibers with fibroblasts between. Location: Walls of elastic arteries, lung tissue, trachea, bronchial tubes, ligaments between vertebrae. Function: Allows stretching and recoil for various organs.

List the integumentary system's 4 components

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, Nervous structures.

where are the Elastic Cartilages found?

Epiglottis of larynx, Ears

Serous membrane

Found in closed ventral body cavity. Simple squamous epithelium resting on thin areolar connective tissue. 2 Layers parietal and visceral. Function: Secretes serous fluid to lubricate organs to allow for gliding/sliding.

buttocks

Gluteal

Cellular Level

Molecules combine to form cells, example muscle cells, blood cells.

What are connective tissues

Most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body. 2 basic elements: extracellular matrix (material inbetween cells). AND cells (widely spaced).

Nose

Nasal

Elastic fibers

Smaller, thin, Denser. Ability to stretch, found in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue. In picture - Thin Dark line. Gives tissue ability to stretch and then return to original shape.

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical processes in body.

Front

Ventral(belly/trunk) , Anterior

Exocrine Glands

(meaning outside secretion), often cuboidal cells lining ducts. Secrete into ducts that empty onto surface of a covering and lining epithelium such as skin surface or lumen of hollow organ. Limited/localized effects, do not enter bloodstream. Classified as unicellular or multicellulalr. Most are multicellular composed of cells that form distinct stuctures such as sebaceous (oil), or saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes.

Endothelium

(meaning within covering) this is a simple squamous epithelium (covering and lining epithila) which lines the cardiovascular and lymphatic system (heart, blood vessels)

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

(scalp, lower lip, back of palm):from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum can metastasizes quickly but complete cure is possible if detected early

Basal Cell Carcinoma

(sun exposed areas like face): from cells of Stratum Basale and it's the most common type but least malignant

Distinguish between 4 types of Tissues

- The four basic types of body tissues are: ● Epithelial tissue - this type covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. It also forms glands. Epithelial tissue allows the body to interact with its internal and external environments. ● Connective tissue - this type protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissue bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity against disease-causing ● Muscle tissue - is composed of cells that can contract to generate the physical force needed to move body structures and generate heat that warms the body. ● Nervous tissue - detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals.

Purpose of Cell Junctions?

- The functions of cell junctions is that they tightly join together cells into functional units between their plasma membranes. They are the point of contact between adjacent plasma membranes of cells within a tissue. -Tight junctions - Form Fluid tight seals between cells -Desmosomes: Anchor cells to one another -Gap Junctions: Permit electrical and chem signals to pass between cells.

Major functions of Connective Tissue

-Binding, supporting, strengthening other body tissues. -Protecting, insulating and compartmentalizing structures. -Acts as major transport system within body. -Stores energy reserves (fat) -Main source of immune responses.

Difference between "Cyte" and "Blast" cells?

-Cells ending in "Blast" (meaning bud or sprout) are an immature class of cells. Retains capacity for cell division and secret extracellular matrix. -"Cyte" cells are mature cells (ex. Chondrocytes). Reduced capacities for cell division and extracellular matrix formation. Mostly just involved in maintaining extracellular matrix.

Different tissue types ability to repair

-Epithelial Cells have continuous capacity for renewal/repair. -Connective tissues have varying capacities for renewal: some have complete(osseous) and some minimal (cartilage) because of blood supply lack. -Muscle and nervous have poor capacity for cell renewal. GOOD nutrition and blood circulation are vital to this process.

Types of connective tissue

-Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar, Adipose, Reticular) -Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Regular, Irregular (not tested), Elastic Connective).

What is the Dermis?

2nd layer of the skin, dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. MUCH thicker than epidermis. BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY

Stratum Granulosum

3rd layer down in epidermis. Consists of 5 layers of keratinocytes. Marks the transition between deeper active strata to the superficial strata. As you move farther from Dermis, things are deteriorating. This layer contains the Lamellar Granules-secretes lipid rich substance.

Areolar Connective Tissue

A LOOSE Connective tissue. (areol means small space). Fibroblasts and many other types of cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, white blood cells). with loosely intertwined collage, elastic, and reticular fibers in semi-fluid ground substance.

Reticular Connective

A LOOSE connective Tissue. Fine interlacing network of reticular fibers and retiuclar cells. (Cherry trees). Locations: Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes Functions: Forms supporting framework of organs and forms net to capture microbes/worn out blood cells.

