AP US History Prep: 1491-1607
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
(1510?-1554) Spanish explorer who explored parts of the southwestern United States in search of the legendary Seven Cities of Gold.
How did Cortes feel when he visited Tenochtitlán?
1. Amazed by sophisticated gardens and temples 2. Fascinated by the Aztecs' wealth 3. Horrified about the practice of human sacrifice
What words were borrowed from the Tainos?
1. Ayiti- Haiti 2. Tobacco- Tobacco 3. Huracan - Hurricane 4. Barbacoa- BBQ
Why did Christopher Columbus want to travel to Asia?
1. Trading: Bring home goods. He dreamt of riches 2. Converting people in Asia to Christianity
By many people. Malintzin was viewed as ____
1. Traitor for helping Cortes 2. Victim for European Expansion
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Malintzin
A Mayan woman who spoke both Maya and Nahuatl (Aztec language); used by Cortes as a translator
Hernán Cortés
A conquistador who arrived on Hispaniola in 1504 and participated in the conquest of the Island. Cortés then led the exploration of the Yucatán Peninsula in hopes of attaining glory.
Colonial mercantilism
A set of protectionist policies designed to benefit the colonizing nation.
Golden Age
A time in a culture of high achievement in arts, literature, and science. Generally occurs in times of peace.
Sir Hans Sloane
An English Botanist who traveled to Jamaica in 1687 and recorded numerous numbers of plants. He was also credited with the first glass of chocolate milk
Silk Road
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.
Quota
Any natives over the age of 14 must give Columbus certain amount of golds each month or their hands will be removed
Read the passage and answer the question below. "Around 7,000 years ago, agriculture emerged in Mesoamerica, including the domestication of maize, beans, and squash, causing major changes in the plants that people cultivated. Three sisters agriculture had spread across Mexico by 3,500 years ago, though they originated at different times." -Source: Amanda J. Landon, anthropologist, "The 'How' of the Three Sisters," 2008 Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support Landon's argument in the excerpt?
Archeological remains of ancient seeds
When did Columbus start his journey to Asia?
August 1492
Moctezuma
Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.
How did indigenous people throughout the West, especially along the Columbia and Colorado Rivers get food?
By hunting, gathering, and fishing
Tenochtitlán
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
Mecca
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.
Factors of Colonial mercantilism
Colonies rich in raw materials Cheap labor Colonial loyalty to the home government Control of the shipping trade
What caused the crusade?
Conflict between Christians and Muslims over their religious belief and desire to dominate the Holy Land.
The population of the Tainos were about 1-3 million when the Spanish arrived. After 100 years, the population there were 200 Tainos. Why?
Disease, overwork, and poor treatment
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "Their Highnesses can see that I will give them however much gold they need with what little aid they give me now: spices and cotton as much as they call for . . . and slaves as many as they order to be shipped. . . . Therefore, since our Redeemer has given this victory to our illustrious King and Queen and to their famously successful reigns, all Christians should rejoice, hold grand celebrations, and with solemn prayers give thanks to the Holy Trinity for the exaltation of turning so many peoples to our Holy Faith." -Source: Christopher Columbus, Letter to Luis de Santangel, Official Notary for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1493 The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as___
Eagerness to convert new group to Christianity
Name 3 countries that refused to support Columbus's exploration?
England, France, and Portugal
What was Columbus trying to do with the Natives?
Enslaved them and shipped them to Europe. However, it was unsuccessful because the Natives were vulnerable to European disease
Read the passage below and answer the question. "Colón [Columbus] and his crew did not voyage alone. They were accompanied by a menagerie of insects, plants, mammals, and microorganisms . . . European expeditions brought cattle, sheep, and horses, along with crops like sugarcane (originally from New Guinea), wheat (from the Middle East), bananas (from Africa), and coffee (also from Africa) . . . " -From Charles C. Mann, historian, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, 2011. Which of the following economic shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?
European economies shifted from feudal economy toa capitalist economy.
