AP US History Timeline/Presidential Highlights Washington- Clinton

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Adolph Hitler

(1) elected Chancellor of Germany in January 1933, the fascist Nazi leader who oversaw German economic recovery by mobilizing industry for military purposes; (2) he aggressively sought global hegemony & oversaw one of the century's most notorious genocide attempts

Cherokee Nation V. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

James Whistler

(1834-1903) A member of the realist movement, although his works were often moody and eccentric. Best known for his Arrangement in Black and Grey, No.1, also known as Whistler's Mother.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

"Uncle Remus"

(1880) Folk tale written by Joel Chandler Harris; It portrayed antebellum South as a harmonious place with close emotional bonds between races

Expedition Act

(1903) required courts to give higher priority to antitrust suits

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Ferdinand Marcos

(1917-1989) Philippine politician; he was elected president of the Philippines in 1965, but soon became an authoritarian dictator. He imposed martial law, arrested his political opponents, and stole millions from his country's treasury.

Hammer v. Dagenhart

(1918). Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.

Japan invades Manchuria

(1931) The Japanese, motivated by the need for raw materials and a desire to take over Chinese territory, invaded the province of Manchuria and held the territory until the end of the war, when they were forced to give it up. This is considered the start of WWI. End.

Cuban Revolution

(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.

Roe V Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Little Rock

(DDE) , Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe

San Francisco Conference

(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the "United Nations" Charter.

Panay Incident

(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Federal Farm Board

(HH) , Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming.

The Marshall Plan

(HT) , 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Stock Market Crash 1987

(RR) 1987, due to use of computerized program trading in stocks and stock-index futures by a few large institutional investors, however spring of 1988 steady growth but many jobs were lost

Universal Negro Improvement Association

(UNIA) Association founded by Marcus Gravey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa.

Treaty of Paris 1898

(WMc) , The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Jones Act

(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Battle of Anteitam

(known as the bloodiest DAY in all of U.S. history) Maryland NORTH casualties=12,000 SOUTH -Casualties=13,000 Lincoln had to change the motivation of the war from preserving the union to slavery after this victory Lincoln passes the Emancipation Proclamation

Pragmatism

(philosophy) the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value

polio vaccination

- Salk invented original polio vaccine - isolated, aldehyde treatment prevented replication, then injected killed virus - Sabin invented oral vaccine attenuated live virus (was better vaccine) - drinking would cause GI tract infection (lacked ability to induce gastroenteritis / paralysis) - gave systemic memory response and mucosal memory response - in 2 people per year, caused paralytic polio so removed from market

Muller v. Oregon

- court limited working hours for women working in laundry shop - dangerous to reproductive health - result --> limit jobs that women can have

Wilson's Fourteen Points

- diplomacy, freedom of the seas, lower tariffs, reductions in armaments, decolonization, evacuate troops from Europe, self-determinate *League of Nations

Stimson Doctrine

- response to Japanese in Manchuria - moral lecture (we can't do anything else) - US wouldn't recognize any impairment in China's sovereignty or Open Door

Garfield Shot

-Charles J. Guteau -September 19, 1881 -positive outcome: shocked politicians into reforming the spoils system.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Tecumseh forms Northwest Confederacy

1809, group of several thousand warriors, deemed a threat to the United States

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Cabot Lowell tours textile mills in G.B.

1810, gathered ideas for future factories in the 1813

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere

Dartmouth v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Maysville Road Veto

1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

Veto of the Bank of the US

1832-Jackson does not renew the charter of the Bank of the US

Great Britain abolish slavery in Empire

1834, Britain abolishes slavery on island and in its colonies

"Gag Rule"

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Trial of Tears

1838-1840, The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory with thousands of Cherokee's dying on the way

Dorr Rebellion

1841, The government in Rhode Island had become highly corrupt and an uprising led to the formation of a second government in the state. The new government was later overthrown

John Tyler becomes President

1841, after the death of William Henry Harrison

Independent Treasury Act repealed

1841, government again involved in banking

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

1848 ends the Mexican American War. For $15 Million the US acquired Texas territory north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California. US territory increased by 1/3 as a result of the treaty.

California Gold Rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

Monitor and Merrimack

1862, Ironclad ships that fought an epic battle during the Civil War (Monitor - North; Merrimack {Virginia} - South); neither won.

Battle of Vicksburg

1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Tenure of Office Act repealed

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Texas v. White

1869 - Argued that Texas had never seceded because there is no provision in the Constitution for a state to secede, thus Texas should still be a state and not have to undergo reconstruction.

Coinage Act

1873- at the height of Grant's power, he outlaws anything to be treated as equal to gold. Anti-bimetalism.

Munn v. Illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Reconstruction ends

1877, because of the compromise of 1877. It was an unwritten agreement that stated Hayes would win the presidency, if he were to remove troops from southern states(political), also because many people in the south did not want to accept a life different from what they were used to (social)

Bland-Allison Act

1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Statue of Liberty dedicated

1880 (Cleveland), New York Harbor

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

1884; sequel to Tom Sawyer; considered Twain's masterpiece; main character is Huck; Huck runs away from his father by rafting down the Mississippi River with a slave, Jim; shows the reader what creulty men and women are capable of;

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Forest Reserve Act

1891 authorized president to set aside land to be protected as national parks ;; some 40 million acres of forest rescued

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1893 - Act repealed by President Cleveland to protect gold reserves, only partially stopped hemorrhaging of gold from the trasury

World's Colombian Exhibition opens in Chicagp

1893. Bringing together innovation and tradition. During the spring and summer of 1893 the exposition, by lake Michigan, was held to celebrate Columbus discovery of the new world. It was to be the 400th years celebration but took a year to plan and thus was held on the 401 year's anniversary. The buildings were built as temporary structures, except the Palace of Fine Arts, which is the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago today.

Pollock v. Farmer's Loan and Trust Company

1895 - The court ruled the income could not be taxed. In response, Congress passed the 16th Amendment which specifically allows taxation of income (ratified 1913).

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel

1901

Theodore Roosevelt becomes president

1901

Northern Security Case

1901 three powerful business leaders decided to cooperate rather than compete, forming the Northern Securities holding company, which held the stock of their rival railroad interests in the Northwest. Northern Securities Company violated the Sherman Act. Upon appeal the following year, the Supreme Court upheld this ruling by a 5-4 vote. The majority, led by John Marshall Harlan, ruled that the holding company's intent to eliminate competition was illegal.

Anthracite coal strike

1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time)

Panamanian Revolt

1903, US supported the revolt in order to gain control of land to make the Panama Canal. US supported Panamanian independence.

Governors' Conference on Conservation

1906 - invited everyone to the white house and that every state had to have a conservation agency.

US begins construction on Canal

1907

Root- Takahira Agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

White Slave Traffic Act

1910; made it illegal for women to be imported or transported between states for immoral purposes. Intended to keep men from traveling or immigrating with women who were not their wives.

Armory Show

1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. Was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.

Underwood- Simmons Tariff lowered

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.

Coast Guard established

1915, a group of people whose job is to watch the sea near the coast in order to warn or help ships that are in danger or to stop illegal activities

Henry Ford develops tractor

1915, revolutionized agriculture in the US

Adamson Act

1916 law that established 8 hour workday for railroad workers in order to avert a national strike

US purchaces Virgin Islands

1917, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated US territory

Smith- Hughes Act

1917-Established the U.S.'s first Food Administration with the authority to fix food prices, license distributors, coordinate purchases, oversee exports, act against hoarding and profiteering, and encourage farmers to grow more crops.

Smith-Lever Act

1917-Established the U.S.'s first Food Administration with the authority to fix food prices, license distributors, coordinate purchases, oversee exports, act against hoarding and profiteering, and encourage farmers to grow more crops.

Washington Conference

1921 - president harding invited delegates from europe and japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect china's independence

Four Power Pacific Status Quo Treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

Nine Power China Open Door Treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

KKK height of influence

1924, later falls because of scandal and corruption within the organization.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

The Jazz Singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

St. Valentine's Day Massacre

1929 Capone's men executed 7 members of the O'Banion gang. Ended Chicago's Beer War. The killing allowed Capone to show his control over the city so violence was not as necessary.

Clark Memorandum

1931- state department issues a new policy repudiating the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America under the Roosevelt Corollary--> "Good Neighbor policy"

Revenue Act

1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Fair Labor Standard Act

1938, Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum wage and maximum hour standards. Child labor under the age of 16 was forbidden

Edward Stettinius

1940 Chairman of US Steel Corp, appointed to Natl Defense Advisory Comm. to coordinate industry mobilization; coordinated Lend-lease; 1944 Secr. of State; attended Yalta with FDR; 1945 leader of Am delegation to UN

Smith Act

1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists

Voting Rights Act

1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote

Chicago Riots Deomocratic Convention

1968. Caused because of the assassination of MLK, Jr. Violence & chaos followed with blacks flooding the streets soon after the assassination happened. Primarily in black urban areas.

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Moscow Summits

1972 conference b/w Nixon and the Soviet Union leaders to lessen the number of assault weapons each country has and to repair US and Soviet Union relations

Paris Peace accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.

Viking II

1976, first successful Mars landings (had on board laboratories that seek to design evidence of biological processes)

Entebbe Raid

1976. Palestinians flew a plane into Uganda and held the passengers captive. The Jews in the plane were separated from the other passengers. The IDF flew in and rescued the passengers in a famous commando raid.

Department of Energy

1977 - Carter added it to the Cabinet to acknowledge the importance of energy conservation.

Panama Canal Treaty

1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Jesse Jackson runs for President

1984, lost to George H. Bush

Berlin Wall falls

1989, Freedom comes to East Germany, no more Cold War tension, Berlin way hammered and chiseled and wall falls

W.E.B. Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Knights of Labor founded

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Neil Armstrong

1st person to walk on the moon; U.S. Apollo 11; July, 1969; his famous words - "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Nellie Taylor Ross

1st woman governor; she finished her husband's term as a governor of Wyoming, and woman suffragist.

Leopold and Loeb

2 teenage boys that committed murder. "it's not their fault, it's society's." story of modern youth, modern parent...etc. blamed the murder on society, it made them that way

Vietnam Draft evaders pardoned

209,517 draft dodgers are pardoned by president Carter

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

Woolworth Lunch Counter Sit-In

4 black college students sat at the white-only lunch counter of Woolworths, and refused to leave. The protest grew to 3000 people by the end of the week, and drew a lot of attention. It started the sit-in movement, and brought up the desegregation of lunch counters

American Indians Claim Alcatraz

89 native american laid claim to the island, became the longest occupation of a federal facility

Force Bill

- Allowed Fed. Gov. to ensure elections were fair - Ensured black voting rights ...Filibustered out of the Senate; never passed...

18th Amendment

Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment

1907 Economic Crisis

Bank Panic

Civil Rights Act

Bars recipients of federal funds from excluding persons because of race, sex, color or national origin or religion from participation in receiving benefits or otherwise subjecting them to discrimination under federally supported programs or activities.

The Great Train Robbery

A 1903 black and white silent western film that was 14 minutes long and the first film to tell a coherent story. Due to its success it is credited for the creating Hollywood and the success of the movie industry.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

John Sutter

A German immigrant who was instrumental in the early settlement of Califonria by Americans, he had originally obtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating to build a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

The Sound and the Fury

A Southern family on the decline crumbles completely when one of his members has a child out of wedlock.

Andrew Johnson becomes President

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Ex parte Merryman

A Supreme Court case that Chief Justice Taney's ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional without an act of Congress. Lincoln openly defied the ruling by suspending it for the arrest of anti-Unionists during the Civil War. This shows how a president can sometimes overstep their power.

Intifada Uprising

A Youth uprising in Israel, they threw rocks and had gunfire against the Israeli soldiers

Chicago Race riots

A black man was swimming and a group of white men hit him with a rock and he drowned; this caused a race riot; 40 people died, hundreds injured and thousands left homeless because of arsonists. Was the worst Riot in The Red Summer.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights. Undid everything!

Silent Spring

A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Erie Canal begins

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

McCarren Internal Security Act

A congressional legislation that would authorize the president to arrest and detain suspected persons in an internal security crisis. It was a reflection of the fear during the period of anti-communists like McCarthy.

Haymarket Square Riot

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

Ballinger- Pinchot Controversy

A dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger that contributed to the split of the Republican Party before the 1912 Presidential Election and helped to define the U.S. conservation movement in the early 20th century.

Oregon Question Settled

A dispute between the British and the Americans over the boundary of Oregon. However, it was resolved by declaring the 49th parallel the official border, preventing war yet again.

Scarlet Letter Published

A disturbing New England masterpiece about adultery and guilt in the old Puritan Era. Major theme outlines the setbacks of individuality

Hatch Act

A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.

Sherlock Holmes published

A fictitious detective in stories by A. Conan Doyle, Great fiction detective profiler. His special skill was using the deductive profiling method to solve cases. He said his gift is his great attention to detail. He took note of evidence that others overlooked.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire

A fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

"Tweed Ring"

A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed the ring did not last. These people, the "Bosses" of the political machines, were very common in America for that time

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

The Charleston

A jazz dance that embodied the jazz age with wild and reckless moves. Took over dance halls and ballrooms in the 1920s.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Thalidomide

A mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart.