Adipose Tissue

A LOOSE connective Tissue. Large triglyceride (fat) droplet with cytoplasm and nucleus pushed to periphery of cell. Contains adipoctyes. Locations: Hypodermis deep to skin, around heart/kidneys, yellow bone marrow, around joins and behind eye. Functions: Energy reserve, insulation, and supports/protects organs.

Function of hair matrix

A germinal layer of cells that is the site of hair cell division.

Locations of 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

A midsagittal line and transverse line are passed through the umbilicus to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants, which are the right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant. (section 1.7)

Function of Hair papilla

A nipple shaped indentation which contains many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle.

Ligament

A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartialges or holds together a joint. Most are Dense Regular connective Tissue.

Where are the hyaline cartilages found?

Anterior of ribs, shoulders, hands, nose, , Larynx, Trachea,

Organismal Level

Any living individual example a human.

Upper Limb

Attached to the trunk and consists of shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of shoulder to elbow), forearm.

Function of the basement membrane

Attaches to and supports the overlying epithelial tissue and anchors it to the underlying connective tissue. Also, forms a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during wound healing and restricts passage of molecules between tissues.

Most common type of Skin Cancer?

Basal Cell Carcinoma (sun exposed areas like face): from cells of Stratum Basale and it's the most common type but least malignant

3 Different forms of Cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma Melanoma

Arm

Brachial

Heel

Calcaneal

Name the different pigments in skin, explain how they contribute to skin color

Carotene is a yellow-orange pigment gives things their orange color. Hemoglobin is a oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells. Melanin is a yellow-red or brown-black pigment that can make the skin darker. The more melanin in the epidermis, the darker the skin.

Wrist

Carpal

Head

Cephalic

Neck

Cervical

6 levels of structural organization

Chemical, Cellular, tissue, Organ, System, Organismal

Thoracity Cavity

Chest Cavity, Contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastrinum.

Elastic Cartilage

Chondrocytes found in lacunae (spaces) within resilient gel ground substances with network of elastic fibers. Locations: epiglottis of larynx, external ear; auditory tubes. Function: Provide strength/elasticity, help maintain shape of structures.

Fibrocartilage

Chondrocytes found in spaces within resilient gel ground substance and THICK BUNDLES of collagen fibers. STRONGEST type of cartilage. Locations: Pubic symphysis, invertebral discs, menisci of knee. Functions: Support and joining sturctures together.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (NOT TESTED)

Collagen fibers irregularly arranged. Location: Fasciae, dermis, heart valves. Function: Provides pulling strenght in many directions.

Skeletal Muscle tissue

Composed of elongated cells called muscle fibers which are highly vascularized. Function: generate force to produce body movements, maintain posture and generate heat.

Basic Organization of Connective Tissue vs Epithelial

Connective tissues are also highly vascular meaning they have a rich blood supply. The basic organization of connective tissues are broken down into two basic elements: extracellular matrix and cells. The basic organization of epithelial tissues consist of classifying into two types: Covering and lining epithelium.

Abdominal Cavity

Contains Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine.

Pelvic Cavity

Contains Urinary Bladder, portions, of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.

Papillary Region:

Contains thin collagen and fine elastic fibers. Surface area greatly increased by dermal papillae (nipple-like shapes) that project up into epidermis which causes fingerpints/footprints.

Proliferative Phase

Continued growth and repair. New cells form beneath scab.

Describe the basic organization of epithelial tissue;

Continuous sheets of cells in either single or multiple layers. Closely packed together by cell junctions. Basic Organization: -Apical Surface ( Free surface facing body cavity, lumen, or surface. -Basal Surface (DEEPEST surface that adheres to an extracellular material) -Basement Membrane (thin extracellular layer consisting of basal lamina and reticular lamina)

1st type of epithelium

Covering and Lining - Forms outer part of skin and some organs, lines body cavities and hollow organs.

Serous Membrane Visceral Layer

Covers and adheres to the organs within the cavities.

Hip

Coxal

The Cavity that holds the Brain

Cranial Cavity

Leg

Crural

Deep wound healing

Damage extends into dermis and hypodermis. Then 4 phases: 1) Inflammatory, Migratory, Proliferative, Maturation.

Functions of Hair

Dead keatinized epidermal cells held together by extracellular proteins. Function: Guards scalp from injury, sensing light touch.

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis, composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinoctyes. Function: anchors epidermis to dermis, undergoes rapid cell division to produce new keratinocytes. The cells produced here navigate their way to the Stratum Corneum.

tendon

Dense Regular Connective Tissue. A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

Difference between Dense and loose connective tissue?

