AP US History Chapter 25: Diplomacy and World War II 1929-1945
Benito Mussolini
"Il Duce", fascist leader of Italy, led the Black Shirts to march on Rome where he was established as dictator
Declaration of War
"date that will live in infamy", December 8 Congress acted immediately by declaring war, only one dissenting vote
African Americans
1.5 million left the South for jobs, young men left to serve in the armed forces, white resentment led to race riots in New York and Detroit, NAACP membership increased
Tydings-McDuffie Act
1934 provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and the gradual removal of US military presence
Braceros
1942 agreement allowed Mexican farm workers to enter the US in the harvest season without going through formal immigration process
Zoot Suit Riots
1943 riots in Los Angeles stirred by white resentments between Mexican Americans
Smith v. Allwright
1944 ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African-Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries
Greer
American destroyer attacked by German submarine, prompted Roosevelt to issue "shoot-on-sight" policy
Panay
American gunboat in China that was destroyed by Japanese, apology quickly accepted
Surprise of Pearl Harbor
American people were stunned, government knew an attack was coming because they had broken Japanese codes, did not know the exact target and date, which many felt would be Philippines
Changing US Policy
American policy soon began to change, Americans were alarmed by news of Nazi tanks, planes, etc., opposed Hitler but still hoped to keep country out of war
Nonaggression Pact
August 1939 Stalin shocked the world when he signed this, Fascism and Communism are opposite ideologies, secretly nations would divide Poland between them
Defense at Sea, Attacks by Air
British and Americans concentrated on overcoming the menace of German submarines in the Atlantic and beginning bombing raids on German cities
Munich Conference
British and French leaders agreed to allow Hitler the Sudetenland, become synonymous with "appeasement"
Pearl Harbor
December 7 1941 Japanese planes bombed every ship in sight, 2400 Americans killed, 1200 wounded, 20 warship, 150 planes destroyed
Operation Torch
Dwight Eisenhower and Bernard Montgomery led invasion of North Africa, succeeded in May 1943
Francisco Franco
Fascist dictator who established rule during the Spanish Civil War
Rhineland 1936
Hitler defied the Versailles Treaty when he invaded this demilitarized zone
Sudetenland 1938
Hitler insisted Germany had right to take over strip of land in Czechoslovakia, Roosevelt encouraged Chamberlain and Daladier to meet in Munich
Japan's Expansion
Japan used Hitler's success to invade Dutch East Indies, Burma, French Indochina
Battle of Midway
June 4-7 interception and decoding of Japanese messages enabled US forces to destroy four Japanese carriers and 300 planes
D Day to VE Day
June 6, 1944, British, Canadian, and US forces under Eisenhower's command secured beachheads on Normandy coast, Allied rolled through Europe, liberated Paris, final push toward Berlin
Germany Surrender
May 7, Germany surrendered, bombing rids over Germany had reduced their industrial capacity, Hitler committed suicide
Italy Campaign
Mussolini fell from power during summer, Hitler's troops rescued him and gave him rule in North, Germans put up a determined resistance to Allied offensive, holding up Allied advancement
Ethiopia 1935
Mussolini ordered Italian troops, League objected but did nothing to stop the Italian aggressor, succeeded in conquering the country
Adolf Hitler
Nazi leader, used bullying tactics against Jews as well as Fascism to increase popularity
Germany
Nazi party was equivalent to Fascist party, arose in 1920s in reaction to deplorable conditions of Treaty of Versailles, Hitler used tactics to increase popularity, gained control in 1933 with "brown shirts"
Cash and Carry
Neutrality Act provided that a belligerent could buy US arms if it used its own ships and paid cash, "neutral", but strongly favored Britain
Battle of Leyte Gulf
October 1944 Japanese army was virtually destroyed, largest naval battle in history, KAMIKAZES for first time
Recognition of Soviet Union
Roosevelt changed policy by granting Soviet Regime recognition, believed it would increase trade and boost the economy
Destroyers Deal
Roosevelt could not sell US destroyers to British without alarming isolationists, cleverly arranged a trade for the right to build military bases on British Caribbean islands for 50 older destroyers
Preparedness
Roosevelt managed an arms buildup during neutrality period, increased military and naval budgets by 2/3
Cuba
Roosevelt persuaded Congress to nullify the Platt Amendment, allowing US to keep only base at Guantanamo Bay
US Economic Action
Roosevelt prohibited export of steel and iron to all countries except Britain and Western Hemisphere, aimed at Japan, then froze Japanese credit and cut off access to materials
Lend-Lease Act
