AP US History: Period 1 (1491 - 1607)
Causes of European Exploration: Thirst for adventure, gold, wealth, land, shorter route to Asia, and religious glory.
"Gold, God, & Glory"
What years does Period 1 consist of?
1491-1607
When did the Spaniards come to North America?
1492
When did the pueblo people revolt?
1680
After the pueblo revolt, Spanish people were driven from New Mexico until when?
1692
When was the Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas formed?
1944
Because of exploration and conquest, Spain's gold supply was increased more than ____________. Making it the richest nation in Europe.
500%
Encomienda System (Spain): What was this system eventually replaced by?
African Slave Labor
What replaced the Encomienda System?
African slave labor
When talking about themes, what does WOR stand for?
America in the World
In which theme do students need to understand key developments in foreign policy, as well as domestic debates over these policies?
America in the World (WOR)
Which theme focuses on the interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period and on the influence of the United States on world affairs?
America in the World (WOR)
Florida: Spanish had many failed attempts against ________________ _____________ in the region.
American Indians
Where was a complex region?
American Southwest
Where was there warm climate and few trees?
American Southwest
Where were the agricultural societies?
American Southwest
When talking about themes, what does NAT stand for?
American and National Identity
In which theme should students be able to explain how identities related to American values and institutions, regions, and societal groups developed in response to events and have affected political debates?
American and National Identity (NAT)
Which theme focuses on how and why definition of American and national identity and values have developed, as well as on related topics such as citizenship, constitutionalism, foreign policy, assimilation, and American exceptionalism?
American and National Identity (NAT)
American Southwest: Who were the pueblo descendants of?
Anasazi
Three tribes in the American Southwest:
Anasazi, Apache, Pueblo
Great Basin: Climate
Arid (dry)
How did the French view Natives?
As possible allies.
What does it mean to have self-government, or independence? Native Americans and Africans sought to preserve ____________ in the face of contact with Europeans.
Autonomy
What tribe did Cortes kill?
Aztecs
Where did Christopher Columbus land, giving him glory in Spain?
Bahamas
Northwest and California: What did they hunt?
Bears, Moose, Elk
CE, Impact on Europe: Change from feudalism to ______________.
Capitalism
What religion were the French?
Catholic
What religion were the Spaniards?
Catholic
CE, From Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas: Animals
Cattle, sheep, pigs, horse
What are the four Reasoning Skills?
Causation, Comparison, Contextualization, and Continuity/Change over Time.
American Southwest: Anasazi
Cliff dwellers
What did contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans result in?
Colombian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
What is a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic?
Columbian Exchange
What is the exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and America?
Columbian Exchange
What is the spread of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas?
Columbian Exchange
What was the impact of the Catholic victory in Spain?
Columbus was able to go on the voyage to North America.
What is the ability to describe and evaluate similarities and differences between two or more historical developments in the same era or from different periods?
Comparison
Northeast and Along ATL Seaboard: Religion and Political Systems
Complex
What were Spanish explorers called?
Conquistadors
What involves the ability to accurately and explicitly explain how a historical event, policy, or source fits into the broader historical picture, often on a regional, national, or global level?
Contextualization
What involves the skill to recognize and analyze patterns that reveal both continuity of behaviors and beliefs as well as significant changes?
Continuity/Change Over Time
Encomienda System (Spain): What would the Spanish settlers who had received grants try to do?
Convert natives to Christianity and turn them into slaves.
What was Native American life like in the Southwest?
Corn was a significant food source.
CE, Impact on Europe: Increase in Food
Corn, Potatoes
What kind of food did the new world give to the old world?
Corn, Potatoes, Beans, Cocoa Beans
Caste System: Spanish Impact
Created a new system (caste system)
When talking about themes, what does CUL stand for?
Culture and Society
In which theme should students be able to explain why and how cultural components both hold constant and change over time, as well as the conflicts between traditional and modern values?
Culture and Society (CUL)
Which theme focuses on the roles that ideas, beliefs, social mores, and creative expression have played in shaping the United States, as well as how various identities, cultures, and values have been preserved or changed in different contexts of U.S. history?
Culture and Society (CUL)
CE, From Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas: What did the diseases do to the native population?
Decimated majority of native population
What are three major consequences of European contact with American Indians?
Disease, Violence, and Enslavement.
Why has the American Indian population decreased over time?
Diseases have killed Native Americans.
Who did Hudson sail for?