Dense contains more fibers which are thicker and more tightly packed, but has way fewer cells than loose connective tissue.

2nd Degree Burn

Destroys a portion of epidermis and possibly parts of dermis. Some skin functions are lost. Redness, blisters, edema, pain. (Blisters are separation of epidermis from dermis.)

3rd Degree Burn

Destroys a portion of epidermis, underlying dermis, and associated structures. Most skin functions lost. Burn Region is NUMB since nerve endings destroyed. Regeneration occurs slowly.

Organ Level

Different types of tissues join together to form body structures. example the heart.

Farther from point of attachment of limb to trunk

Distal

Migratory Phase

Epithelial cells migrated to form bridge under scab from blood clot. Fibroblasts migrate into remaining area to form granulation tissue, new blood vessels form.

Compare Epithelial and Connective

Epithelial: Many cells packed tightly with intracellular junctions. AVASCULAR. Typically is the surface layers toward inside or outside spaces. Little Extracellular matrix. Connective: Few cells embedded in extracellular material. VASCULAR. Fills spaces, support, and connect structures.

Compare process/function of regeneration and fibrosis

Fibrosis - When fibroblasts of the stroma are active in cell repair, they will synthesize extracellular matrix materials that form scare tissue. Regeneration - When only the parenchymal (cells that make up the functioning part of the sissue/organ) cells are active in the repair, perfect cell regeneration occurs. Often though in extensive tissue damage, both will be active.

Reticular Fibers

Fine, branching collagen network that forms supporting framework for soft organs. Provides support in the walls of blood vessels and forms networks around tissues. Provide support and strength. Forms STROMA of many soft organs such as spleen.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Flat apical layer cells with more cuboidal basal cells that continually divide. 2 Types - Keratinized or nonKeratinized. Locations: Keratinized - superficial layer of skin. NonKeratinized - lining of mouth, tongue, vagina, esophagus (moistened by mufucus from glands. Functions: Protect against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation, foreign invasion.

Areolar Connective Tissue Function /Location?

Function: Most widely distributed for strength, elasticity, and support. Locations: In/around nearly every body structure (called packing material of body). Ex. Hypodermis deep to skin, around blood vessels, nerves, organs.

2nd type of epithelium

Glandular Epithelium - Forms secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands. Classified into Endocrine and Exocrine.

Tissue Level

Groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. example Epithelial tissue.

Describe the extracellular matrix

In connective tissue, it's the material in between connective tissue's widely spaced cells. Ground substance: composed of water, proteins, polysaccharides (GAGs) -Supports embedded cells while allowing for material exchange between blood and the cells of tissue. Protein Fibers embedded in ground stubstance: collagen, elastic, reticular.

Groin

Inguinal

Function of Ground substance?

Is the component of connective tissue between cells and fibers. It supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells of the tissue.

Stratum Spinosum

Just above the Stratum Basale. Arranged with 8-10 layers of many sided keratinocytyes close together unified by desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

Difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized ?

Keratinized - Dead cells lacking a nucleus that make up superficial part of epidermis. Nonkeratinized - Alive cells with a nucleus. Make up places like esophagus lining and moistened.

Fibroblasts

Large flat cells with branching processes found in connective tissue. Function: Secrete the fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix.

Farther from the midline of the body

Lateral

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Layer Descriptor: (pseudo = false) appears to have mutliple layers of cells, but it actuality it's still just 1. Cells that do not extend all the way to the apical surface may contain cilia; others secrete mucus (goblet cells)

simple epithelia

Layer Descriptor: Simple Epithelia: Single Layer of cells

Apocrine Sudoriferous Glands

Limited to axillae, groin, areola, ducts open into hair follicle during emotional stress/sexual excitement.

Mucous Membrane

Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior such as gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract. Consisting of layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue. Function: Acts as a barrier against pathogens. Secreted mucus prevents cavities, traps particles in respiratory tract, and lubricates food.

Serous Membrane Parietal Layer

Lines the wall of body cavity

Mediastinum

Located between the lungs, and from first rib to diaphragm. Extends from sternum to vertebral column. Contains Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels.

Epithelial tissue: state the location, source

Location: Between body's organs, or between the body and external environment. Source: It relies on diffusion from underlying connective tissue's blood vessels for nutrients / ridding waste.

Hypodermis Location, tissue, type, function?

Location: Deepest layer (subcutaneous tissue). Tissue: Consists of Areolar and Adipose tissue Function: Serves as storage depot for fat and its large blood vessels supply the skin. NOT PART OF THE SKIN

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Function/Location?