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "European leaders concluded that the Muslims' power fed upon the wealth generated by their control of the most lucrative trade routes. By paying premium prices to Muslim merchants for the gold and ivory of sub-Saharan Africa and for the silks, gems, and spices of Asia, European consumers enriched the Islamic world while draining wealth from Christendom. . . . Visionary Europeans hoped to weaken their enemy and enrich themselves by seeking an alternative trade route by sea." -Source: Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?
European nations' effort to explore and conquer the New World
European used _____ to organize power and labor in the Middle Age
Feudal system
How did Columbus enslaved Natives
Forced the native to do labors for the Spanish like mining for golds.
What caused the spread bubonic disease in Europe?
Genoese merchants returning from the Black Sea unwittingly brought with them a rat-borne and highly contagious disease
Siglo de Oro.
Golden Age
What was included in Christopher Columbus's letter to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I
He told them that lots of goods (spices, cottons,etc) were found in the area which can make Spain very wealthy. He thought he was in China and described the native as kind and friendly people. Even if they are not friendly, they are not a threat to Columbus and his men. Also, he also claimed Spain's control over those islands (the native didn't opposed because they couldn't understand Spanish) and urged Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I to send him on more voyages.
What did Cortes do in hope to take over Tenochtitlán?
He took Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler, hostage. The Spanish then murdered hundreds of high-ranking Mexica during a religious festival.
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "Closer to the center of European society, armed enterprise by one sovereign was sure to provoke a countereffort by rivals; and only rarely could a ruler conquer territories from which important tax income could be garnered. The success of the Spanish government in fashioning a vast empire in the Americas and its failure to maintain control over the Netherlands illustrate these facts very clearly. Spanish military effort in the New World paid off handsomely. Indeed it was the swelling flow of New World silver after the 1550s that made Philip think he could conduct war both in the Mediterranean against the Turks and in the north against the Dutch." -Source: William H. McNeill, historian, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000, 1982 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following
How military competition between European nations influence their effort to conquer the New World.
Beside violence, what led to the downfall of Tenochtitlán？
Illness and disease like smallpox
How does Feudal society work.
In theory, it was a mutually supportive system. The lords owned the land; the knights gave military service to a lord and carried out his justice; the serfs worked the land in return for the protection from invaders within the walls of the lord's castle or city.
The amount of golds brought from the New World led to....
Inflation and creation of modern banking system which lead to capitalism
Image link: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bras_de_Oliveira_Caravel_with_oars.png How did New World colonization, enabled by the vessel above, affect the economy of Europe?
It brought a great deal of gold and silver into Europe, stimulating the banking industry and promote Europe's transition to Captialism.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish and captured by Pizarro
Sundiata Keita
Leader credited with seizing Ghana and starting the kingdom of Mali; known as the "Lion Prince"
Who inspired Christopher Columbus to explore?
Marcos Polo when he travelled to China
In August 1521, Cortés claimed Tenochtitlán for Spain and renamed it __________
Mexico City
How were the Native Americans' view on the use of the land differ from Europeans' view
Native Americans believed that land should be used as a resource to be held in common for the benefit of the group while Europeans wanted private ownership.
Read the passage below and answer the question. "There were four chiefs: Mr. Bear, Cougar, Bald Eagle, and Salmon. They met to try to figure out what it was that they were going to do. They knew of a place where there were many salmon. This would be the best thing of the coming people. It would keep them strong and healthy; besides, it would taste so good! But there was a problem. The salmon were being held way up river by a dam and were being guarded by some women, who when crossed would stop at nothing to destroy anything that got in the way of keeping their salmon and doing their work." -Native American legend recorded by Martin Louie and Diana Brooks. Published in Wicazo Sa Review, 1990. What was a major contrast between the Native Americans described in the passage and those living in the Great Plains region?
Native Americans in the Northwest relied on fishing while those in the Plains relied on hunting to obtain foods.
When did Columbus discover the New World?
October 1492
Where did the Vikings colonize?