Mathew Perry reopens Japan for trade

A militant leader who commanded a fleet of well-armed American fleets, and brought a letter to Japan demanding them to open its ports to diplomatic & commercial exchange

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

A novel by Mark Twain. The Title character is a willy and adventurous boy. In one famous episode, Tom Sawyer tricks his friends into painting a fence for him by pretending it is a great privilege and making them pay to take over the job.

The Great Gatsby

A novel depicting the picturesque idea of the self made American man and entrepreneur who rose from obscurity. was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Debt and Reparation Moratorium

A plan created by Hoover to try and ease the coming international economic crisis, it would put a one year delay on payments of World War 1 and other war debts.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Open Door Policy in China

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Medicare

A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Bear Flag Revolt

A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.

James Henry Hammond

A senator and slave owner form South Carolina who believed in the necessity of slaves in society and that blacks were inferior to the superior whites.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Great Society Program

A set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.

George Fitzhugh

A social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the Negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. He went as far as to say that black slaves were in a much better situation than poor, freed blacks

Ol' Man River

A song from the musical Show Boat; the river is the Mississippi River. The music to it is by Jerome Kern and the words by Oscar Hammerstein II; it was memorably sung by Paul Robeson.

Four Freedoms Speech

A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

"I Have a Dream" Speech

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

Hay- Herran Treaty

A treaty proposed in 1903 between the United States and Colombia over Panama. It was rejected by the Colombian Senate and caused the U.S. to support a bid for the independence for Panama, so that they could build the canal.

Irving Berlin

A twentieth-century American writer of popular songs (words and music). His songs include "God Bless America," "White Christmas," and "There's no Business like Show Business."

Al Jolson

A vaudeville performer who starred in the first sound movie and enthralled people with his amazing performance of singing, dancing, and speech that no one had ever experienced.

Prohibition Party

A venerable third party still in existence that has persistently campaigned for the abolition of alcohol but has also introduced many important reform ideas into American politics.

Cairo Conference

A war time conference held at Cairo, Egypt that was attended by FDR, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek. It addressed the Allied position against Japan during WWII and made decisions about postwar Asia.

Helen Hunt Jackson

A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.

AFL-CIO merge

AFL agreed to join CIO after CIO purged itself of its communist employees and supporters in 1955

American Indian occupation of Wounded Knee

AI leaders Russell Means and Carter Camp organized 200 activists to occupy the town of Wounded Knee in protest against Wilson's administration and the federal government's failures to honor its treaties with Native American nations

Proposition 34

Abolishing the death penalty would save 100-130 million each year

McCarthy hearing

Accused of our Military Housing Communists Result- Televised, hearing it showed America McCarthy for the bully he was and he was censured from US senator ( Denounced McCarthy)

Air Commerce Act

Act of 1926 that started a program of federal aid to air transport and navigation, including aid in establishing airports.

Non-Importation Act

Act passed in 1806 that prohibited the purchase of English goods that could be made in the United States.

Taft- Hartley Act

Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

Jones Act

Act that replaced the Foraker Act. It gave Puerto Ricans full citizenship, as well as a government that was similar to a state government.

Midnight Appointments

Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

"Quasi-war" with France

Adams was angry as a result of XYZ affair a trade was cutt off with French treaties of 1778 were repudited and impressment of French sailors was ordered; 1798 - Navy was being funded - captured 35 French ships; Britain - ally; Finally France reconciled and new treaty allied with French; undeclared war

"Damn the torpedoes? Full speed ahead!"

Admiral Farragut's battle cry

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Hamilton/Burr Duel

After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York. When he lost, he blamed Hamilton (a successful Federalist politician) of making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed on July 11, 1804.

Thomas Jefferson elected

After a tie with Burr, congress elects Thomas Jefferson in 1800

German Empire founded

After several wars of unification, including wars with France, Austria and Denmark, Auto von Bismark created the "second reich." Carefully orchestrated alliance to alienate England and France, William I named Keiser

Sherman's March to the Sea

After the burning of Atlanta Georgia on Nov 15 1864, he marched 300 miles to savannah and arrived there December 22nd 1864 with the 1st alabama cavalry regiment.

Philippine Revolt

Against U.S., lasted 3 years. Philippine felt betrayed by U.S. Philippines remains U.S. colony until after WWII.

Agnew resignation

Agnew resigned due to taking thousands of dollars in bribes during his time as governor.

Kellogg- Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

"Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungry

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Montgomery Ward Store

Along with Sears, Roebuck took advantage of railroad lines to sell products through mail-order catalogues

Repeal of Judiciary Act of 1801

Also known as Judiciary Act of 1802; it restored some elements of the Judiciary Act of 1801, which had been adopted by the Federalist majority in the previous Congress, but was repealed by the Democratic-Republican majority.

Hirohito

Also known as the God-Emperor, renounced his divinity after the end of WWII

Johnson- Reed Immigration Act

Also known as the Immigration Act of 1924 Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

21st Amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

Sitting Bull Killed

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

Dean Rusk

American Secretary of State from 1961-1969. Rusk was very militant, advocating military force in combating communism.

John Deere

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Margaret Sanger jailed

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Margret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Public School movement begins

American movement to create adequate public institutions for widespread education, horace mann

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

End of the Fronteir

American west no longer considered a frontier, mostly settled at this point

TS Eliot

American who became a British citizen; won the Nobel Peace prize in literature; wrote poetry and drama

Henry James- The Portrait of a Lad

American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

International Copyright laws

Americans could write book in England but no money would come to the author.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Whig Party organized

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Whig party dies

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

George M. Cohan

An American songwriter and entertainer of the early twentieth century, known for such rousing songs as "Over There," "Yankee Doodle Dandy," and "You're a Grand Old Flag."

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Pennsylvania System- prisons

An early system of U.S. penology in which inmates were kept in solitary cells so that they could study religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, & perform handicraft work

Economic Opportunity Act

An economic legislation that was part of the Great Society. It created many social programs to help the poor.

Song of Hiawatha

An epic about A Native American boy that grows up and fights his father, but then becomes lord of the north-west wind

Charles Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Brook Farm

An experiment in Utopian socialism, it lasted for six years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, Massachusetts.

Baby Boom

An increase in population by almost 30 million people. This spurred a growth in suburbs and three to four children families.

Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet

An informal group of advisors, mostly newspaper editors, who helped to write his speeches and supervise communication between White house and local party officials.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Alaskan Pipeline

An oil pipeline that runs eight hundred miles from oil reserves in Prudhoe Bay, on the northern coast of Alaska, to the port of Valdez on Alaska's southern coast, from which the oil can be shipped to markets.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Andrew Jackson Elected

Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams, 178 electoral college votes to 83 electoral college votes; marks the first success of the new national party system

US troops in Dominican Republic

Another US occupation of Latin America, marines took control after Arias left the country

Stock Market Crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Geronimo surrenders

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Federal Highway Act

Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of interstate highways over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.

Roosevelt dies

April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage

Lincoln Assassinated

April 14, 1865 (good friday) performance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theater shot by John Wilkes Booth

Richmond bread riots

April 1863. As a result of high inflation and resultant food shortages. Many Southerners took to the streets and marched on the Confederate capital in search for food. This and other other problems on the Southern homefront highlighted the tenuous nature of the Confederacy.

ABSCAM

Arab Scam or Abdul Scam - an FBI sting operation in which agents posed as rich oil sheiks and bribed members of Congress

Universal Negro Improvement Association

Association founded by Marcus Gravey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa.

Bull Run

At Bull Run, a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War - both sides were ill-prepared.

Impeachment of Chase and Pickering

Attempt to get rid of federalist Judges that were unfit for their jobs

Panama Canal Completed

August 15, 1914

Berlin Wall Constructed

August 1961, contained West Berlin

Brinkmanship over Chinese bombing of Taiwan

August-October 1958 -Conflict between US-backed nationalists in Taiwan and Communists in the rest of China -Fear that Chiang Kai-Shek was going to start a war in Asia -Communists shelled Taiwan in order to seize it from nationalists -Ends quietly

Austria- Hungry declares war on Serbia

Austria-Hungry proclaims war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. Austria brings in their German allies, and Serbia has an alliance with Russia who has an alliance with France.

Joel Chandler Harris

Author of Uncle Remus, which portrayed the slave society of the antebellum years as a harmonious world marketed by engaging dialect and close emotional bonds between the races.

Pago Pago Treaty

Authoriized American occupied portion of smaller eastern islands for coaling repair for the US Navy

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Agricultural Marketing Act

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.

Neutrality Act 1939

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

J. Edgar Hoover

FBI directer who urged HUAC to hold public hearings on communist subversion to find communist sympathisers and fellow travelers to isolate them and their influence. FBI sends agents to infiltrate groups suspected of subversion and wiretoppa telephnones

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Martin Van Buren's Bucktails

Faction of New York Senate Republicans who tried to distance themselves from partisan disputes, lead by Van Buren.

Munich Olympics

In September 1972, a Palestinian terrorist organization held Jewish Israeli athletes hostage and killed eleven of them.

Washington DC burned

In an attempt to win the war of 1812 Britain burned the capitol, Dolley Madison saved a portrait of George Washington and a Hurricane put the fire out

Fries's Rebellion

In response to a federal property tax, this occurred in PENNSYLVANIA against the John Adams administration. However, those involved were pardoned later.

World Trade Center Bombing

February1993 6 killed, 100s wounded 50,000 people worked in the towers Islamic Militants (now in jail)

Tariff Act 1816

Federal law that placed a 25 percent duty on most imported factory goods; increased conflict between the North and the South.

Elkins Act

Fined Railroads who gave rebates and shippers who accepted them. It gave more power than the ICC to regulate the monopolistic railroads.

John Glenn

First American to orbit the Earth

KDKA radio

First commercial broadcasting radio station that broadcasted the first election returns

Webster's Dictionary

First dictionary developed in the United States. Webster changed the spelling of many words during the development, ex. honour-honor, programme-program.

Comstock Lode Discovered

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Sherman Anti Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Space Shuttle Columbia launched

First in Nasa's Space Shuttle program, completed 27 missions

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Lowell factory in Waltham, MA

First major textile mill, employed mostly poor farm girls

National Road begins

First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.

Wyoming Women's suffrage

First place for women allowed to vote.

Mohawk and Hudson RR

First rail road built in New York

Women strike at Pawtucket textile mill

First women strike, protested a 25% reduction in wages

Napoleon's Berlin Decree

Forbade importation of British goods into Continental Europe

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Ford Pardons Nixon

Ford stunned the nation by granting Nixon a "full, free, and absolute" pardon to spare the country of the agony of Nixon's criminal prosecution

National Progressive Republican League

Formed in 1911, this organization proffered Wisconsin's La Follette as its leading candidate for Republican nomination. However, Roosevelt was so angered by Taft's policies that he essentially broke his two-term pledge, shoved La Follette out of the way, and took the nomination.

James A. Baker

Former Sec. of State, primary attorney for Gov. Bush

Washington Temperance Society organized

Founded 1840, by six reformed alcoholics. Began to draw large crowds of workers, all confessed past sins and swore off liquor. Eventually over one million sign a formal pledge to swear off hard liquor.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

American Anti- Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

American Legion

Founded in Paris in 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. Was distinguished for its militant patriotism, conservatism, and zealous anti-radicalism, but was notorious for aggressive lobbying for veterans' benefits.

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)

The Octopus

Frank Norris's novel that recounted the depredations of California railroads

Hawaiian Reciprocity Treaty

Free trade agreement between kingdom of Hawaii and the US

Virginia Tightens laws on manumission

Freed slave required to leave state within one year or be sold again into slavery

French start seizing American ships

French decide to seize American ships as payment for their help in the American revolution, makes Americans angry.

Fall of Dien Bien Phu

French loses control over Indo-China, known as Vietnam, leading to this major event (1954)

Russian-American Co. in Alaska

From 1790 to 1867, Russian fur trappers came from Alaska all the way to Northern California with the purpose of taking advantage of the lucrative fur business of China. Built Fort Ross (current day Sonoma County) as a trading hub for surrounding Russian settlements.

Robert Fulton-Clermont

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

Alabama Affair

GB allowed the confederates to build a warship in one of their shipyards. The U.S. would claim that by allowing the ship to be built, the british had helped prolong the civil war. since the war had been very expensive, americans presented britain with a bill for damages, along with the suggestion that if the briish didn't want to pay they could always hand over canada instead.

Social Security Acts

Gave Unemployment insurence to workers, gave pensions to retired workers, and shared federal state program.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Gave blacks the privilege of American citizenship and denied states' the right to restrict blacks of their property, testify in court, and make contracts for their labor. Johnson vetoed this, but Congress voted to override the veto.