Dutch
American Southwest: What did Maize Cultivation support/lead to?
Economic development, Settlement, Irrigation, Complex societal development, Social diversification.
Northwest and California: _________________ development & ____________ diversification
Economic; Social
CE, From America to Europe/Africa: What did the materials that they brought over lead to?
End of feudalism and development of capitalism.
____________ sent John Cabot to claim territory.
England
CE, Impact on Europe: Increase in Population
England, Spain, Portugal, Ireland
Which European group lived in less native-populated areas?
English Explorers
European Exploration: Who were the late bloomers in exploration (late 1500s-1600s)?
Europe and France
When England started to explore North America, who was sent over?
Families
Northwest and California: Food
Fishing & Whaling, Hunting & Gathering
Summarizing North America Cultures & Societies: What did they depend on?
Food & Water
Why did the Dutch West India Company get to control the region?
For economic gain.
Why did Nation-States depend on the church?
For justification and the right to rule.
Why did Nation-States depend on trade?
For revenue.
Northeast and Along ATL Seaboard: Six characteristics.
Forests, Deer, Fishing, Mixed agricultural and hunter-gathering, Bow and Arrow, Canoes.
European Exploration: What did Christopher Columbus do in 1942?
Found the new world.
Which nation started North but went South?
France
When talking about themes, what does GEO stand for?
Geography and the Environment
In which theme will students need to examine how geography and climate contributed to regional differences and how debated over the use and control of natural resources have impacted different groups and government policies?
Geography and the Environment (GEO)
Which theme focuses on the role of geography and both the natural and human-made environments on social and political developments in what would become the United States?
Geography and the Environment (GEO)
What kind of precious metals did the new world give to the old world?
Gold & Silver
CE, From America to Europe: Materials
Gold, silver, and other minerals
Were the French and Natives on good or bad terms?
Good terms.
CE, From Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas: Food/Crops
Grapes, onions, sugar cane, bananas, olives, coffee, peach, pear, citrus, wheat, rice, barley, oats.
CE, Impact on Natives: Horses & _______
Guns
Encomienda System (Spain): How were natives impacted?
Harsh treatment (slavery, manual labor)
What kind of livestock did the old world give to the new world?
Horses, cows, pigs
Great Plains: How did they get food?
Hunted
CE, Impact on Natives: Positive
Hunting
Summarizing North America Cultures & Societies: Where did they live?
In settlements scattered throughout all of North America
What tribe did Francisco kill?
Incas
Mississippi River Valley
Including the Mississippian mound builders and empire of Cahokia, Hunting, Agriculture, Complex religion, Political systems, Gender roles, Social Hierarchy, Mound Builders, Permanent villages with ag and trade, Cleared land for AG.
What impact did the Exchange have on Africans?
Increase in slave trade (Portuguese and Spanish in West Africa)
What is analyzing a secondary source?
Involves the ability to describe, analyze, and evaluate the diverse work of historians.
What is analyzing a primary source?
Involves the ability to explain and evaluate diverse historical sources.
Northeast and Along ATL Seaboard: Six tribes.
Iroquois, Pequot, Wampanoag north, Powhatan, Cherokee, Seminole south
Columbian Exchange: How did the Columbian Exchange begin?
It began with European Exploration.
How did guns impact Natives?
It brought violence to their groups.
What was the impact of the European Reformation on North America?
It gave people a religious reason to come to North America because they wanted to spread their religion.
What is the study of causation used for?
It is a primary tool of historians to explore the connections - both causes and effects - among events.
Why was finding new routes very important?
It led to the discovery of North America, and led to quicker and more efficient trade.
What is significant about the year 1491?
It was one year before major turning point of Columbus's "discovery" of America.
Who explored the St. Lawrence River?
Jacques Cartier (France)
Causes of European Exploration: Economic Changes
Joint-Stock Companies
Great Basin: Why did they have mobile lifestyles?
Lack of natural resources.
Northeast and Along ATL Seaboard: Communities
Large
American Southwest: Where did the Pueblo live?
Large communities, mud/clay houses (adobe structures)
How do Supluveda's views contrast with Bartolomé de Las Casas?
Las Casas advocated for better treatment of Natives. Sepuleada would have a vastly different point of view of Natives than Las Casas did.
What did Columbus find in the Bahamas?
Little gold, few spices, and no simple path.
CE, From America to Europe: What did the food they brought over result in?
Longer life expectancy and healthier diets.
Northwest and California: What did they live in?