Part of Greenland, Iceland, and East Coast of Canada
Elmina Castle
Portugal. slave fortress in what is now the coastal central region of Ghana built by the Portuguese and later occupied by the Dutch and English;
What started the Middle Age in Europe?
Renaissance and the Fall of the Roman Empire
Read the passage below and answer the question. "Wherefore . . . you have purposed with the favor of divine clemency to bring under your sway the said mainlands and islands with their residents and inhabitants and to bring them to the Catholic faith. Hence . . . [we] give, grant, and assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon . . . all islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole, namely the north, to the Antarctic pole, namely the south . . . " -Source: Pope Alexander VI's Demarcation Bull, May 4, 1493 What was Pope Alexander's purpose in establishing the demarcation line he describes in this passage?
Resolve conflicts between Spanish and Portuguese explorers
How did the extinction of beavers affect other animals?
Resulted the loss of beaver ponds, which had served as habitats for fish as well as water sources for deer, moose, and other animals.
Where did Columbus land?
San Salvador, Bahamas
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "Closer to the center of European society, armed enterprise by one sovereign was sure to provoke a countereffort by rivals; and only rarely could a ruler conquer territories from which important tax income could be garnered. The success of the Spanish government in fashioning a vast empire in the Americas and its failure to maintain control over the Netherlands illustrate these facts very clearly. Spanish military effort in the New World paid off handsomely. Indeed it was the swelling flow of New World silver after the 1550s that made Philip think he could conduct war both in the Mediterranean against the Turks and in the north against the Dutch." -Source: William H. McNeill, historian, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000, 1982 The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to conflict in what other period?
Seven Year's War, conflict between the British and the French in North America led to war in Europe
Martín
Son of Malintzin and Cortes. Possibly the first mestizo.
What caused Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain's fear over Portugal's dominanation
Hernando de Soto
Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "European leaders concluded that the Muslims' power fed upon the wealth generated by their control of the most lucrative trade routes. By paying premium prices to Muslim merchants for the gold and ivory of sub-Saharan Africa and for the silks, gems, and spices of Asia, European consumers enriched the Islamic world while draining wealth from Christendom. . . . Visionary Europeans hoped to weaken their enemy and enrich themselves by seeking an alternative trade route by sea." -Source: Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 what primary sources would support the author's argument in the excerpt?
Spanish Royal council meeting notes concerning strategies for defeating Muslims.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
conquistadores
Spanish soldiers in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.
What was the most Important goods?
Sugar
Who did Columbus meet?
Taino people (very nice and generous)
Las Meninas
The Maids of Honor, painted by Diego Velázquez in 1656, is one of the best-known paintings in history.
Why Viking's exploration isn't as important as Christopher Columbus's exploration?
The Vikings' exploration didn't last for a long time and they were unknown to people outside Norway.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Bernardino de Sahagún. Go to https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FlorentineCodex_BK12_F54_smallpox.jpg to see the image. In addition to the effect depicted in the image, which of the following was another negative environmental impact of Spanish colonization in the Americas?
The introduction of new animals negatively affected Native American crops
Why were Europeans trying to find new route to the East
The land route were expensive and the Middle East were controlled by the Muslims.
Native Americans lived in teepees as they followed herds of bison across the Great Plains. What environmental factors led bison to flourish in the Great Plains?
The wet grasslands of western Great Plains created prairie ideal for grazing.
Read the passage and answer the question below. "Around 7,000 years ago, agriculture emerged in Mesoamerica, including the domestication of maize, beans, and squash, causing major changes in the plants that people cultivated. Three sisters agriculture had spread across Mexico by 3,500 years ago, though they originated at different times." -Source: Amanda J. Landon, anthropologist, "The 'How' of the Three Sisters," 2008 Why was this method of planting important?
These three crops mutually supported each other's growth, a system that spread from present day Mexico northward to Southwest US.
How would we describe Native Americans who lived in Cahokia (in Mississippi)
They lived in villages and farm, allowed the population to grow.