Genet Affair

Genet was an ambassador from France that urged America to get involved with the Anglo-French war in Europe

Reparation Commission

Germany had to pay for the war, owed $33.25 billion, resulted in massive inflation in the country

Great Britain declares war on Germany

Germany moves thru Belgium to France

Klondike Gold Rush

Gold rush in Alaska, last great Gold Rush

Patty Hearst Kidnapping

Granddaughter of William Hearst, kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, too part in a bank heist. Granted pardon by Clinton

Granger Laws regulating R.R. Shipping rates

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Snyder Act

Granted full citizenship to Native Americans. Significant because it symbolized the prevalence of nationalism beyond white heritage.

Greenback party dies

Greenback party loses political relevance

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Emigrant Aid Society

Groups that helped fund large amounts of people from New England states to move to Kansas to vote against slavery; angered the South

American ships to Hawaii

Growing american commerce, some ships raided my mercantile Spain, resulted in some mascaras

Tariff Act- Raised rates

Growing heavy German industry threatens American heavy industry

Hamilton's "Report on Manufactures"

Hamilton's Report outlined a plan intended to encourage and protect the nation's infant industries. The report was rejected by Congress.

Harding Administration Scandals

Harding had several extramarital affairs, Charles Forbes (hea d of veterans Bureau) went to federal prison for fraud and bribery in connection with government contracts, Attorney General Harry Daugherty was implicated in a kickback scheme involving bootleggers of illegal alcohol, Teapot Dome Scandal

Webster- Hayne debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

Electoral commission elects Hays

Hays is elected under numerous conditions and compromises, including he is not allowed to run for reelection. Known as compromise of 1877

Samuel Slater

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine.

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Black Hawk War

In the early 1830's, white settlers in western Illinois and eastern Iowa placed great pressure on the Native American people there to move west of the Mississippi River. Native American tribes visited Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe. Black Hawk lead a rebellion against the United States. The war started in Illinois and spread to the Wisconsin Territory. It ended in August 1832 when Illinois militia slaughtered more than 200 Sauk and Fox people.

Independent Treasury Act

In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.

Election of 1864

In this election, five political parties supported candidates for the presidency. They included the War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Radical Republicans, and the National Union Party. Each political party offered a different point of view on how the war should be run and what should be done to the Confederate states after the war. The National Union Party joined with Lincoln won the election on the recent northern victories against the South.

Franklin Pierce elected

In this, the Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, and the Whigs nominated Winfield Scott. Pierce won the presidency because he supported the Compromise of 1850.

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Arrears Pension Act

Increased pensions for union Civil War veterans. Called for payment to the disabled from the date of discharge from the army, instead of from the time of the last claim. Doubled prior annual pension expenditure

Oregon adopts initiative and referendum

Initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in general direct election. Referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval.

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

INF

Intermediate Nuclear Force; both superpowers agreed to get rid of their stockpiles of missiles and allowed each other to inspect the other side to prevent cheating

US troops in Haiti 1994

Intervention designed to remove military regime installed in 1991 military coup

Andrew Jackson invades Florida

Intimidates the Spanish, eventually they give over Florida.

Hylton v. United States

Issue was whether or not a tax on carriages was direct and thus should be levied according to population or indirect and thus be levied uniformly. Court agreed with congress and decided that the tax was being levied in accordance with the Constitution -- Implied judicial review over federal laws even though it wasn't used in this case.

Specie Resumption Act

Issued by Congress, limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, causes deflation angering farmers and workers

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Achille Lauro

Italian passenger ship hijacked by PLO and American Jewish passenger is killed

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Jackson re- elected

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.

Grover Cleveland elected

James Weaver of Iowa, was the Populist candidate for President and won 1 million votes (also won electoral votes); lost badly in the South and failed to attack urban workers in the North; Harrison vs. Cleveland again and Cleveland won because of the unpopularity of the high-tax McKinley tariff (first president to serve two unconsecutive terms)

Casablanca Conference

January 1943 conference between FDR and Churchill that produces Unconditional Surrender doctrine

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Second Bank of The US

John C. Calhoun introduced this to help the financial stability of the country by issuing national currency and regulating state banks

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Rosenbergs executed

June 15 1953 Rozenburgs unsubstanual evidence amounts to them being killed for fear of communism.

Stephen Austin

Known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

Civil Rights Act

LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employment, voting, or public accommodation. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.

Uprising of 20,000 NY garment industries organize unskilled workers union

Largest Women's strike, happened after the triangle shirtwaist factory fire

American Society for the Promotion of Temperence

Largest reform organization of its time dedicated to ending the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages

Meat Inspection Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed by congress in 1798 that enabled the government to imprison or deport aliens and to prosecute critics of the government also made the process of naturalization much longer

Terence Poderly

Leader of Knights of Labor

Nitka Krushchev

Leader of the Soviet Union from a rural, agricultural nation into an industrial nation.

Senate Votes Down League of NAtions

League of Nations interferes with US neutrality and is voted down

Senate votes down League of Nations

League of Nations interferes with US neutrality and is voted down

Million Man March

Led by Louis Farakhan and was a call to action for a recommitment to their families and communities. Resulted in adoption of black children and establishment of black businesses and censored black crime.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Election of 1872

Liberal Republicans sought honest government and nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley. Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant.

Fuel Administration

Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.

Immigration Quotas

Limitations on immigration that were passed by the U.S. government that established preferred immigration of those who were thought to be more "capable" and capable of success in the United States, while limited the immigration of those who were deemed "unnecessary."

War Powers Act

Limits the ability of the president to commit troops to combat-48 hours to tell Congress when and why the troops were sent, they have 60-90 to bring them home if they disagree

The Shame of the Cities

Lincoln Steffens; revealed the prevalence of municipal corruption in a series of articles later compiled into this work.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln issued it and freed all the slaves in the Confederate states, but slaves in Border States loyal to the Union remained enslaved. It only applied to states in rebellion (Confederate states). It led to slaves rebelling and joining the Union army and increased sympathy from Europe.

Lincoln Elected

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Midway Islands annexed

Located about 3,000 miles off the coast of California. This island served as an important stopping point for American ships on their way to China.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Lowell mills strike 1834

Lowell girls take to the streets to protest wage cuts

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment.

James K. Polk elected

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Edmund Muskie

Maine democrat who became congressional leader on pollution questions, was chair of newly created 1963 senate subcommittee on air and water pollution, supported of air quality acts. feds become policy makers and preempters instead of researchers and coordinators . was also a presidential contender who wanted strong environmental platform against jackson, was in lbj administration. attacked by nadar as being too pro industry so makes irrational clean air act of 1970 which was too extreme and not feasible., Secretary of state under Jimmy Carter

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

Sandinstas

Marxists who overthrew the Somoza regime in Nicaragua in 1980 and then fought the rebel Contras, lost Nicaragua

Yazoo Land Frauds

Massive fraud from 1794 to 1803; Sold large tracts of land in Mississippi to political insiders at very low prices -> sold more land than they had

Mark Twain

Master of satire. A regionalist writer who gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. His works include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, "The Amazing Jumping Frog of Calaverus County," and stories about the American West.

Sinking of the Lusitanian

May 7 1915 without warning this German U-boat torpedoed this british passenger liner en route from NY to London. ship sank in 22 min. killing 1198 men, women, and children aboard. 128 of them US citizens. Americans were shocked and it confirmed what anti-German agitators were saying.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Meant to be a reduction of the McKinley Tariff, it would have created a graduated income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Nashville Convention

Meeting twice in 1850, its purpose was to protect the slave property in the South.

Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination

Memphis, Tennessee.Shot on a balcony by James Earl Ray. Lead to riots across the nation. D.C. burns - African Americans claiming government doesn't care about us, black power movement growing. National guard being called out nation wide

Churchill's Iron Curtain

Metaphorical barrier between democratic European Nations and Communist ones

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor.

Texas revolts against Mexico

Mexico was exerting more power over the American Texans who then split into two parties, a war party and a peace party. Even though Stephen Austin was able to win numerous concessions from the Mexican government on March 2, 1836, the American rebels proclaimed the independence of Texas and adopted a constitution that legalized slavery. This caused Santa Anna to attack the rebels at the Alamo taking victory there but later falling to many new settlers.

Operation Desert Storm

Military operations that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition.

6 more states secede

Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas follow South Carolina

Newland Reclamation Act

Money from the sale of public lands in sixteen western states and territories was to be used to build large dams and canal systems to conserve water for irrigation.

Most Southern states readmitted to the union

Most confederate states are readmitted to the union, former confederates cannot hold office

Northern reaction to Fugitive Slave Law

Mostly ignored the law, use of civil disobedience

Anti- Mason Party

Movement that emerged in the 1820's in response to widespread resentment against the secret, exclusive, and hence supposedly undemocratic, Society of Freemasons.

Frank Norris

Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers

McClure's Magazine

Muckrakers produced a series of startling exposes; was the leading journal for Muckraking articles

Suez Crisis

Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.

NASA

National Aeronautic and Space Administration - A US government agency in charge of the space program

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Henry A. Kissinger

National Security advisor, Most effective foreign policy negotiator helped ease tension between USSR and China, Secretary of State under Ford

Anti-Saloon League of America

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

Sioux Ghost Dance Movement

Native american Religious movement, invented by Wovoka (Jack Wilson), used to wash the evil out of their lives

Arbitration Treaties

Negotiated by U.S. using arbitration, the mediation of a dispute, Taft promoted these agreements as an alternative to war in Latin America and Asia.

Essex Junto

New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. The Essex Junto was a group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S.

Clayton Anti- Trust Act

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Scottsboro Nine

Nine African americans convicted of raping two white women in a freight train in alabama in 1931. their case became famous as an example of racism in the legal system.

Nixon resignation

Nixon resigned from office on August 8, 1974, becoming the first president in American History ever to do so.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Armistice day

November 11, 1918; Germany signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting); this US holiday is now known as Veterans Day

Wilson Suffers stroke

Oct. 3, 1919 -- Wilson suffered a catastrophic, disabling stroke while campaigning for passage of the Versailles Treaty. The campaign was cut short and Wilson was never the same. This doomed any chance of passage of the treaty as Wilson, in this disabled state, withdrew from negotiations with Senate Republicans and refused to entertain any amendments to the treaty.

Germany Reunified

October 3, 1990: E and W Germnay reunited once communism was gone, though many feared reunification. E. German economy had to be rebuilt, so taxes were raised, causing an issue of unemployment. Germany again became a vital part of Europe.

Peace signed with Germany

Officially ended WWI

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Babe Ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

Kent State

Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

Nicholas Biddle

He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.

Air Traffic Controllers Strike

On August 3, 1981 the union declared a strike, seeking better working conditions, better pay and a 32-hour workweek. In doing so, the union violated a law that banned strikes by government unions. On August 5, following the PATCO workers refusal to return to work Reagan fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order and banned them from federal service for life.

Malcolm X assassination

On February 21, 1965, in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, Malcolm X began to speak to a meeting of the Organization of Afro-American Unity when a disturbance broke out in the crowd of 400, 1965 changed to want equality not superiority-killed by a black muslim

Gen. McClellan

He was criticized for overcaution in the unsuccessful Peninsular Campaign and removed from command. Called on again in 1862, he checked Lee in the Antietam Campaign, but he allowed the Confederates to withdraw across the Potomac and was again removed. He would run for president in 1864.

Maximilian crowned emperor of Mexico

He was put in Mexico by Napoleon III to be its emperor. When France got itself into a war, the army had to leave, and he was captured and later executed. (1832-67)

Kit Carson

Helped open up California, a general in the Civil War, and displacer of Navajo

Henry Cabot Lodge and the Senate opposition to Treaty of Versailles

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

Washington's Cabinet

Henry Knox (Secretary of War/Defense; Thomas Jefferson (Sec. of State); Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury); Edmund Randolph (Attorney General)

Rocky Mountain Fur Co.

Henry and Ashley established, recruited mountain men to search for furs

Moby Dick Published

Herman Melville, "call me ishmael" outlined the consequences of revenge and obsession

Buffalo Bill

His real name was William F. Cody and was an American adventurer, soldier, and showman of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His popular "Wild West Show," begun in the 1880s, featured acts such as the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, mock battles between Native Americans and army troops, and breathtaking displays of cowboy skills and horsemanship. It toured the United States, Canada, and Europe.

Wilson re-elected

Hughes, Wilson, issues: Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats on the call that he had kept the United States out of the war. Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies.

Steamship Savannah Crosses Atlantic

Hybrid ship with sails and a steam engine is the first steamship to cross Atlantic

Coeur d'Alene miners' strike

Idaho district in which silver miners went on strike in the summer of 92; broken up by troops.

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Immigration peaks in 19th century 1.2 mill.

Immigrants not only from Western Europe, but also from China and Eastern Eurpoe

11th Amendment

Immunity of states from suits from out-of-state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders. Lays the foundation for sovereign immunity.

Chesapeake- Leopard incident

In 1807 the US Chesapeake was stopped in the mid-Atlantic by the British Leopard. The British demanded the return and surrender of four deserters from the royal navy, in which the Chesapeake's commanding officer, James Barron, refused, resulting in British attack. Barron relented and the men were seized

Bonus Bill Veto

In 1817, the development of America was creating a need for a well made transportation facilities to link the outlying agricultural regions with the trade eaters in the Eastern sea ports. This was Madison's last act, which he vetoed the bill on constitutional ground.