Longhouses made of wood
Corn, grown in present-day Mexico and spread to the Southwest portion of the present-day United States. Native Americans built societies around _________. Once it was introduced to Europe (Columbian Exchange), it helped lead to a drastic increase in population.
Maize
Why did a class system develop in Spanish settlements (pure-blood Spaniards dominated)?
Many Spaniards were intermarrying with natives.
When Spain started to explore North America, who was sent over?
Many single males.
Northeast and Along ATL Seaboard: Some were __________.
Matrimonial
What were the three highly developed civilizations before the arrival of Europeans?
Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas.
American Southwest: Where did Maize Cultivation begin?
Mexico
What was a common reaction by Indians to Europeans and represented a rejection of Chief Johnson's suggestions?
Migrating Westward
When talking about themes, what does MIG stand for?
Migration and Settlement
In which theme should students be prepared to answer questions about the people who have moved to and lived in the United States?
Migration and Settlement (MIG)
Which theme focuses on why and how the various people who moves to and within the United States both adapted to and transformed their new social and physical environments?
Migration and Settlement (MIG)
Caste System: Mulattos
Mixed Spanish and African ancestry
Caste System: Mestizos
Mixed Spanish and Native ancestry
Great Basin: Lifestyle
Mobile
Great Plains: Western Great Plains Lifestyle
Mobile because of lack of natural resources
Great Plains: Lifestyle
Mobile to semi-permanent
Causes of European Exploration, The Scientific Revolution: Navigation
More accurate maps, compass, and the sextant
What are countries in which the majority of people shared both a common culture and loyalty towars a central government?
Nation-States
What was Native American life like in the Northeast?
Natives did a mix of agriculture and hunting.
How did European exploration impact Native American society?
Natives got sugarcane, blue grass, pigs, horses, iron implements, guns, wheel, small pox, & measles.
How did technology enable Christopher Columbus to dominate the "New World"?
New advances made oceanic crossing & exploration possible.
What are the three main effects of Europe's expanding trade in the 15th century?
New routes to Asia were found, West-African people were enslaved, and Nation-States were formed.
American Southwest: Where did Maize Cultivation spread to?
North America
Sugar production was so successful with slaves so they began to use these slaves in _________ _____________.
North America
What did the new food items in Europe lead to?
Overpopulation
Summarizing North America Cultures & Societies: Some were _________ and others weren't.
Permanent
Northwest and California: Where did they settle?
Permanent & Semi-Permanent settlements, coastal areas with hunting and fishing.
Northeast and Along ATL Seaboard: What kind of villages did they have?
Permanent Villages, and Semi-Permanent Villages
Encomienda System (Spain): What did it basically support?
Plantation-based agriculture and extracting precious metals and other resources.
When talking about themes, what does POL stand for?
Politics and Power
In which theme do students need to understand the debated over power between branches of government, between the national and state governments, and among voters and special interest groups?
Politics and Power (POL)
Which theme focuses on how different social and political groups have influenced society and government in the United States, as well as how political benefits and institutions have changed over time?
Politics and Power (POL)
What impact did the Exchange have on Europe?
Population Growth (Corn, Potatoes), Shift from Feudalism to Capitalism.
Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas: Who got all of the land East of the line?
Portugal
European Exploration: Who were the early leaders in exploration (1400s-1500s)?
Portugal and Spain
European Exploration: What four countries began exploring?
Portugal, Spain, Europe, France
What was Native American life like in the Great Plains/Great Basin?
Predominantly hunted because of the lack of natural resources.
Where was maize originally grown?
Present-day Mexico
What is Historical Evidence?
Primary and Secondary Sources.
Causes of European Exploration, The Scientific Revolution: Communication
Printing press
Causes of European Exploration: Religion
Protestant Reformation
Harsh efforts to christinize the American Indians caused who to revolt?
Pueblo people
What are some of the main tribes that we focused on?
Pueblo, Chinooks, Iroquois, Algonquian, Wamponoags, Pequot, Powhatan.
England did not getting into exploring early on, who got things started?
Queen Elizabeth 1
European Exploration: Who funded Columbus' exploration?
Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand (Spain)
Where did the French settle?
Quibec
Caste System, Spanish Impact: Race
Racially diverse populations were created
What is the time period called when there was an outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the 15th and 16th centuries?
Renaissance
Who was the Father of New France?
Samuel de Champlain
Where in California did the Spanish establish permanent settlements?
San Diego & San Fransisco
What was John Cabot's crew called?
