AP US History Chapter 25: Diplomacy and World War II 1929-1945

Benito Mussolini

"Il Duce", fascist leader of Italy, led the Black Shirts to march on Rome where he was established as dictator

Declaration of War

"date that will live in infamy", December 8 Congress acted immediately by declaring war, only one dissenting vote

African Americans

1.5 million left the South for jobs, young men left to serve in the armed forces, white resentment led to race riots in New York and Detroit, NAACP membership increased

Tydings-McDuffie Act

1934 provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and the gradual removal of US military presence

Braceros

1942 agreement allowed Mexican farm workers to enter the US in the harvest season without going through formal immigration process

Zoot Suit Riots

1943 riots in Los Angeles stirred by white resentments between Mexican Americans

Smith v. Allwright

1944 ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African-Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries

Greer

American destroyer attacked by German submarine, prompted Roosevelt to issue "shoot-on-sight" policy

Panay

American gunboat in China that was destroyed by Japanese, apology quickly accepted

Surprise of Pearl Harbor

American people were stunned, government knew an attack was coming because they had broken Japanese codes, did not know the exact target and date, which many felt would be Philippines

Changing US Policy

American policy soon began to change, Americans were alarmed by news of Nazi tanks, planes, etc., opposed Hitler but still hoped to keep country out of war

Nonaggression Pact

August 1939 Stalin shocked the world when he signed this, Fascism and Communism are opposite ideologies, secretly nations would divide Poland between them

Defense at Sea, Attacks by Air

British and Americans concentrated on overcoming the menace of German submarines in the Atlantic and beginning bombing raids on German cities

Munich Conference

British and French leaders agreed to allow Hitler the Sudetenland, become synonymous with "appeasement"

Pearl Harbor

December 7 1941 Japanese planes bombed every ship in sight, 2400 Americans killed, 1200 wounded, 20 warship, 150 planes destroyed

Operation Torch

Dwight Eisenhower and Bernard Montgomery led invasion of North Africa, succeeded in May 1943

Francisco Franco

Fascist dictator who established rule during the Spanish Civil War

Rhineland 1936

Hitler defied the Versailles Treaty when he invaded this demilitarized zone

Sudetenland 1938

Hitler insisted Germany had right to take over strip of land in Czechoslovakia, Roosevelt encouraged Chamberlain and Daladier to meet in Munich

Japan's Expansion

Japan used Hitler's success to invade Dutch East Indies, Burma, French Indochina

Battle of Midway

June 4-7 interception and decoding of Japanese messages enabled US forces to destroy four Japanese carriers and 300 planes

D Day to VE Day

June 6, 1944, British, Canadian, and US forces under Eisenhower's command secured beachheads on Normandy coast, Allied rolled through Europe, liberated Paris, final push toward Berlin

Germany Surrender

May 7, Germany surrendered, bombing rids over Germany had reduced their industrial capacity, Hitler committed suicide

Italy Campaign

Mussolini fell from power during summer, Hitler's troops rescued him and gave him rule in North, Germans put up a determined resistance to Allied offensive, holding up Allied advancement

Ethiopia 1935

Mussolini ordered Italian troops, League objected but did nothing to stop the Italian aggressor, succeeded in conquering the country

Adolf Hitler

Nazi leader, used bullying tactics against Jews as well as Fascism to increase popularity

Germany

Nazi party was equivalent to Fascist party, arose in 1920s in reaction to deplorable conditions of Treaty of Versailles, Hitler used tactics to increase popularity, gained control in 1933 with "brown shirts"

Cash and Carry

Neutrality Act provided that a belligerent could buy US arms if it used its own ships and paid cash, "neutral", but strongly favored Britain

Battle of Leyte Gulf

October 1944 Japanese army was virtually destroyed, largest naval battle in history, KAMIKAZES for first time

Recognition of Soviet Union

Roosevelt changed policy by granting Soviet Regime recognition, believed it would increase trade and boost the economy

Destroyers Deal

Roosevelt could not sell US destroyers to British without alarming isolationists, cleverly arranged a trade for the right to build military bases on British Caribbean islands for 50 older destroyers

Preparedness

Roosevelt managed an arms buildup during neutrality period, increased military and naval budgets by 2/3