Mormons' trek ends in Salt Lake City

In 1847, about 1,600 Mormons followed part of the Oregon Trail to Utah. They built a settlement by the Great Salt Lake.

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Enforcement Act

In 1870, this Act was passed to protect black voters but witnesses of violations were afraid to testify.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

US declares war on central powers

In 1917 the united states entered WWI to join the allied powers. This ended the view of American isolationism. U-boat attacks on innocent American ships caused the US to join the war, the Zimmermann note, and the sinking of the luisitania also promoted US war involvment. America did not fight directly in the war but supplied the allied powers and acted as a mediator when the war was over. In 1919 the treaty of versailles ended WWI and Woodrow Wilson established the 14 points and the league of nations. These were intended to suppress Germany in order to avoid another war and maintain a low threat level in Europe.

Alphabet Agencies

In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched his New Deal to deal with the Great Depression. The administrative style was to create new agencies. Some were set up by Congress (such as TVA) and others by Roosevelt's Executive Order (such as WPA). The agencies were also referred to as "alphabet soup".FIB,CIA,EPA,etc.

Destoryers for Bases Deal

In 1940, President Roosevelt arranged to trade fifty old American naval destroyers to Britain in exchange for some Caribbean naval bases. It was a shrewd deal that helped save Britain's fleet and bolstered U.S. defenses in the Atlantic.

Montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

My Lai Massacre

In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War.

Iranian Hostage Situation

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year; weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Fuel Shortage

In 1979, the price of oil in the US sky rocketed due to the Iranian Revolution. The prices sky rocketed because the leader left Iran after protests and a new leader replaced him. The protests severely limited the Iranian oil sector production and exports were suspended and when they were started up under new leadership oil was very inconsistent and low volume which made the prices rise greatly. OPEC began to control the price of oil. This was significant because it made other oil exporters such as Mexico, Nigeria, and Venezuela expand production.

Hawaii annexed

In July 1898. With the help of US marines in 1893 sugar planter forced the queen to give up her throne. Now in control the planters established a new government for the islands. The capture of the throne was denied by Grover Cleveland but was embraced William McKinley when the US did annex Hawaii in 1898.

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Benjamin Harriosn Elected

Benjamin Harrison is elected as a result of money from big business ad veterans votes. Supported the increase in tarrifs and pensions, and resulted in the economy going into a depression by 1880

Pension Act

Bill showering Civ War vets w/ pensions for those who served for 90days & were unable to do manual labor; helped secure need for high tariff & emptied out surplus

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

Race riot St. Luis

Black soldiers encountered Jim Crow on streetcars and attacked white civilians and rioting ensued

Oklahoma city bombings

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

Sociology for the South

Book by George Fitzhugh arguing the legitimacy of slavery using proto-Darwinist and proto-Marxist arguments.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Russia declares war on Austria- Hungry

Brings triple entente into the war

Hudson Bay Co.

British fur trading company, they had wiped out the fur in the Oregon territory; British gives to US

British confiscate of American Ships

British stole American ships and crew to help in the war effort against France

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

George M. Pullman

Built manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the prairie miles from the center of Chicago.

Panama Canal opens

By August 15, 1914 the Panama Canal was officially opened by the passing of the SS Ancon. At the time, no single effort in American history had exacted such a price in dollars or in human life. The American expenditures from 1904 to 1914 totaled $352,000,000, far more than the cost of anything built by the United States Government up to that time. Together the French and American expenditures totaled $639,000,000. It took 34 years from the initial effort in 1880 to actually open the Canal in 1914. It is estimated that over 80,000 persons took part in the construction and that over 30,000 lives were lost in both French and American efforts.

West Virginia formed

By the end of 1861, it had liberated the antisecession mountain people of the region who created their own state government loyal to the Union; the state was admitted to the Union as West Virginia in 1863.

Zachary Taylor Elected

Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president

Tariff Act 1841

Caused large conflict with the Whigs

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Grasshoppers attack great plains

Coinciding with droughty conditions, destroyed crops

Sam Huston

Commander of army of new Republic of Texas

New Harmony- Robert Owen

Communal society of about 1,000 people established in Indiana by this idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer; an example of the utopian spirit of the age, the colony was ultimately unsuccessful, attracting radicals and scoundrels in additional to hard-working visionaries.

People's Republic of China

Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang. Finally recognized by the UN under Nixon

Worker's Party

Communist party in America, had contact with Lenin in Russia

Congressional Shutdown of Government 1995

Conflicts over Medicare, education, environment, and public heath funding in the 1996 budget. Congress put non-essential government workers on furlough and suspended non-essential services

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organizations. proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932. a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads.

"Birth of a Nation"

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Marcus Garvey Convicted

Convicted of Mail Fraud

Vallandigham convicted

Copperhead Congressman from OH who publicly demanded an end to the wicked war; convicted by a military tribunal for being treasonous & banished to the Confederacy where he escaped to CN & ran for governor of OH from foreign lines

Republic of Texas

Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to join the U.S. in 1845.

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.

John Jacob Astor

Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him.

John Marshall appt. Chief Justice

Created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

Federal Radio Commission

Created under the Radio Act of 1927 this was a temporary committee that eventually grew into the FCC

Andrew Carnegie

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Mexican gains independence

Creoles fearing loss of privileges joined together, led by Agustin de Iturbide to declare Mexican's independence in 1821. Iturbide was overthrown in 1821 and Central America had independence from Mexico.

Increase in Black Codes

DC Banned abolitionist literature in the city, peace bonds, denied buisness licences etc

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Womens' rights advocates as well.

Mobile Bay attack

David Farragut led a Union fleet here, and the Union now controlled the Gulf of Mexico

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

14th amendment ratified

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

James Buchanan Elected

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty

Brooklyn Bridge

Designed by John Roebling. Combines two structural systems, steal cables(tension) and the arches themselves (comprassion). established the structural basis for all modern suspension bridges; it also employed the first steel used in an American structure.

"Big Stick" diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need

Military Reconstruction Acts

Dissolved the government of all the Confederate States except Tennessee and divided the remaining Southern States into five districts

Hawaii Revolution

Dole and planters rose up against queen Liliuokalani

Ku Klux Klan revival

During the 1920s membership rose from 100,000 to 4 million. Crimes against African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

A Farewell to Arms

E. Hemingway. A love story which draws heavily on the author's experiences as a young soldier in Italy. Lieutenant Frederic Henry, a young American ambulance driver during WWI. Falls in love with nurse Catherine Barkley. The Battle of Caporetto. In Switzerland, their child is born dead, and Catherine dies due to hemorrhages.

Panic of 1837

Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation

Oil Embargo

Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations. Ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.

National Labor Union dies

Economic depression and acts of terrorism from disgruntled workers effectively kills union movement

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Armistice in Korea

Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear weapons, an armistice was signed, ending the Korean War Eisenhower

Madison re-elected

Election of 1812, Madison ran against DeWitt Clinton won 128 to 89

James Monroe elected

Election when Rufus King (federalist candidate) was brutally defeated by Monroe. Rufus King was a strong advocate for the abolition of slavery. His loss signified the 'death' of the federalist party

Disputed election between Hays and Tilden

Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised

Standard Oil found guilty of accepting rebates

Ends oil monopoly

Charlie Chaplin

English comedian and film maker; portrayed a downtrodden little man in baggy pants and bowler hat

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Olympic Park Bombing

Eric Rudolph, 2 die, 111 injured, abortion was reason for attack

Kennedy assassination

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy and his wife traveled to Texas with VP Lyndon Johnson for a series of political appearances. As the presidential motorcade rode slowly through the crowded streets of Dallas, gunfire rang out. Someone shot the president twice (once in the throat and once in the head) Horrified government officials sped Kennedy to a nearby hospital, where he was pronounced dead moments later. Lee Harvey Oswald was accused of killing Kennedy. Oswald was a confused and embittered Marxist who spent time in the Soviet Union. He himself was shot to death while in police custody two days after the assassination. The bizarre situation led some to speculate that a second gunman, local nightclub owner Jack Ruby, killed Oswald to protect others involved in the crime. In 1964 a national commission headed by Chief Justice Warren concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin. The report of the Warren Commission left some questions unanswered, and theories about a conspiracy to kill the president have persisted, though none has gained wide acceptance. The whole world was sad. JFK served as president for little more than 1,000 days, but his powerful personality and active approach to the presidency made a profound impression on most Americans. Johnson set out to promote any programs Kennedy left behind.

Chautauqua Movement

One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.

Thomas A. Edison

One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture.

F. W. Woolworth Company

One of the original retail companies

Hydrogen Bomb

One thousand more times more powerful than the atomic bomb. Truman ordered the development of it to outpace the Soviets.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that inflates price of oil by limiting supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members

National Trade Union asks for 10 hour day

Organized in 1834, this association was created after the New York Trades Union called a convention of delegates from numerous city centrals. Headed by Ely Moore,asked for shorter work days for workers. This union disintegrated along with a number of other national conventions with the Panic of 1837.

Wright Brothers

Orville Wright credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones, also showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit.

Guam

Pacific island that was acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War

Spanish Flu Epidemic

Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 22 million people, including 675,00 in the United States (easily more then double the death total for the US because of WWI)

US Rejects International Court of Justice

Part of the League of Nations, interfered with the Neutrality rights of the US

National Greenback Party founded

Party that arose out of a desire for paper money, not successful in gaining widespread support, kept money issue alive

Chinese Exclusion Act

Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.

Force Act

Passed after civil war - protected voting rights of blacks

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Congressional Amnesty Act

Passed in 1872, law which granted civil rights to ex-confederates and so set the stage for them to regain control of the south

Dingley Tariff

Passed in 1897, the highest protective tariff in U.S. history with an average duty of 57%. It replaced the Wilson - Gorman Tariff, and was replaced by the Payne - Aldrich Tariff in 1909. It was pushed through by big Northern industries and businesses.

17th amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

National Defense Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Sinking of the Sussex

Passenger-liner sunk in March 1916 by Germany. This led Wilson to break diplomatic relations with Germany if they did not comply with his commands.

Soldiers' Bonus Act

Payment was to be in the form of a 20 yr endowement, but veterans demanded full cash pay

Electric street lights in Cleveland and San Francisco

Pioneers public electric lighting

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves

Political declarations in favor of states' rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition the the Alien and Sedition acts. Maintained that states could nullify federal legislation they regarded as unconstitutional

Know-Nothing Party formed

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Republican Party formed

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers

Mexican- American War

Polk wanted tdo also aquire California/New Mexico region. Polk resorted to an agressive method by sending troops to disputed area. US declared war on Mex. when hostilities arose. Americans captured Mexico City. Santa Anna fled, war ended

Tiptoe Through the Tulips

Popular song published in 1929 by Al Dubin and Joe Burke

Strategic Defense Initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Chou En-lai

Premier and Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China. Popular and practical administrator during the Great Leap Forward of 1958 and later pushed for modernization to undo damage caused by the Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Burr/Jefferson tie in Electoral College

Presidential election tie, leaving the election up to congress

Civil Rights Act 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Keating-Owen Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

Esch- Cummins Transportation Act

Provided for the return of railroads to private control, widened powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Farm Loan Act

Provided long term low interest loans to farmers.

Election of 1908

Republican William Howard Tafft vs Democratic William Jennings Bryan. Tafft won becuase he was good friend and Secretary of War under Roosevelt. Tafft was Roosevelt's successor

William McKinley elected president

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

"Bloody Shirt"

Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency.

Dan Quayle

Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election; ridiculed for factual and linguistic mistakes; George H. Bush's running mate in 1988 and 1992 , who had a hard time spelling "potato"

Warren G. Harding elected

Republican, Warren G. Harding, with V.P. running mate Coolidge, beat Democrat, Governor James Cox, with V.P. running mate, FDR. The issues were WW I, the post-war economy and the League of Nations.

Herbert Hoover Elected

Republican: Herbert Hoover and Democrat: Al Smith. Republicans identified themselves with the booming economy of the 1920s, and Smith's campaign, because Smith was a Roman Catholic, was not as successful because of Anti-Catholic prejudice. Hoover won in a landslide victory

Grover Cleveland Elected

Republicans nominated Blaine as president but suspicions about his honesty led the Mugwumps to campaign for Democratic nominee Grover Cleveland (honest, frugal, mayor of Buffalo, later governor of NY, fathered an illegitimate child which raised questions)

National Bank Act 1863

Required national banks to have one-third of their capital invested in United States securities. Also, taxed state bank notes thereby driving them out of circulation. Encouraged development of a national currency.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Department of Interior created

Responsible for handling national parks and Indian territories and protecting natural resources. The current secretary is Ken Salazar.

Rodney King Riots

Rodney King was a Black man beat by white cops, caught on tape yet the white cops are set free, this causes riots in black community in Los Angeles (April 26, 1992 Sublime song about this)

Invasion of Grenada

Ronald Reagan dispatched a heavy- fire- power invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power ----Americans captured the island quickly demonstrating Reagan's determination to assert the dominance of the US in the Caribbean.