Roosevelt proposed obtaining all the US arms it needed on credit, would be like lending a neighbor a "garden hose" to put out a fire"
Election of 1944
Roosevelt ran again, war couldn't be switched, Henry Wallace was too radical to run again, Harry S. Truman ran as VP, Thomas Dewey was New York governor, record of prosecuting corruption, FDR won in an overwhelming electoral vote
Quarantine Speech
Roosevelt recognized dangers of Fascist aggression but was limited by isolationist feelings, democracies act together against the aggressor, response was overwhelmingly negative
London Economic Conference (1933)
Roosevelt supported efforts of international economic conference called by League of Nations, when proposals to stabilize currency were made, Roosevelt feared it would hurt economic recovery, withdrew support
Cordell Hull
Roosevelt's secretary of state who proposed Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Invasion of Poland
September 1, 1939, full-scale invasion, Allies declared war against Germany, Italy and Japan then declared war
Japanese Aggression in Manchuria
September 1931 Japanese marched into Manchuria in China, violating Open Door and League of Nations, established puppet government
Korematsu v. US
Supreme Court upheld the US government's internment policy as justified in wartime
Chester Nimitz
US Admiral in the Pacific who developed the concept of Island Hopping
Battle of Coral Sea
US aircraft carriers stopped a Japanese invasion of Australia, May 7-8 1942
Fighting Japan
US armed forces were main opposition in the Pacific, by 1942 Japan occupied Korea, eastern China, Philippines, Burma and Malaya, French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, most of Pacific Islands
Pan-American Conferences
US pledged in 1933 in Montevideo never again to intervene in internal affairs of Latin America, repudiated policies of Roosevelt' Corollary, "Hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for mutual safety and mutual good"
Shoot-on-Sight
US ships would escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials as far as Iceland, Greer was attacked, Roosevelt told ships to shoot at German ships
Holocaust
US troops advance into Germany showed concentration camps, horrifying extent of the Nazi's genocide
Harry S. Truman
a Missouri senator with a national reputation for having conducted a much-publicized investigation of war spending, chosen as FDR's running mate in 1944
Selective Service Act (1940)
act enacting compulsory military service, registration of all American men between 21 and 35, first PEACETIME DRAFT
Appeasement
allowing Hitler to get away with relatively small acts of aggression and expansion
Native Americans
also contributed to war effort, 25,000 served, thousands worked in defense industries, more than half never returned to reservations
Atlantic Charter
arranged a secret meeting with Winston Churchill aboard a ship off Newfoundland, drew up document that affirmed what peace objectives would be when the war ended, agreed that principles for a sound peace would include SELF-DETERMINATION, NO TERRITORIAL EXPANSION, FREE TRADE
Neutrality Act of 1935
authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid US citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations
Hoover's Foreign Policy
believed US should not enter into firm commitments to preserve the security of other nations, "isolationism", viewed peace conferences and treaties as moral efforts, opposed economic sanctions believed they would lead to military involvement
Japanese Negotiations
both sides knew Japan needed oil to win, possible conquering of Dutch East Indies for oil, Tojo made attempt to negotiate, failed, armed confrontation was imminent
Office of War Information
controlled news about troops movements and battles
Stimson Doctrine
declared in 1932 that the US would honor its treaty obligations under the Nine Power Treaty by refusing to recognize the legitimacy of any regime that had been established by force
Battle of the Bulge
desperate German counterattack in Belgium in December 1944
League's Response to Manchuria
did nothing except to pass a resolution condemning Japan's actions, Japanese delegation walked out, never to return
J. Robert Oppenheimer
director of the Manhattan Project
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act
empowered the government to take over war-related businesses whose operations were threatened by a strike
War Production Board
established early in 1942 to manage war industries
Neutrality Act of 1936
forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents
Neutrality Act of 1937
forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain
Congress of Racial Equality
formed in 1942 to work more militantly for African-American interests
China 1937
full scale war erupted between Japan, US gunboat Panay was bombed and sunk by Japanese planes, Japan's apology was accepted
Reciprocal Trade Agreements
gave the president power to reduce US tariffs up to 50 percent for the nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for US imports