Location: Forms tendons (muscle to bone) and most ligaments (bone to bone). Function: Strong attachment between structures.

Osseous tissue Function/Location?

Location: within bones Function: Support, protection, storage, and provides leverage for movement of body by muscles.

Plane that passes vertically through midline and divides body into equal right and left halves.

Midsagittal Plane

Stratum Corneum

Most superficial layer of epidermis cells with multiple rows of dead flat keratinocytes. NO NUCLEUS. Function: These act as protect deeper layers of injury and microbial invasion by constantly shedding and replacing from deeper strata.

Sebaceous Gland

OIL GLANDS. Secretes oily sebum into hair follicle and onto skin surface, except palms and soles. Secreting portion lies in dermis. -Lubricates hair and skin, prevents water loss and bacterial inhibition.

Homeostatic imbalance

Occurs when the human body's internal environmental variables become disturbed. Outcomes: Disorders, Disease, Signs, Symptoms.

Eyes

Orbital

Plane that passes vertically through midline and divides body into UNEQUAL right and left halves.

Parasagittal Plane

Sagittal Plane

Passes Vertically through body/organs to divde them into right and left sections.

Anterior Surface of Knee

Patellar

What are epidermal ridges

Patterns on the palms, giners, that project downward from the epidermis int othe dermis. The Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae fit together like a teeth ofa zipper. Forms strong bond to resist lateral forces.

Chest

Pectoral

Cavity that Contains the Heart

Pericardial Cavity

Describe epithelial tissues in terms of polarity, cellularity, avascularity, and regeneration

Polarity: Apical-Basal Polarity Cellularity: Made up of entirely by cells (not extra space for extracellular matrices) Avascularity: No blood vessels, relies on underlying layers to provide nutrients through diffusion and rid waste. Regeneration: High rate of cell division since it's under physical stress alot. Constant repair by shedding and replacing.

Hollow behind Knee

Popliteal

Closer to back of body

Posterior, dorsal (back)

Stratum Lucidum

Present ONLY in thick skin (Fingertips, palms, soles). 2nd layer down. 4-6 layers of flat clear dead keratinocytyes iwth thick plasma membranes and high amounts of keratin.

Where are the fibrocartilages found?

Pubic symphysis, Meniscus, Invertebral discs

System Level

Related organs that have a common function. example Digestive system

Eccrine Sudoriferous Glands

Release sweat for temperature regulation, waste removal, released during emotional stress. Found in Soles, forehead, plams.

Positive Feedback system

Response of effector intensifies or reinforces the controlled condition change from stimulus. Will continue until interrupted by some mechanism, then homeostatis will be restored.

Maturation phase

Scab sloughs off, fibrosis can form scar.

Anatomy

Science of body structures and relationships among structures.

Function of Glands?

Secretion. Accomplished by glandular cells lieing in clusters deep to the coveringand lining epithelium. Glands may consist of single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts to a surface or into blood. 2 Types: Endocrine and Exocrine.

Cuboidal Epithelia

Shape Descriptor: Shaped like Cubes. They have microvilli at their apical surface and function in secretion or absorption.

Columnar Epithelia

Shape Descriptor: Shaped like columns. Protect underlying tissue. Apical surface has cilia or microvilli, and often specialized for secretion and absorption.

Name 2 tissue types of Serous Membranes

Simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

Explain which characteristic of epithelial tissues predisposes them to cancers.

Since the epithelial tissue is most exposed to outside environment, the high rate of cell division which constantly renews the cells makes them more susceptible to cancers.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Singe layer of broad/flat cells. Central oval nucleus. Locations: (Endothelium) Lines heart, blood vessels, lymph system (Mesothelium) lines serous membranes. Functions: Filtration (kidney blood filtration), Diffusion (diff. of oxygen), and secretion in serous membranes.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single Layer of cube-shaped cells. Locations: Surface of ovary, makes up secreting portions of glands (ex. thyroid). Function: Secretion and absorption.

Ciliated Simple Columnar

Single layer of ciliated column-like cells with nucleus near the base. Similar to the other columnar epithelium card.

Pseduostratified columnar epithelium

Single layer of nonciliated or ciliated cells. Appears falsely stratified because nuclei are at different depths and not all have apical surface. Locations: Airway of upper resp. tract, large ducts of many glands, epidermis and male urethra. Functions: Cilia sweep away mucus with trapped foreign particles. Nonciliated for absorption and protection.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of tall, column-shaped cells (can be nonciliated with microvilli or ciliated). Nucleus near the base. Locations: Gastrointestinal tract, ducts of glands, gallbladder (microvilli). The ciliated can be found in respiratory tract linings, uterus, canal of spinal cord and brain. Functions: Secretion/Absorption. Secreted mucus lubricates linings of different tracts. The ciliated helps move things toward throat to be coughed up/swallowed.