Reagonomics

Ronald Reagan's economic beliefs that a captitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive

U.S. Forest Service

Roosevelt set aside millions of acres of national forests and created the nation's first wildlife sanctuaries

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Germany declares war on Russia and France

Russia mobilized troops along Germanys border

Russian Claims to Oregon

Russia's claims to Oregon become problematic because of overtrapping

U-2 Spy plane

Russians shot down a US U-2 reconnaissance plane over Soviet airspace Eisenhower eventually admitted spying on the Soviets The pilot, Francis Gary Powers, survived and served eighteen months in a Russian jail

Sacco and Venzetti executed

Sacco and Venzetti were executed in 1927. They were acussed of killing their boss and bodygaurds and take the money.

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the secession of the Louisiana Territory from the United States; captured in 1807 and charged with treason, Burr was acquitted by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Washington Irving- Knickerbocker School

School which sought to promote a genuinely American national culture and establish New York City as its literary center

SALT II

Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Know-Nothing Party

Secret Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party

Warren M. Christopher

Secretary of State under Bill Clinton

Lawrence Eagleburger

Secretary of State under George H Bush

Edward R. Settinius

Secretary of State under Harry S. Truman

Alexander M Haige

Secretary of State under Reagan

George P Shultz

Secretary of State under Reagan

Cyrus Vance

Secretary of State under the Carter administration- he advised trying to open relations with the Soviet Union, but saw his influence in the administration gradually wane and Brzezinski's increase(they were often at odds). Dovish. Resigned after the Iranian hostage crisis.

Henry L. Stimson

Secretary of State, decided to only "fire paper bullets" at the Japenese over their invasion of Manchuria. Stimson doctrine proclaimed that the US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force.

George C. Marshall

Secretary of State, invited the Europeans to work out a joint plan for their economic recovery, offered financial aid to the Soviet Union and its allies

Christian A. Herter

Secretary of state under Dwight Eisenhower

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

Belknap Scandal

Secretary of war William Belknap pocketed bribes from suppliers to the Indian Reservations. Forced to resign, undermined Grant as president

Zimmerman telegraph

Sent by Germany to Mexico that encouraged Mexico to help Germany FIght against the US if they entered war and in return Germany would help Mexico get their land back from the US.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Monroe-Pickney Treaty

Sent to end British impressement but failed to address it and thus it was not passed.

Ford Assassination attempt

Sept. 22, 1975, saved by the secret service

McKinley shot in Buffalo

September 1901

Convention of 1818

Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.

Public Works Program

Set up by Hoover, hired workers to construct schools, courthouses, dams and pave highways.

Franco- Prussian War

Set up by Otto Von Bismarck, war was declared July 19, 1870. In January 1871, Palace of Versailles was captured and Wilhelm I was named Kaiser. This empire was called the Second Reich. Caused massive French depression and resulted in the Paris Commune(See Euro notes for more detail)

Daylight Savings Time introduced

Setting of cloaks ahead by one hour to provide more daylight at the end of the day during late spring, summer, and early fall. Used to save coal and other fuels during WWI

Millerites

Seventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end.

Legionnaries disease

Severe form of Pneumonia — lung inflammation usually caused by infection.Bacterial growth stored in water.Killed 29 in Philadelphia

Share the Wealth Society

Share Our Wealth was a movement begun during the Great Depression by Huey Long, a governor and later United States Senator from Louisiana.

Sandra Day O'Connor

She was a laywer and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. She was the first woman to be a justice on the Supreme Court.

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

Panama Canal begun by French

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

Suez Canal completed

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

Payne- Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Battle of Little Big Horn

Sioux leader sitting bull led the fight against general George Custer and the 7th cavalry. The Sioux wanted miners out of the black hills, and had appealed to government officials in Washington to stop the miners. Washington doesn't listen. When custer came to little bighorn rivers sitting bull and his warriors were ready and killed them all!

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.

Grange founded

Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Social scandal; John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake before her husband died in 1828; cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton; Jackson sided with Eatons; affair helped dissolve cabinet.

Max Eastman

Socialist The Masses (socialist) A graphically innovative magazine of socialist politics published monthly in the U.S. from 1911 until 1917, when Federal prosecutors brought charges against its editors for conspiring to obstruct conscription. The Liberator and then later The New Masses succeeded it. It published reportage, fiction, poetry and art by the leading radicals of the time

Shaker Colonies Grow

Some of the first Utopian Socialists, "Shook with the holy spirit"

Cuban Revolt against Spain

Spain suppressed this through brutal methods such as torture and murder, people disappearing

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Philippines

Spanish colony in the Pacific whom the US helped free from the Spanish, but soon after took as their own colony

Democratic Party Split 1924

Split between progressives and democratic party, results in the victory of the Republican Candidate (Coolidge)

Standard Oil founded

Standard Oil was a predominant integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was dissolved by the United States Supreme Court in 1911; John D. Rockefeller

Detroit Race Riots

Started as a tussle between blacks and whites on a Sunday afternoon, at a beach on the Detroit River, and then grew into a riot when white sailors stationed nearby joined the fight. 9 whites dead and 25 blacks dead. Lasted 3 days.

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

Stephen Decatur v. Barbary Pirates

Stephen Decatur won many battles on the side of the US against Barbary Pirates

United Mine Workers Strike

Strike in PA that TR realized would make people run out of coal resulting in a loss of heat. So, he threatened to send troops to work the mines unless the owners agreed to negotiate. This is called collective bargaining.

Gadsden Purchase

Strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million. Imperialism?

Confederate Conscription Act

Subjected all white males between the ages of 18 and 35 to military service for 3 yrs. A draftee could avoid service if he furnished a substitute.

Edwin Drake- drills first oil well

Successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, PA. Started an oil boom across Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Texas

Millard Fillmore becomes President

Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

Equal Rights Amendment

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

Supreme Court case in which Edward Prigg appealed to the US Supreme Court on the grounds that the Pennsylvania law arrogated the State powers over and above those allowed by the US Constitution The court held that Federal law is superior to State law, and overturned the conviction of Prigg as a result.

Ableman v. Booth

Supreme Court case that originated in Wisconsin in 1854. A warning flash of what was to come. Supreme Court upheld the fugitive slave law. Wisconsin legislature responded by series of resolutions about state rights.

Engle v Vitale

Supreme Court case that ruled that prayer in public school violated the principle of separation of church and state.

Miranda v Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

"Rule of Reason" Decision

Supreme court decision in interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, aided in the Standard Oil Case, combinations of contracts lead restraining trade are subject to Anti-Trust laws

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce

Anti-rent War

Tennent's revolt in upstate New York

Dollar Diplomacy

Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing loans to foreign countries

The Wasteland

The (1922) T. S. Eliot's epic poem, depicting a world devoid of purpose or meaning.

Theodore Roosevelt elected

R. Theodore Roosevelt vs Alton B Parker vs Eugene V Debs <> epic landslide by Roosevelt

Brownsville Affair

Racial incident that grew out of tensions between whites in Texas and black infantrymen. rifle shots killed one white man and wounded another. White commanders at Fort Brown believed all the black soldiers were in their barracks at the time of the shooting; but the city's mayor and other whites asserted that they had seen black soldiers on the street firing indiscriminately, and they produced spent shells from army rifles to support their statements. Despite evidence that the shells had been planted as part of a frame-up, investigators accepted the statements of the mayor and the white citizens.

Wilson Nobel Peace Prize

Received in 1920 for work on Treaty of Versailles

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

National Women's Alliance Formed

Representatives from difference women's groups joined together to form the NWA - called for full equality of the sexes, prevention of war, and prohibition of alcohol, tobacco and narcotics

First Birth Control Clinic

opened by margaret sanger in Brooklyn NY (1916)

Baltimore and Ohio RR

opening a thirteen mile stretch of track in 1830, this railroad company was the first to begin actual operations

US intervention in Somalia

originally humanitarian then to get rid of aideed

Lochner v. New York

overturns new york law setting 8 hr maximum working hours for bakery workers- 1905

Locofocos

part from the Democratic Party created in New York City that was against monopoly and was for free trade; **ideas were a source of Martin Van Buren's economic policy

Tenure of Office

passed by Congress in 1867 -stated that the president cannot fire any appointed officials without consent of Congress - Congress passed this act knowing that Johnson would break it - Johnson fired Stanton without asking Congress, thus giving Congress a reason to impeach him

Standard Oil Monopoly

perfected the idea of controlling a company. Unfied his empire under the standard oil company of new jersey. Rockefeller was one of the richest men in american history

Hay- Pauncefote Treaty

permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany ; negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany ; negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade

Overman Act

planned economy for the U.S.- we will divide America into sections (food, industry, labor unions, transportation, etc.). Every branch would have an administrator. We were trying to create a more efficient and effective government.

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Recognition of Latin American Republics

profitable trade with Latin America. In 1815 proclaimed neutrality, partial recognition of rebels' status as nations. Provided them with supplies, established diplomatic relations with 5 nations, first to recognize them.

Young Plan

program for settlement of German reparations after World War I. Presented by American Owen D. Young. Set the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. Was adopted by the Allied Powers in 1930 to supersede the Dawes Plan.

1880 Election

proved Republicans didn't need the black vote to win presidency, garfield/arther (r.); want reform; garfield = half breed; arthur = stalwart vs. hancock (d.); garfield wins

The Newlands Act

provided that money from the sale of desert lands in the West be used to finance irrigation projects

20th Amendment

reduce the amount of time between the election of the President and Congress and the beginning of their terms.

Joseph Smith killed

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

Emergency Tariff non agricultural products

republicans returned to power and responded to mini-depression; raised agricultural rates to protect farmers

Bayard- Chamberlain Treaty

resolved a fishery dispute in the waters of Newfoundland and adjacent provinces. Provided joint commission to define American rights in Canadian waters.

1920 Census

revealed over 1/2 of population living in urban areas; first time in US history more people lived in cities rather than rural areas; AMs had to come to terms w/ urbanization & the rise of cities

Stock Market Panic

run on currency, closing banks, no cash for businesses and manufactures to be able to open. 158 national banks failed, mostly in the South and West. 172 state banks and 177 private banks, 47 savings banks, 13 loan and trust companies and 16 mortgage companies failed

Pike's Expeditions

searched for source of the Mississippi river. (explored upper Mississippi) (didn't find it) Pike's group crossed Kansas and Colorado. (1806-1807)

Civil Rights commission

set up by the Civil Rights Act and was made to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

settled the dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada as well as the location of the border in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains -called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories

Denmark Vessey

slave who purchased his freedom, planned a large slave rebellion, but was found out by Charleston SC, arrested and executed

"Bye, Bye, Blackbird"

song published in 1926 by the American composer Ray Henderson and lyricist Mort Dixon. It is considered a popular standard and was first recorded by Gene Austin in 1926.

Tariff Act- Protectionist

sought to protect growing American Heavy industry.

William Faulkener

southern novelist challenging writing styles and conventions

Monore Doctorine

stated the US couldn't interfere with European affairs or with Europe's remaining colonies Europe cant take back any colonies, create new ones or interfere with government

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

War of Drugs

the "fight" that many people participated in in order to control drugs and reduce the amount of people using them

Coercion Acts

the 1817 acts in Britain that temporarily suspended habeas corpus and extended existing laws against seditious gatherings in order to repress discontent

Esch- Cummins Transportation Act

the 1920 act of Congress in which the railroads were returned to private ownership with a pledge of government help to make them profitable

Slaughterhouse cases

the 5th and 14th amendments do not guarantee federal protection of individual rights of all citizens of the United States against discrimination by their own state governments; made a distinction between state citizenship and national citizenship

Boston Police strike

the Police Force in Boston, MA went on a strike, and in fear of communism, President Coolidge (then governor at the time) fired them and called in the militia to be the police force

Andrew Mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

Battle of Fallen Timbers

the U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Appomattox Courthouse

the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

Cable Act

the cable act ended the citizenship law that if a woman married someone of foreign birth, the women lost her US citizenship, became citizen of that country.

"Young America"

the confident, manifest destiny spirit of the Americans in the 1840's and 50's. Expansionists began to think about transmitting the dynamic, democratic spirit of the US to other countries by aiding revolutionaries, opening up new markets, and annexing foreign lands. Highly nationalistic, similar to the "Young Italy" of the 1830s

San Jacinto

the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas,

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Force Acts

the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

Thomas W. Miller

the head of the Office of Alien Property, was caught taking a bribe

Domino Theory

the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control

Reed v Reed

the landmark case in 1971 in which the supreme court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination.

Ida B. Wells anti lynching campaign

the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.

Yellowstone National Park

the oldest national park in the world; has more gysers and hot springs than any other area in the world

Muckracking

the practice of journalists to expose the inappropriate actions of public officials, government organizations, or corporations.

"Hundred Days"

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

Spoil's System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

wireless telegraph

the use of radio to send telegraphic messages (usually by Morse code)

Edmunds Act- polygamy

this act passed in 1887 destroyed the temporal power of the Mormon church by confiscating all assets over $50,000 and establishing a federal commission to oversee all elections in the territory

Electoral Count Act

this act set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 people from the senate, house, and supreme court.

Election of 1820

this election was James Monroe's re-election that was unopposed meaning nobody ran against it. Monroe toured the whole nation and got all but 1 electoral vote. Federalist party no longer existed.