Seadogs
What is Sepulveda's Point of View towards Natives?
Sepulveda views the natives very negatively, he views them as savages. He believes that the Spanish settlers were better than the Natives and that they had a justified reason to take over the land.
What technological improvements allowed for European Exploration?
Sexant & Joint-Stock Companies
Great Plains: Tribe Example
Sioux
CE, From Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas: Diseases
Smallpox & Influenza
CE, Impact on Natives: Diseases
Smallpox, Measles
What kind of diseases did the old world give to the new world?
Smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus
North American Society vs. Mexico & South American Society
Societies in North America were much less sophisticated than the ones in Mexico and South America.
Where did maize eventually spread to?
Southwestern portion of the present day United States.
Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas: Who got all of the land West of the line?
Spain
Who tried to resist French efforts of exploring the Mississippi?
Spain
CE, Impact on Africans: Countries responsible
Spain and Portugal in West Africa
Encomienda System (Spain): Who would royals give grants to?
Spanish settlers
What is the oldest city North America founded by Europeans?
St. Augustine, Florida
What river did the French use for trade?
St. Lawrence River
Causes of European Exploration, The Scientific Revolution: Transportation
Stronger, Faster Ships (The Caravel)
What does it mean to take control of a person or group of people by force? Native Americans and Africans were _________________ by Europeans, often in the form of slavery.
Subjugation
CE, From America to Europe: Diseases
Syphilis
Great Plains: What did they live in?
Teepees
Northwest and California: Tribe Example
The Chinook
What are royal grants by the Spanish Crown (king/queen) to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area?
The Encomienda System
Why is 1607 a major turning point in United States history?
The Jamestown settlement in 1607 marks the beginning of the framework of a new nation; England would become dominant for exploration.
What does 1491 represent?
The Pre-Columbian Era and all of the societies that developed over thousands of years.
Caste System: What was the system that the Spanish developed like?
The Spanish developed a Caste System that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans.
What did Sir Frances Drake organize?
The attack of other nations' ships.
What does 1607 represent?
The beginning of English settlement and eventual domination of North America.
What happened prior to establishment of Jamestown?
The colony of Roanoke disappeared.
What is significant about the year 1607?
The establishment of Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in the America's.
In what ways did native peoples transform North American environment before European colonization?
They built cities, grew crops, hunted & fished, built tools, used irrigation systems, & formed languages.
What happened as native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time?
They developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.
What happened when many more families came over from England?
They expelled the tribes, did not force them to work.
How did European expansion impact European society?
They got corn, beans, sweet/white potatoes, tobacco, & syphilis.
How did enslaved Africans rebel against slavery?
They ran away, sabotaged work, and revolted.
What did Southwest Settlements do since farming was a major part of life but there were so many droughts?
They used irrigation.
How did enslaved Africans maintain aspects of their culture?
Through music, religion, and folkways.
Why did Portugal begin trading slaves from West Africa?
To produce sugar.
CE, From America to Europe: Crops
Tobacco
What kind of crops did the new world give to the old world?
Tobacco
CE, From Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas: What did the horses do?
Transformed Plains Indian Culture
Northeast and Along ATL Seaboard: Some had political and trading alliances among ____________.
Tribes
What factor best explains why Native American efforts to unite are rare?
Tribes had traditions of independence.
Encomienda System (Spain): What would the Spanish settlers receive from natives?
Tribute/payment
CE, From America to Europe: Food
Turkey, pineapple, potatoes, peppers, tomato, corn, beans, vanilla, chocolate, peanuts
Northwest and California: How did they hunt and fish?
Using spears and nets.
Who had made voyages to North America that had no lasting impact?
Vikings
CE, Impact on Natives: Negative
Warfare
Northwest and California: California Specifically
Warmer with lots of hunting and fishing
Northwest and California: Climate
Wet & Cool
What kind of food did the old world give to the new world?
Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee beans
When talking about themes, what does WXT stand for?
Work, Exchange, and Technology
In which theme do students need to understand how technology and innovation, labor systems, international relations, and government policies influenced the economy?
Work, Exchange, and Technology (WXT)
Which theme focuses on the factors behind the development of systems of economic exchange, particularly the role of technology, economic markets, and government?
Work, Exchange, and Technology (WXT)
Causes of European Exploration, The Scientific Revolution: When did it take place?
late 1400s-early 1500s
CE, Impact on Africans: Start of ______ trade
slave