Cuba

Roosevelt persuaded Congress to nullify the Platt Amendment, allowing US to keep only base at Guantanamo Bay

US Economic Action

Roosevelt prohibited export of steel and iron to all countries except Britain and Western Hemisphere, aimed at Japan, then froze Japanese credit and cut off access to materials

Lend-Lease Act

Roosevelt proposed obtaining all the US arms it needed on credit, would be like lending a neighbor a "garden hose" to put out a fire"

Election of 1944

Roosevelt ran again, war couldn't be switched, Henry Wallace was too radical to run again, Harry S. Truman ran as VP, Thomas Dewey was New York governor, record of prosecuting corruption, FDR won in an overwhelming electoral vote

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelt recognized dangers of Fascist aggression but was limited by isolationist feelings, democracies act together against the aggressor, response was overwhelmingly negative

London Economic Conference (1933)

Roosevelt supported efforts of international economic conference called by League of Nations, when proposals to stabilize currency were made, Roosevelt feared it would hurt economic recovery, withdrew support

Cordell Hull

Roosevelt's secretary of state who proposed Reciprocal Trade Agreements

Invasion of Poland

September 1, 1939, full-scale invasion, Allies declared war against Germany, Italy and Japan then declared war

Japanese Aggression in Manchuria

September 1931 Japanese marched into Manchuria in China, violating Open Door and League of Nations, established puppet government

Korematsu v. US

Supreme Court upheld the US government's internment policy as justified in wartime

Chester Nimitz

US Admiral in the Pacific who developed the concept of Island Hopping

Battle of Coral Sea

US aircraft carriers stopped a Japanese invasion of Australia, May 7-8 1942

Fighting Japan

US armed forces were main opposition in the Pacific, by 1942 Japan occupied Korea, eastern China, Philippines, Burma and Malaya, French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, most of Pacific Islands

Pan-American Conferences

US pledged in 1933 in Montevideo never again to intervene in internal affairs of Latin America, repudiated policies of Roosevelt' Corollary, "Hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for mutual safety and mutual good"

Shoot-on-Sight

US ships would escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials as far as Iceland, Greer was attacked, Roosevelt told ships to shoot at German ships

Holocaust

US troops advance into Germany showed concentration camps, horrifying extent of the Nazi's genocide

Harry S. Truman

a Missouri senator with a national reputation for having conducted a much-publicized investigation of war spending, chosen as FDR's running mate in 1944

Selective Service Act (1940)

act enacting compulsory military service, registration of all American men between 21 and 35, first PEACETIME DRAFT

Appeasement

allowing Hitler to get away with relatively small acts of aggression and expansion

Native Americans

also contributed to war effort, 25,000 served, thousands worked in defense industries, more than half never returned to reservations

Atlantic Charter

arranged a secret meeting with Winston Churchill aboard a ship off Newfoundland, drew up document that affirmed what peace objectives would be when the war ended, agreed that principles for a sound peace would include SELF-DETERMINATION, NO TERRITORIAL EXPANSION, FREE TRADE

Neutrality Act of 1935

authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid US citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations

Hoover's Foreign Policy

believed US should not enter into firm commitments to preserve the security of other nations, "isolationism", viewed peace conferences and treaties as moral efforts, opposed economic sanctions believed they would lead to military involvement

Japanese Negotiations

both sides knew Japan needed oil to win, possible conquering of Dutch East Indies for oil, Tojo made attempt to negotiate, failed, armed confrontation was imminent

Office of War Information

controlled news about troops movements and battles

Stimson Doctrine

declared in 1932 that the US would honor its treaty obligations under the Nine Power Treaty by refusing to recognize the legitimacy of any regime that had been established by force

Battle of the Bulge

desperate German counterattack in Belgium in December 1944

League's Response to Manchuria

did nothing except to pass a resolution condemning Japan's actions, Japanese delegation walked out, never to return

J. Robert Oppenheimer

director of the Manhattan Project

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

empowered the government to take over war-related businesses whose operations were threatened by a strike

War Production Board

established early in 1942 to manage war industries

Neutrality Act of 1936

forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents

Neutrality Act of 1937

forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain

Congress of Racial Equality

formed in 1942 to work more militantly for African-American interests

China 1937

full scale war erupted between Japan, US gunboat Panay was bombed and sunk by Japanese planes, Japan's apology was accepted