Oklahoma Indian Territory opens to whites

this is where the Natives were taken to on the trail of tears; was supposed to be permanently free of white encroachments, but in 15 years the whites started to take the land; devoid of resources & fertile soil

Timber Culture Act

this land ownership oppurtunity passed in 1873 gave a new chance for prospective land owners in the west to buy 160 acres on the condition that trees would be grown on 40 of the 160 acres in 10 years

Medicine Lodge Treaty- reservations

this treaty assigned reservations in existing Indian Territory to the Comanches, Plains Apaches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, bringing these tribes together with the Sioux, Shoshones, Bannocks, and Navajos

International Ladies' Garment Workers Union

this union was made up of men and women that created garments for ladies. they made gains like shorter day and higher wages but possibly their greates gains came after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire when safety precautions

"Crime of '73"

through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Ragtime

type of music that blended African-American songs and European musical forms

First High School est.

The English High School in Boston, 1821

First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Korean Conflict

The Korean War was fought from 1950 to 1953. The North was supported by USSR and later People's Republic of China while the South was supported by U.S. and small United Nations force. The war ended in stalemate, with Korea still divided into North and South.

Ulysses S. Grant elected

The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868.

William McKinley reelected president

The Republicans nominated William McKinley on a platform that advocated imperialism while the Democrats chose Willima J. Bryan on a platform of free silver. During the election, the Republicans professed tha free silver would end U.S. prosperity. McKinley won the election with an overwhelming victory in the urban areas.

Albert Fall

The Secretary of the Interior who accepted bribes from an oil company and started the Teapot Dome Scandal.

Tecusmseh and Prophet

The Shawnee chief that organized an Indian confederacy to try to defend Indian land and culture in the Ohio country. In 1811 his confederacy was shattered at the Battle of Tippecanoe. He was killed at the Battle of the Thames during the War of 1812.

Danbury Hatters strike

The Supreme Court declared in 1908, after a strike by workers in Danbury, Connecticut, which was known for its hat industry, that unions were prohibited from setting up boycotts in support of strikes. It was said that a boycott was a "conspiracy in restraint of trade."

Tariff Act

The Tariff Act were tariffs (taxes on import and export goods) to help raise money for the National Government and earn some money.

Olympic boycott

The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Election of Martin Van Buren

The Whigs tried to eat the Democrats' national organization with an array of sectional candidates, hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives. The strategy failed. Martin Van Buren, with significant support in every section of the country, defeated the three Whig candidates combined.

"Tariff of Abominations"

The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.

Force Bill Compromise Tariff

The compromise tariff was proposed by Clay to be a resolution to the nullification crisis caused by the Tariff of Abomination in 1828 and the Tariff of 1832. Was to gradually lower import taxes until 1842 (1833). The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832.

Hubert H. Humphrey

The democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. This support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Charles Curtis

The first Native American Vice President of the United States from Kansas.

Native American Association

The first secret society that emerged as a result of the "alien menace;" began fighting against immigration in 1837. Ultimately the members of the nativist movement became known as the "Know-Nothings."

Chisholm V. Georgia

The heirs of Alexander Chisholm (a citizen of South Carolina) sued the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court upheld the right of citizens of one state to sue another state, and decided against Georgia.

"Rip Van Winkle"

The hero of Washington Irving's story about a man who went into the mountains to hunt. There he found a group of little men playing ninepins. He joined them and after the game lay down to take a nap, which lasted 20 years.

Reconstruction Acts

The law that put southern states under US military control and required them to draft new constitutions upholding the 14th amendment. A period of radical reconstruction.

National Baseball League founded

The league was created in 1876

Portsmouth Peace Conference

The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 The negotiations gained the Peace Prize for Roosevelt, but it also damaged Russian and Japanese relations with the U.S.

Robert F Kennedy Assassination

The murder of (in the answer) in a Southern California hotel after giving a speech following a victory in CA's presidential primary. He had been a prominent frontrunner in the elections, with support and sympathy for many hated and discriminated groups who were angry at their treatment. His major belief was that the Vietnam War was unneeded and hurt, rather than bolstered, the country, and that money could be better spent helping the poor and neglected Americans in their own country.

"Black Sox"

The name "Black Sox" also refers to the Chicago White Sox team from that year. Eight members of the Chicago franchise were banned from baseball for throwing (intentionally losing) games, giving the victory to the Cincinnati Reds.

Wilson declaresU.S. Neutrality

The outbreak of war surprised most Americans. They tended to view the war as a strictly European matter. President Woodrow Wilson received strong support when he announced a policy of neutrality. This was held until the Lusitania incident.

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Liberty Party formed

The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade.

Economic Panic of 1819

The post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended with this event that was brought on primarily by switch to more conservative credit policies of second Bank of U.S.; prosperity does not return until 1824

Lecompton Constitution rejected

The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union supporting the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Aroostook War

The result of the conflict over The Caroline ship, which consisted of angry Americans and Canadians, mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the disputed Aroostook River region, causing a violent brawl.

Congressional Reconstruction

The return of 11 ex-Confederates to high offices and the passage of the Black Codes by southern legislatures angered the Republicans in Congress so that they adopted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective of freed blacks.

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Ludlow Massacre

The violent deaths of 20 people, 11 of them children, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado in the on April 20, 1914.

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

An American Tragedy

Theodore Dreiser. (1925) Clyde Griffiths, whose troubles with women and the law take him from his religious upbringing in Kansas city, to the town of Lycurgus, New York. Materialistic Hortense Briggs, farm girl Roberta Alden (who drowns), aristocratic Sondra Finchley. Clyde is found guilty of murdering Roberta, and sentenced to death. Abortion, societal ills.

Second Hague Conference

Theodore Roosevelt

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Selective Service Act

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

Warehouse Act

This Act said that loans could be secured by certain staple crops. It also said that your crops could be used as collateral the same way that your house could.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Teller Amendment

This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone.

Internal Revenue Act

This act introduced in 1862 so that the Union could pay for the Civil war instituted an Internal Revenue Service to implement a income tax that would not be properly obtained until Woodrow Wilson

Embargo

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Gramm- Rudman- Hollings Balanced Budget Act

This act was passed in order to keep the federal deficit under control in 1985. -it provided spending cuts across the board (Court rulings kept this legislation from succeeding and achieving its full purpose, but Congress was still able to reduce the deficit by $66 billion from 1986 to 1988.)

14th Amendment

This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.

13th Amendment

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

McNary- Haugen Farm Relief Bill

This bill never became law, and was a highly controversial plan in the 1920s to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products. The plan was for the government to buy the wheat, and either store it or export it at a loss.

Ross Perot gets 20 million votes

This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

London Naval Conference

This consisted of three major international naval conferences in London, the first in 1908-09, the second in 1930 and the third in 1935. The latter two, together with the Washington Naval Conference in 1921-22 and the Geneva Conferences (1927 and 1932), resulted in agreements between the major powers on navy vessel numbers, armaments and the rules of engagement in the inter-war period.

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

War Industries Board

This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce.

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

Secession of South Carolina

This happened on December 20, 1860, following the electoral college vote

Federal Trade Commission Act

This law authorized a presidentially-appointed commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopolies at the source.

Espionage Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Robert Fulton- Nautilus

This man invented the first commercially successful steamboat in the United States.

James F. Byrnes

This man ran FDR's Office of Economic Stabilization. Under his rule from 1942 to 1946, the US was an absolute socialist model run off of this department. He was arguably the most powerful man in America during the war

Beirut Barracks Bombing

This occurred during the Lebanese Civil War, when two truck bombs struck separate buildings housing United States and French military forces—members of the Multinational Force in Lebanon—killing 299 American and French servicemen. The organization Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the bombing.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Bureau of Mines

This organization was set up by Taft to control mineral resources. It rescued millions of acres from exploitation and protected water-power sites from private development. This was one of his praiseworthy accomplishments that were overshadowed by his blunders.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

This organization, formed in 1890, to coordinate the ultimately successful campaign to achieve women's right to vote.

Iran- Contra arms deal

This scandal broke in the fall of 1986 when members of President Ronald Reagan's administration had secretly sold military parts and ammunition to Iran. In exchange, the Iranian government was to help free several U.S. citizens who were being held hostage by pro-Iranian groups. The money raised from the sale of the military supplies was passed to the Nicaraguan contras, a rebel group fighting against the government of Nicaragua. This complex arrangement violated several U.S. laws that banned both the sale of military supplies to Iran and the provision of funds to the contra rebels. The incident damaged the reputation and legacy of President Reagan.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Civil Rights Act

This secured the rights of freedmen., it gave citizenship to African- Americans

Fordney- McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Treaty of Greenville

This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio. Anthony Wayne was the American representative.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Slidell Mission

This was a last ditch attempt to gain California for America. Polk sent Slidell to offer a maximum of $25 million for it, but it was rejected by the Mexicans. This prompted Polk to provoke war with the Mexicans.

Morrill Tariff Act

This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. This was just one the new taxes being passed to meet the demanding costs of the war. Although they were still low to today's standers they still raked in millions of dollars.

Bryan-Chamorro Treaty

This was between Nicaragua and the U.S. and stated that the U.S. would intervene in Nicaragua if it was "necessary," an ambiguous statement to be interpreted by the U.S.

Thomas Paine published "Age of Reason"

Thomas Paine says he believes in a God, but he doesn't believe some things that science can't explain or historians can't prove (i.e Moses walking back down with the word of God, or Jesus' Resurrection.) Wanted reason and rational thoughts when it came to everything, including religion. Denounced the miraculous stories of the Bible.

Robert M. Lafollette

Three term governor of Wisconsin, then U.S. Senator in 1906, he was one of the earliest proponents of Progressive Reform.

Erie Canal Opens

Tolls quickly pay for the enormous project and start turning a profit

Russo-American Treaty 54' 40

Treaty establishing the border between the Oregon Country and Russian America at 54 ْ 40' N. (1824)

Fair Deal

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Billy Mitchell

U.S. Army officer who early advocated a separate U.S. air force and greater preparedness in military aviation. He was court-martialed for his outspoken views and did not live to see the fulfillment during World War II of many of his prophecies: strategic bombing, mass airborne operations, and the eclipse of the battleship by the bomb-carrying military airplane.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Harry Daugherty

U.S. attorney general and a member of Harding's corrupt "Ohio Gang" who was forced to resign in administration scandals

Alaska acquired

U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars

Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty

U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama

Uriah Stephens

U.S. labor leader. He led nine Philadelphia garment workers to found the Knights of Labor in 1869, a more successful early national union.

Annexation of Texas

U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office

Populist Party formed

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Cuban Republic Established

US Retains right to intervene in affairs

Challenger explodes

US Space Shuttle goes up in flames killing all on board

US withdrawal from Dominican Republic

US ends occupation of the Dominican Republic, that started in 1916

United States sizes Veracruz

US intervenes in the Mexican revolution

Depression ends

US recovers from panic of 1873

Navajo "Long Walk"

Union army launched a campaign against the navajo in the southwest, destorying their orcahrds and sheep and foricng 8,000 people to a reservation set aside by the government

Ulysses S. Grant

Union military commander who won victories when others had failed and defeated Lee

Admiral Farragut

Union ships commander attacked the two forts guarding the approach to New Orleans and The Gulf of Mexico

George Gershwin

United States composer who incorporated jazz into classical forms and composed scores for musical comedies (1898-1937)

John Foster Dulles

United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959)

Cordell Hull

United States diplomat who did the groundwork for creating the United Nations (1871-1955)

James Naismith

United States educator (born in Canada) who invented the game of basketball (1861-1939)

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Peter Cooper- 1st locomotive

United States industrialist who built the first American locomotive

George Eastman

United States inventor of a dry-plate process of developing photographic film and of flexible film (his firm introduced roll film) and of the box camera and of a process for color photography (1854-1932)

Elias Howe

United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers (including Isaac M. Singer) (1819-1867)

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Gertrude Ederle

United States swimmer who in 1926 became the first woman to swim the English Channel

Jack London

United States writer of novels based on experiences in the Klondike gold rush (1876-1916)

Carl Sandburg

United States writer remembered for his poetry in free verse and his six volume biography of Abraham Lincoln (1878-1967)

Willa Cather

United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947)

Jack the Ripper

Unknown British serial killer, known to kill prostitutes on the East end of London. Thought to be Walter Richard Sickert, an apprentice of Whistler.

Mississippi First Direct Primary

Used to elect a presidential canidate

US recognizes Carranza government in Mexico

Venustiano Carranza came into power after a revolution, first president and drafted the current Mexican constitution, Wilson finally recognizes in 1915

Walter F. Mondale

Vice President of Jimmy Carter and Democratic nominee for President; lost a crushing defeat against Ronald Reagan.