How were beavers affected by the use of European weapons?
They were over-hunted. Consequently, beavers were extinct in several areas including New England and New York.
Prince Henry the Navigator
This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators
Read the passage below and answer the question. "Wherefore . . . you have purposed with the favor of divine clemency to bring under your sway the said mainlands and islands with their residents and inhabitants and to bring them to the Catholic faith. Hence . . . [we] give, grant, and assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon . . . all islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole, namely the north, to the Antarctic pole, namely the south . . . " -Source: Pope Alexander VI's Demarcation Bull, May 4, 1493 According to the passage, what was the main reason that Pope Alexander VI sanctioned Spanish colonization in the Americas?
To spread Christianity to the Native
Ghana Empire
Traded with caravans and camels across Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret. Also made gold scarce thus maintaining high prices fell due to expansion northward into Almoravids territory.
How were tobacco important to Native Americans?
Used for medicinal and ritual purposes
Example of Commodification
When the Spanish discovered chicha, they bought and traded for it, detracting from its spiritual significance for market gain.
Diego Velázquez
a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of the Baroque period.
polygyny
a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife
Diego de Almagro
a spanish conquistador who was part of pizarro's conquest of peru. he later rebelled against pizarro and had his son assassinate him. he discovered chile and then returned to peru, where pizarro's brother defeated his faction.
Mercantilism
an economic theory that rejected free trade and promoted government regulation of the economy for the purpose of enhancing state power, defined the economic policy of European colonizing countries.
Zemis
ancestral spirits who inhabited natural objects such as trees and stones. Worshipped by the Taínos
The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha
by Miguel de Cervantes. This two-volume book—1605 and 1618—told a colorful tale of a hidalgo, or gentleman, who reads so many tales of chivalry and knighthood that he becomes unable to tell reality from fiction. With his faithful sidekick Sancho Panza, Don Quixote leaves reality behind and sets out to revive chivalry by doing battle with what he perceives as the enemies of Spain.
Crusades
campaign of violence against Muslims to dominate the Holy Lands
After his defeat in Tenochtitlán, what did Cortes do?
created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. Using them, the Spanish were able to capture the city of Tenochtitlán.
cash crop
cultivated for sale instead of personal consumption.
Tiwa
explorers waged war against the Tiwa people in present-day New Mexico.
What did Pope Sixtus IV do to Portugal in 1480?
granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain
What were introduced to the New World by Columbus?
horses, sugar plants, and disease
Life as West Africans before contact with Europeans
lived in small villages and identified primarily with their extended family or clan, rather than an ethnic or national identity. Wives, children, and dependents were a sign of wealth; men frequently practiced polygyny
Portugal's exploration of Africa
navigated an eastward route to West Africa, where they established a trading foothold. Portugal then spread its empire down the western coast of Africa to the Congo, along the western coast of India, and eventually to Brazil and the Atlantic islands.
mestizo
person of mixed indigenous American and European descent.
columbus also explored what
present-day cuba and jamaica
Treaty of Saragossa
ratified in 1529 between the king of Spain and Emperor Charles V, and João III of Portugal, regarding the areas of influence of both countries in Asia in general and over the Moluccas, Indonesia (known as the Spice Islands) in particular.
Matrilineal
relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother. Used by the Taínos.
In the west, Native Americans' diverse culture is based on....
resource allocation and climate
sugar production
slave goes into hot sugar plantation, cuts sugar cane, stirs sugar cane in cauldron
West Africa
stretches from modern-day Mauritania to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It encompasses lush rainforests along the equator, savannas on either side of the forest, and much drier land to the north.
What were introduced to the Old World?
sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes
Go to https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FlorentineCodex_BK12_F54_smallpox.jpg to see the image. Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image?
the Spanish increased their use of enslaved Africans as a labor force
Commodification
the process though which something is given monetary value. This affected the production in the New World.
Habsburg dynasty
who ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spain