Function of arrector pili

Smooth Muscle bundle that contracts to stand hair perpendicular. Cause of goose bumps.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic Cavities

What is the strongest Sublayer of the dermis?

Sublayers: Papillary Region and Reticular Region. Reticular is strongest.

Closer to surface of the body

Superficial

Pericardium of serous membranes

The Serous Membrane of the pericardial cavity.

Mesenteries

The mesenteries are films of connective tissue that hold abdominal organs in place. They are made of layers of serous membrane with connective tissue in between, through which blood vessels and nerves travel to the organ. Only this cavity because there are multiple organs needing to be held in place.

Most common cause of Skin cancer?

The most common cause of skin cancer is overexposure to UV radiation and frequent irritation of skin. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (scalp, lower lip, back of palm):from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum can metastasizes quickly but complete cure is possible if detected early

Keratinocytes

The most numerous epidermal cells arranged in strata that produce keratin ( a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin) and lamellar granules for waterproofing.

Function of Meninges

The primary function of the Meninges is to protect and support the central nervous system (CNS). It also helps to connect the brain and the spinal cord to the skull and the spinal canal. Itr also produces cerebrospinal fluids which fills the cavities of the cerebral ventricles.

How does skin accomplish its functions

The skin accomplishes its many functions in different ways, temperature regulation is controlled by the skin, our sweat glands open and close, controlling how much we sweat, the more we sweat the cooler our body becomes. Our skin also helps protect us, the top layer of the epidermis traps microbes and other harmful particles and sheds itself, dispersing them.

Structure of the Meninges:

The spinal meninges almost have a shape of a butterfly with the spinal nerve stretching like a butterfly leg. While the overall structure of the protective coverings are in layers .

Anatomical Position

The standard reference position. Body erect,facing forward, head level. Feet flat, forward, arms at sides with palms forward.

Adipocytes

These are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats).

which characteristic of epithelial tissues predisposes them to cancers.

They depend on the underlying layer's blood vessels to diffuse nutrients.

Function of Nails

Tightly packed Keratinized epidermal cells. Help us grasp and manipulate small objects, provide protection against trauma to the ends of fingers and toes, allow us to scratch various parts of the body.

Burn

Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, chemicals. Denatures proteins, kills cells.

Function of serous Membranes

To secrete a small amount of lubricating fluid to reduce friction, allowing viscera to slide during movements like lungs inflating.

Transitional Epithelium

Variable appearance with flat apical cells in response to stretch, returning to rounder appearance when pressure subsides (ex. urinary bladder expanding and shrinking). Locations: Lines urinary bladder and portions of urethra, ureters. Functions: Maintains protective lining while allowing organs to stretch and hold variable amounts of fluid without rupturing.

Spinal Column

Vertebral

The cavity that contains the spinal cord

Vertebral Canal

which vitamin is produced in skin, and 3 of its functions?

Vitamin D. Helps with immunity and prevents illness, Essential for proper absorption of calcium, enhances cell's muscle contraction ability. Very important because it's needed to keep bones, teeth, muscles healthy.

Serous Membranes

a slippery, double-layered epithelium membrane, that lines the walls of the thoracic and abdomial cavities and covers the viscera within those cavities. Made up by Parietal Layer and Visceral Layer.

Chemical structural level

atoms, molecules, example hydrogen.

Transitional Epithelia

cells that change shape and stretch. Between squamous and cuboidal. Allows organs like the urinary bladder to stretch and shrink.

Away from the body surface; more internal

deep

Fingers

digital or phalangeal

Pertaining to the Back

dorsal

Define Membrane

flat sheets of flexible tissue that cover or line a part of the body. 2 Types tested: Mucous and Serous Membranes.

Hyaline Cartilage

hyalinos (glass). Chondrocytes found in spaces (lacunae) within resilient gel ground substance, fine collagen fibers not visible. Functions: Reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints, provides support/flexibility. Locations: End of long bones, end of ribs, nose, trachea.

Interstitial fluid

liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body

Goblet Cells

modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surfaces.

Homeostatis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Why do we need separate serous membranes for each long and the heart in the thoracic cavity

so that there's less friction, allowing the viscera to slide during movements like when lungs inflate and deflate

Physiology

the science of body functions, how the body parts work