Nelson A. Rockerfeller

Vice President under Ford

Alben W. Barkley

Vice President under Harry S. Truman

Lyndon B. Johnson

Vice President under John F. Kennedy, succeeded him for the presidency after his assassination

George H Bush

Vice President under Ronald Reagan

Richard M. Nixon

Vice President under Wight Eisenhower

Communist Vietnam

Vietnam becomes communist after America loses the Vietnam war

War extends to Laos and Cambodia

Vietnam war extends to more East Asia Countries, reignites the anti-war movement

More state secede

Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina

Roosevelt visits the Panama Canal

Visits the Panama Canal

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

San Francisco Earthquake

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake allowed a critical change to Chinese immigration patterns. The practice known as "Paper Sons" and "Paper Daughters" was allegedly introduced. Chinese would declare themselves to be United States citizens whose records were lost in the earthquake.

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

Barnburners

The Barnburners were a part of the Democratic party in New York. They left in 1848 to form the Free Soil Party but rejoined after the election of 1848. They believed slavery should not be extended into the newly acquired U.S. territory and were pro-Wilmot Proviso. Their party slogan was "Free Trade, Free Labor, Free Speech, Free Men."

Leaves of Grass

Walt Whitman's shocking collection of emotional poems

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce

Wanted to lead his people out of the war and lead them some place where there were no white people. Led them for 1,500 miles and decided to go to Canada and leave the country. Stopped 300 miles short of the Canadian border and battle broke out, he surrendered and said "I am tired of fighting".

War of 1812

War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

John Nance Garner

Was a Democrat who served as Speaker of the House of Representatives who initially ran for the Democratic nomination for President in 1932 before joining FDR'S ticket ad his vice president candidate.

Charles E. Hughes

Was a prominent figure in American politics in the early 20th century. His first stint in politics occurred as the Governor of New York. After a brief spell as associate Justice on the Supreme Court, Hughes ran as the Republican candidate in 1916 against Woodrow Wilson. After losing to Harding, he returned to the Supreme Court under Harding, but this time as Chief Justice.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Proclamation of Neutrality

Washington's proclamation that America will not get involved in foreign affairs

Watts riots

Watts: August, 1965, the riot began due to the arrest of a Black by a White and resulted in 34 dead, 800 injured, 3500 arrested and $140,000,000 in damages. Detroit: July, 1967, the army was called in to restore order in race riots that resulted in 43 dead and $200,000,000 in damages.

Noah Webster's Dictionary

Webster's Dictionary refers to the line of dictionaries first developed by Noah Webster in the early 19th century. helped to standardize the American language, 1st dictionary. Reformed how people say words and reformed spelling.

Black Friday

When Fisk and Gould bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell $4 million in gold from its reserves.

Pottawatomie massacre

When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas.

William Henry Harrison elected

Whigs united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. Borrowing campaign tactics from the Democrats and inventing many of their own, Whigs campaigned hard in every state. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system.

Construction of White House

White House constructed in Washington DC

Clinton Scandals

Whitewater-taking bribes from real estate. Gennifer Flowers-affair, nothing really happened. Paula Jones-sexual harassment, settled out for 850,000 dolllars. Monica Lewinsky-claimed they had an affiar, told friend. clinton then lies under oath, then became impeached

O Pioneers!

Willa Cather Historical fiction

"Solemn Referendum"

Wilson's proposed method of appealing to the people on the topic of the treaty in the presidential campaign of 1920

Calvin Coolidge Elected

With Republican Coolidge running against Democrat Davis and Progressive Lafollette, the liberal vote was split between the Democrat and the Progressive, allowing Coolidge to win.

Uncle Tom's Cabin Published

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end

James Fennimore Cooper

Wrote numerous sea-stories as well as the historical romances known as the Leather stocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many people consider his masterpiece.

Judiciary Act

a 1789 law that created the structure of the Supreme Court and set up a system of district courts and circuit courts for the nation

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Standard Oil Case

a 1911 antitrust case in which Standard Oil was found guilty of violating the Sherman Act by illegally monopolizing the petroleum industry

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Alfred Mahan

a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

Ex Parte Miligan

a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.

Schenck v. US

a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case served as the founding of the "clear and present danger" rule.

Beatniks

a United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Liberia founded

a West African nation founded in 1820 by the American Colonization Society to serve as a homeland for free blacks to settle

National War Labor Board

a board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

The Interpretation of Dreams

a book by Sigmund Freud presented the theory of dream analysis which was considered to be the royal road to the unconsciousness

Corrupt bargin

a claim that said Clay had made a deal w/adams in which Clay would support Adams for president and in return clay would receive a high political appointment

Ostend Manifesto

a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Medicaid

a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them

American Federation of Labor

a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955

Harlem Renaissance

a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American.

Teapot Dome Scandal

a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration

Ashcan School

a group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city life

Copperheads

a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Gideon v Wainwright

a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

Fugitive Slave Act

a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Murchison Letter

a letter asking the British ambassador who he would vote for, he said Cleveland. It ended up hurting Cleveland because the people were scared that an outside country could influence the vote. Hurt Cleveland in the electoral vote

Germany resumes Submarine Warfare

a major part of the German naval effort against the allies during World War I; when employed against the United States it precipitated American participation in the war, breaks Sussex promise

Al Capone

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

The Red Badge of Courage

a naive young man (Henry Fleming) matures as a result of fighting in the Civil War

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression.

"New Federalism"

a policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)

Josiah Strong

a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

Alliance for Progress

a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems

Theodore Weld

a prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. He was self-educated and very outspoken. Weld put together a group called the "Land Rebels." He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is.

Whiskey Rebellion

a protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy

Confederate States of America formed

a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Orders- in- Council -Great Britain

a response to Napoleons continental system

Puerto Rico

a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States occupying the island of Puerto Rico

Mulligan Letters

a series of letters written by James G. Blaine to a Boston businessman, Warren Fisher Jr., that indicated Blaine had used his official power as Speaker of the House of Representatives to promote the fortunes of the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad.

Lincoln/ Douglass Debates

a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas for an Illinois seat in the Senate. led to Abe Lincoln being elected to the senate and this experience later propelled him to the Presidency

Goliad

a site where about 400 defeated, surrounded, and surrendered americans were slaughtered by santa anna. "remember goliad" became a war cry soon thereafter.

"Molly Maguire's" crushed

a society fo irish miners who engaged in a violent confrontation with pennsylvania mining companies in the 19th century.

Bill of Rights

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Bakke Decision

affirmative action; one cannot be discriminated against because of race or sex

Amistad Case

africans destined for slavery in cuba seized a ship and tried to sail it to africa but the US navy seized it and held the africans as pirates; court declared them free because of the international slave trade had been illegal

Knights of Labor dissolved

after Haymarket Square Riot Knights of Labor appears to general public to favor anarchy of disgruntled, striking workers. Image causes the organization to die.

Tompkins Square Riot

after being denied a permit to rally for steady jobs, 7,000 working class men and women decided to do so anyways. Upon arrival, they were attcked by clubs of 1600 policemen; started "era of labor violence and conflict".

Veteran's Bureau

agency headed by Charles Forbes who stole over $250 million worth by conedming supplies and then selling htem t discount rates --> fined 10,000 dollars

North America Free Trade Agreement

agreement that reduced trade barriers among Mexico, Canada, and the United States

Neutrality Act 1937

allow trade but prevent foreign entanglements by requiring warring nations to pay cash for non-military goods, and trasnport them in their ships, "cash-and-carry"

Cooperative Marketing Act

allowed farmers to exchange "past, present, and prospective crop, market, statistical, economic, and other similar information" at their local cooperative meeting, without breaking antitrust laws

Lend Lease

allows America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the U.S."

U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company

also known as the "'Sugar Trust Case.'" a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies. The case, which was the first heard by the Supreme Court concerning the Sherman Antitrust Act, was argued on October 24, 1894 and the decision was issued on January 21, 1895.

16th amendment

amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

William Kelly

american who created a process of turning iron into steel, but wasn't credited for it in its name.

Adams- Onis Treaty

an 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States

Wade-Davis Bill vetoed

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

American Protective Association

an American anti-Catholic society (similar to the Know Nothings) that was founded on March 13, 1887 by Attorney Henry F. Bowers in Clinton, Iowa

Charles Lindbergh

an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviational development.

James Fisk

an American financier that was partnered with Jay Gould in tampering with the railroad stocks. He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did and pushed the way to cooperation among the kings where they developed techniques such as pooling.

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Samuel F. B. Morse

an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code

Langston Huges

an african american poet who wrote during the harlem renaissance who encouraged other blacks to be proud of their heritage and protested violence and racism.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

an agreement that limited navel power on the Great lakes for both the United States and British Canada.

Judith Sergeant Murray

an early American advocate for women's rights, an essayist, playwright, poet, and letter writer. She was one of the first American proponents of the idea of the equality of the sexes—that women, like men, had the capability of intellectual accomplishment and should be able to achieve economic independence.

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Santa Fe Trail opens

an important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa fe, New mexico used from about 1821 to 1880

"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

an insult made against NY Irish-Americans by a republican clergyman in the 1884 election. Blaine's failure to repudiate this statement lost him NY and contributed to his defeat by Grover Cleveland.

Cuban Missile Crisis

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

NATO

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

ABC conference

argentina brazil and chile call this to settle mexicos hardship

Taney helps destroy bank

as secretary of the treasury Taney advises Jackson to not renew the bank charter and aids in its take down

Sigmund Freud

austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis

Ku Klux Klan Act

authorized the president to use federal prosecution and military force to suppress conspiracies to deprive citizens of the right to vote and enjoy the equal protection of law

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881

Venezuelan border dispute

british and Venezuelans always fought over the border between V. and British Guiana. The US stepped in on V.'s side because they thought it might be a violation of the Monroe Doctrine. But nothing ever happened because the problem was resolved without a war!

Transcontinental Act

called for the government to finance the railroad, gave land around the tracks to the company that places them

Robert H. Goddard

called the "Father of Modern Rocketry"; built and launched the first liquid-fueled rocket

Baker v Carr

case that est. one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congresional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state

Owen- Glass Act

central banking system of the United States signed by President Wilson.

Cumming V. Richmond Board of Education: Segregates schools

changed the black high school to 4 primary schools in order to provide white students a private school. this showed discrimination but they thought that it wasn't because both races have schools

Hawley- Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

15th amendment ratified

citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

25th Amendment

clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities.

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

David Farragut captures New Orleans

commander of a Union fleet based in the Mississippi River; was successful in attacking and seizing New Orleans

Khmer Rouge

communist party in Cambodia that imposed a reign of terror on Cambodian citizens

Chicago Fire

conflagration that burned from Sunday October 8 to early Tuesday October 10, 1871, killing hundreds and destroying about four square miles in Chicago, Illinois.

Seminole War ends

conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the seminole indians and the us army when the seminoles resisted removal

"Hunkers"

conservative Democrats who opposed the Independent Treasury system, active in the administration of Van Buren

Constitution Union Party

conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats. Didn't take a stand on slavery

Harrison dies

contracted pneumonia and died 4 weeks after inauguration; many Whig plans failed when Tyler (really more Democrat) took office

Greenback issue

contraction- congressional democrats sought inflation to stimulate economic growth, so they printed more greenback then Grant was convinced to take them back so with the Specie Resumption Act of 1875, greenbacks were withdrawn this WORSENED the depression but BOOSTED credit rating

"King Cotton"

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Brown v Board of Education

court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place

Veterans Administration Act

created the Veterans Administration during the Hoover administration that drew together the roles played by the previous Veterans Bureau, the Bureau of Pensions of the Interior Department, and the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers

Tariff Act- lowered rates

created they dyestuff industry, helped to establish more permanent industry

Zachary Taylor dies

death helps push the compromise of 1850 Along

Greenback Labor Movement

demand by farmers to place more dollars in circulaation; therefore inflation, miners and farmers wantd country off of gold sandard and to coin silver, 18790-hgh point, polled over 1 million votes, elected 14 members to congress

Rise of Silas Lapham

described the attempts of a self-made businessperson to enter Boston society

Saturday Night Massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973

Alaska Boundary Dispute

dispute over exact border of Alaskan "panhandle". Both Canada and the US claimed ownership over the Alaska Panhandle, if the US won, Canadas water access through the Lynn canal would be cut off and the American traders would benefit. 3 US, 2 Canada, 1 Britain. US won.

Independent Treasury Act

divorced government from the economy (reinstituted from earlier)

National Security Council Memo 68

document that urged a crash program to maintain America's nuclear edge including the development of a hydrogen bomb

Theory of Relativity

einsteins theory that time is different depending on how fast you travel or how massive of object that you are on

Harry S. Truman

elected Vice President in Roosevelt's 4th term

Light Bulb

electric lamp consisting of a glass bulb containing a wire filament (usually tungsten) that emits light when heated

Neutrality Act 1936

embargo with nations at war and it banned loans to the nations that were fighting

Napoleon's Milan Decree

enforced the Berlin Decree

Containment Policy

established by the Truman administration in 1947 to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II.