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

gave the president power to reduce US tariffs up to 50 percent for the nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for US imports

Douglas MacArthur

general who commanded army units in the Southern Pacific

Financing the War

government paid for the war by increasing the income tax and selling war bonds, most Americans had to pay an income tax for the first time, shortage of consumer goods made it easy for people to save

Hoover in Latin American

he pursued friendly relations, 1929 went on a goodwill tour of the region, arranged for US troops to leave Nicaragua, negotiated a treaty with Haiti to remove US troops

Atomic Bombs

huge invasion force stood ready to attack Japan, large casualties feared, warned Japan to surrender or face "utter destruction", dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Battle of Okinawa

largest amphibious assault in Pacific; last battle of WWII

Nye Committee

led by Gerald Nye of North Dakota, concluded in 1934 that the main reason the US participated in the war was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers, influenced isolationist legislation

Blitzkrieg

lightning war, Poland quickly fell to overwhelming use of air power and fast-moving tanks, inactive winter resumed when Germany attacked France, Denmark, and Norway

Mexican Americans

many worked in defense industries, over 300,000 served in the military

America First Committee

mobilizing American public opinion against the war, engaged speakers like Charles Lindbergh to travel the country warning against folly of getting involved in Europe's troubles

Japan

nationalists increased power in 1920s and 1930s, persuaded the emperor the best way to ensure access to raw materials was to invade China

Wendell Wilkie

never had before run for public office, lawyer with a magnetic personality, largely agreed with Roosevelt on most policies, largest criticism was third term

Italy

new regime seized power in 1922, Benito Mussolini led Fascist party, attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, those afraid of communism, "Black shirts"

Women

over 200,000 served in the military in non-combatant roles, labor shortage forced many into jobs, many worked in industrial jobs, pay WELL BELOW male pay

Propaganda

posters, songs, news bulletins, maintain public morale, encourage people to sacrifice and conserve resources, increase war production

Four Freedoms

president delivered speech that proposed lending money to Britain, defense of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear

Manhattan Project

project employing over 100,000 people and $2 billion to develop a weapon whose power came from splitting the atom

Good Neighbor Policy

promised "policy of the good neighbor" toward other nations of the Western Hemisphere, interventionism no longer made economic sense, rise of regimes in Germany and Italy prompted Roosevelt to seek cooperation in defending regions from danger

Battle of the Atlantic

protracted naval war to control the shipping lanes Germany submarines sank over 500 Allied ships in 1942

American Isolationists

public opinion was nationalists, wanted to make sure that America would never again be drawn into a foreign war, aggression in China and fascism led Americans to avoid war at all costs, strongest in Midwest and Republicans

Office of Price Administration

regulated every aspect of civilians' lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents, rationing commodities like meat, sugar, gasoline, auto tires

Office of War Mobilization

set production priorities and controlled raw materials

Henry Kaiser

shipmaker whose giant shipyard in California could turn out a new ship every 14 days

Rosie the Riveter

song and slogan used to encourage women to take defense jobs

Island Hopping

strategy of bypassing strongly held Japanese islands and isolating them with naval and air power, developed by Chester Nimitz

Japanese Americans

suffered from association with wartime enemy, suspected of being spies, etc., 100,000 on West Coast ordered to leave their homes and reside in internment camps

Cost-Plus System

system in which it paid war contractors the costs of production plus a certain percentage for profit

Fascism

the idea that people should glorify their nation and race through an aggressive show of force

Double V

victory over fascism abroad and victory for equality at home

Spanish Civil War

viewed as ideological struggle by Nationalists led by Franco and Loyalists, Americans could do nothing to aid the Loyalists, Fascists prevailed and established a dictatorship

Mexico

when Cardenas seized oil properties owned by US corporations, Roosevelt rejected corporate demands to intervene and negotiated a settlement

Unions

workers were disgruntled by freezes in wages, John L. Lewis called a few strikes of coal unions

Election of 1940

would Roosevelt be the first to break the two-term tradition?, announced he would run for the Democrats, "your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars", ran against Wendell Wilkie, Roosevelt won was result of strong economic recovery and fear of war causing voters to stay with experienced leader