Douglas MacArthur
general who commanded army units in the Southern Pacific
Financing the War
government paid for the war by increasing the income tax and selling war bonds, most Americans had to pay an income tax for the first time, shortage of consumer goods made it easy for people to save
Hoover in Latin American
he pursued friendly relations, 1929 went on a goodwill tour of the region, arranged for US troops to leave Nicaragua, negotiated a treaty with Haiti to remove US troops
Atomic Bombs
huge invasion force stood ready to attack Japan, large casualties feared, warned Japan to surrender or face "utter destruction", dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Battle of Okinawa
largest amphibious assault in Pacific; last battle of WWII
Nye Committee
led by Gerald Nye of North Dakota, concluded in 1934 that the main reason the US participated in the war was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers, influenced isolationist legislation
Blitzkrieg
lightning war, Poland quickly fell to overwhelming use of air power and fast-moving tanks, inactive winter resumed when Germany attacked France, Denmark, and Norway
Mexican Americans
many worked in defense industries, over 300,000 served in the military
America First Committee
mobilizing American public opinion against the war, engaged speakers like Charles Lindbergh to travel the country warning against folly of getting involved in Europe's troubles
Japan
nationalists increased power in 1920s and 1930s, persuaded the emperor the best way to ensure access to raw materials was to invade China
Wendell Wilkie
never had before run for public office, lawyer with a magnetic personality, largely agreed with Roosevelt on most policies, largest criticism was third term
Italy
new regime seized power in 1922, Benito Mussolini led Fascist party, attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, those afraid of communism, "Black shirts"
Women
over 200,000 served in the military in non-combatant roles, labor shortage forced many into jobs, many worked in industrial jobs, pay WELL BELOW male pay
Propaganda
posters, songs, news bulletins, maintain public morale, encourage people to sacrifice and conserve resources, increase war production
Four Freedoms
president delivered speech that proposed lending money to Britain, defense of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear
Manhattan Project
project employing over 100,000 people and $2 billion to develop a weapon whose power came from splitting the atom
Good Neighbor Policy
promised "policy of the good neighbor" toward other nations of the Western Hemisphere, interventionism no longer made economic sense, rise of regimes in Germany and Italy prompted Roosevelt to seek cooperation in defending regions from danger
Battle of the Atlantic
protracted naval war to control the shipping lanes Germany submarines sank over 500 Allied ships in 1942
American Isolationists
public opinion was nationalists, wanted to make sure that America would never again be drawn into a foreign war, aggression in China and fascism led Americans to avoid war at all costs, strongest in Midwest and Republicans
Office of Price Administration
regulated every aspect of civilians' lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents, rationing commodities like meat, sugar, gasoline, auto tires
Office of War Mobilization
set production priorities and controlled raw materials
Henry Kaiser
shipmaker whose giant shipyard in California could turn out a new ship every 14 days
Rosie the Riveter
song and slogan used to encourage women to take defense jobs
Island Hopping
strategy of bypassing strongly held Japanese islands and isolating them with naval and air power, developed by Chester Nimitz
Japanese Americans
suffered from association with wartime enemy, suspected of being spies, etc., 100,000 on West Coast ordered to leave their homes and reside in internment camps
Cost-Plus System
system in which it paid war contractors the costs of production plus a certain percentage for profit
Fascism
the idea that people should glorify their nation and race through an aggressive show of force
Double V
victory over fascism abroad and victory for equality at home
Spanish Civil War
viewed as ideological struggle by Nationalists led by Franco and Loyalists, Americans could do nothing to aid the Loyalists, Fascists prevailed and established a dictatorship
Mexico
when Cardenas seized oil properties owned by US corporations, Roosevelt rejected corporate demands to intervene and negotiated a settlement
Unions
workers were disgruntled by freezes in wages, John L. Lewis called a few strikes of coal unions
Election of 1940
would Roosevelt be the first to break the two-term tradition?, announced he would run for the Democrats, "your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars", ran against Wendell Wilkie, Roosevelt won was result of strong economic recovery and fear of war causing voters to stay with experienced leader