George Westinghouse

experimented with AC electrical currents and used transformers to make electrical use more practical and cheaper, investors used his ideas to form Westinghouse Electric

Mann-Elkins Act

extended the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to telephone and telegraph companies

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds

factions in the republican party that emerged by 1880. the stalwarts supported the spoils system while the half-breeds claimed to represent the idea of civil service reform

Fort Sumter

federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Madeleine Albright

first female United States Secretary of State

Elimination of property qualifications for voting

first step in the "Age of the Common man" made power less concentrated in the powerful few

Mount St. Helen

first volcanic eruption in the United States (outside of Alaska and Hawaii) since 1917; erupted in Washington on May 18, 1980

Free-Soil Party

formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848; adopting a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into territories and supported homesteads, cheap postage, and internal improvements. It ran Martin Van Buren (1848) and John Hale (1852) for president and was absorbed into the Republican Party by 1856.

National Labor Union founded

founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks

Hudson Bay Company

founded in 1670 in London, England, by a group of British merchants eager to exploit the resources of northern Canada. An unpopular monopoly in the Oregon Country. This old company merged with Montreal's Northwest Company in 1821, ran a fur monopoly.

Ku Klux Klan founded

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

General Motors Corporation Formed

founded on September 27, 1908, in Flint, Michigan, as a holding company for Buick, then controlled by William C. Durant. often known as simply GM, is a United States based automaker with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan. GM was the world's 18th largest corporate entity and third largest automaker.

Sleeping Cars

gave a place for travelers to stay overnight, created by George M. Pullan

Foraker Act

gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in puerto rico

Water Power Act

gov't reserved sites of American rivers to create hydroelectric dams

Nicaragua Treaty

granted the US canal rights for $3 million and a 99 year lease on the Corn Islands

Johnson impeached and acquitted

he intentionally violates Tenure Act because it was set upt to get him impeached by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stantin, at the Trial his lawyer says his only crime is opposing Congress, 12 democrats and 7 republicans vote him "not guilty", so he escaped impeachment by one vote

Henry A. Wallace

head of the Progressive Party, another faction that branched off from the Dem Party before the election of 1948; was a liberal Democrat who were frustrated that Truman's domestic policies were ineffective and were against his foreign anti-Communist policies

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Charles R. Forbes

head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals.

Archduke Ferdinad

heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary whose assassination set the stage for WWI

Air Brake

helped train cars stop at the same time created by Westinghouse helped trains become more safe

Presidential Succession Act

if both the president and vice president die or leave office, the Speaker of the House becomes president. Next in line is the president pro tempore of the Senate, then the secretary of state and other members of the cabinet.

Thomas "Daddy" Rice

imitated an African-American dance-step called the "cakewalk" (African-American parody of White Americans making the grand entry to a social dance, usually accompanied by rhythms of exemplified syncopation) and called it the "Jumpin Jim Crow"

Niagara Movement

in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.

Judges' Bill

in 1925, the "judges bill" gave the court greater control over its agenda.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Border states

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

John O'Sullivan

influential editor of the Democratic Review who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" in 1845.

"Fireside Chats"

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Cumberland Road Veto

internal improvements that Monroe vetoed 1822

Wilmont Proviso

introduced on August 8, 1846, in the United States House of Representatives as a rider on a $2 million appropriations bill intended for the final negotiations to resolve the Mexican-American War, intended to get rid of slavery in territories

Invasion of Panama

invasion of Panama by the United States during the administration of President George H. W. Bush; Panamanian leader, general, and dictator Manuel Noriega deposed and the Panamanian Defense Force dissolved

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Aldrich-Vreeland Act

it authorized national banks to issue emergency currency, was the precursor of the Federal Reserve Act

First Hague Conference

it occurred in May of 1899 with the summons called by Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. It was attended by 26 nations. The conference had the aim of charting a course toward disarmament and placing limitations on the means of conducting warfare. Unfortunately, varying aims of the participating nations made agreement impossible. One positive achievement emerged from the gathering: provisions were made for the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, a body that would render binding decisions on international disputes between cooperating nations.

McNary- Haugen Bill

it sought to keep agricultural prices high by having the government buy surpluses to sell abroad, vetoed twice by Coolidge

Five Power Naval Treaty

it was discussed in the Washington Conference, it put limitations on weapons and military in US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy.

Stephen Austin goes to Texas

known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

Mayaguez attacked by Cambodia

last official battle of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War involving capture of the ship by Cambodian forces

Carey Act

law by which federal government distributed federal land to the states, on the condition that it be irrigated and settled

Contract Labor Law

law that allowed employers to sign contracts with workers from Europe for temporary work in the US

Patent and Copyright laws

laws protecting the intellectual property of Americans

Ralph Nadar

lawyer who began to investigate whether flawed car designs led to increased accidents and deaths

Eugene v. Debs Social Democratic Party

leader of the american railway union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. he was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

National Women's Suffrage Association

leading force in suffrage movement; led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who took a local approach; became more popular after Carrie Chapman Catt took over

Brigham Yong

led mormons to utah

American Economic Association fromed

liked economics to social problems, urged govt. intervention in economic affairs. Founded by Richard Ely.

22nd Amendment

limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve

Whitewater investigation

linking President Clinton and his wife with questionable business dealings involving Arkansas real estate; they were cleared in 2000

Telegraph develped

machine invented by Samuel Morse in 1832 that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire

Glass- Stegall Act

made loans more available; released 750 million in gold; countered effect of foreign withdrawl and domestic hording of gold of gold; largened supply of credit

Admiral Robert Perry reaches North Pole

man who led 1st expedition to the north pole

Eli Whitney- Interchangeable parts

mass production employing interchangeable parts; Whitney first put it into practice, who was known for his cotton gin; wanted to be able to produce great numbers of muskets quickly; made it possible for owners of damaged objects to send away to a factory for the needed part, confident that the new one would precisely substitute for the old

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

"hand" speech

mudras

SALT

negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Income Tax declared unconstitutional

no longer required to pay income taxes

Blockade of South

north blockaded the coast from VA to TX to cut south off from supplies. also prevented confederacy from exporting cotton and tobacco. iron-clad confederate ship merrimac attempted to break blockade but prevented by union ship, the monitor

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

Booker T. Washington in Atlanta

o Blacks. o Southern whites. o Northern philanthropists.

Anti- Imperialist League formed

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Steel strike Indiana

occured in 1919 ; workers represented by the American Federation of Labor went on strike against the United States Steel Corporation ; workers at other companies joined the strike ; labor unrest eventually involved more than 350,000 workers ; known as the Great Steel Strike of 1919 ; huge work stoppage

Morrill Land Grant Act

of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.

Sheppart- Towner Act

of 1921 was a U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care. It was sponsored by Senator Morris Sheppard (D) of Texas and Representative Horace Mann Towner (R) of Iowa, and signed by President Warren G. Harding on November 23, 1921. The act provided for federally-financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and gave 50-50 matching funds to individual US states to build women's health care clinics. It was one of the most significant achievements of Progressive-era maternalist reformers.

MacArthur fired

on April 11, 1951 Truman fired General MacArthur for continuing to urge a full scale war against China, which was the direct opposite of what Truman wanted which was a settlement of war

Harding dies

on a speech tour around the country to remove all suspicions against him. died of pneumonia on the trip home

Potato Famine in Ireland

one of the worst famines in modern history; Irish peasants relied on potatoes, but a plant fungus killed most of them → millions starved→ mass immigration to US, Canada, and Australia

Presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

Draft riots in North

were a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War

Pan-American Conference

were meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues. They were first introduced by James G. Blaine of Maine in order to establish closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors, specifically Latin America. Blaine hoped that ties between the USA and its southern counterparts would open Latin American markets to U.S. trade.

Sacco and Vanzetti convicted

were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime

Promontory Point, Utah

where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads met; joined the railroads to create America's first transcontinental railroad

"Solemn Referendum"

wilson's belief that the presidential election of 1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the league of nations

Dewy

won the battle of manila bay...

The Feminine Mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Walden- Thoreau

written by Henry David Thoreau; a personal account of his life spent in a cabin on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived simply and found truth

Call of the Wild

written by Jack London in 1903; this book was about nature and urban youngester that were outdoor-oriented

Stephen Crane

wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears

William Dean Howells

wrote The Rise of Silas Lapham, and other works, in which he described what he considered the shallowness and corruption in ordinary American lifestyles.

H.L. Mencken

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans

Denis v United States

• "Speech is not an absolute, above and beyond control by the legislature when its judgment, subject to review here, is that certain kinds of speech are so undesirable as to warrant criminal sanction."

Importation of Slaves ends

1808, no more foreign importation of slaves, internal slave trade takes off

National Conscription Act

-Draftees would be called by lottery. -Draftees had the opportunity to either pay a commutation fee or hire a replacement.

League of Nations debate in US

-Senate, Isolationists, Reservationists -many senators opposed the treaty of Versailles because of the league of nations: isolationists: rejected treaty because it would involve too many commitments abroad reservationists: only would accept it with certain clauses added to it - people thought that we would be drawn into a war that we didn't want to - U.S 1900s -this was a debate that involved the treaty of versailles

Judiciary Act

-made by Adams before he left office -increased the number of circuit courts -mostly Federalists held positions -repealed in 1802

Gold in the Black Hills

01/01/1874 Took place in Dakota Territory. The Black Hills belonged to the Sioux Tribe according to the Treaty of Laramie in 1868. Despite the treaty, Americans still took over the land for mining purposes. The gold rush started because of a belief of gold on the land. The first actual discovery of gold however, did not take place until 1887.

Chinese Treaty

1. treaty allowed for unrestricted immigration to work on railroad 2. 9 percent of california was chinese 3. many returned home 4. almost all men, the women who came were mostly turned into prositutes. 5. even after railroad construction was complete, immigration continues leading to tension with the irish people 6. coolies as they were called were terrorized

Bill of Rights ratifies

10 of original 12 amendments are ratified

Capitol moves to Philadelphia

1783, moves from New York to Philadephia

French Revolution begins

1789 National Assembly declairs sovereignty

Washington inagurated

1789, literally commander and chief

Washington re-elected

1792- George Washington runs unopposed, and wins unanimously against John Adams (who would once again be Vice-President)

Ben Franklin Writes Autobiography

1793 - unfinished record of his own life written by Benjamin Franklin from 1771 to 1790; however, Franklin himself appears to have called the work his Memoirs.

Jefferson resigns as Sec. of State

1793 resigned because of Hamilton's outrageous ideas

Pickney's Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

John Adams elected President

1796 against Jefferson, Jefferson made vice president

Navy Department est.

1798, act of congress that made a department to handle naval affairs

Jefferson re-elected

1804, Thomas Jefferson against Charles C. Pinckney, Jefferson won 162-14

Barbary War Ends

1805 Gives America several new heros

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

James Madison Elected

1808, James Madison against Charles Pickney, won 122 to 47

Gary Gilmore

He was the first person to be executed after the resumed capital punishment. 1977, was executed from the firing squad.

Herbert Hoover

He was the head of the Food Administration who also led a charity drive to feed Belgians. He ensured the success of the Food Administration and created a surplus of food through volunteer actions.

Hoover Tax Cut

He went to Congress with a $160 million tax cut, coupled with a doubling of resources for public buildings and dams, highways, and harbors

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Joseph Glidden

Invented barbed wire. This allowed a farmer to protect his land and his crops so that wild herds would not trample the property. They can fence in the property more cheaply, and the production of barbed wire went up dramatically in 1874.

Cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, pulled cotton apart quickly and effeciently

Alexander Grahm Bell

Invented the telephone and improved the communitcations industry, which helped spur industrial growth in the late 19th Century.

Shah expelled from Iran

Iranian Shah expelled, escapes to the US where he is treated for his cancer. Is not given back to the Iranians for trial, triggers the hostage situation in Iran

American Hostages released

Iranian hostage situation comes to an end

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Irish and German Immigration

Irish: arriving in immense waves in the 1800's, they were extremely poor peasants who later became the manpower for canal and railroad construction. German: also came because of economic distress, German immigration had a large impact on America, shaping many of its morals. Both groups of immigrants were heavy drinkers and supplied the labor force for the early industrial era.

John C. Calhoun S.C exposition and Protest

South Carolina protest in 1828 that argued that states had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid. Calhoun theorized that the states had this right since they had created the federal Union.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void.

USSR invades Afghanistan

Soviets invade in 1979, war lasts to 1989. Russia was supporting a leader who leaned to the same idealogy of the Russians. Different tribes banded and fought together.- the mujahadeen fighters defeated the conventional army of the Soviets with aid from Pakistan and US. The stinger weapon helps shift the balance. Soviets lose the war and shortly after the USSR breaks up entirely- bankrupted and morally defeated.

"Coxey's Army"

unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief

Al Gore

vice president of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948)

Western Federation of Miners

was a radical labor union that gained a reputation for militancy in the mines of the western United States and British Columbia. Its efforts to organize both hard rock miners and smelter workers brought it into sharp conflicts - and often pitched battles - with both employers and governmental authorities.

Dixicrats

was a shortlived segregationist, socially conservative political party in the United States. It originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the Southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government[1

Excise tax on Whiskey

was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. Farmers who sold their grain in the form of whiskey had to pay a new tax which they strongly resented. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to pay off the national debt.

Pershing

was an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I.

Smithsonian Institution

was founded for the increase and diffusion of knowledge from a bequest to the United States by the British scientist James Smithson, who never visited the new nation. The Smithsonian Institution is an educational and research institute