AP US History Unit 2
"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans." David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992 A.) more often settled as families and rarely intermarried with Native Americans B.) relied more on coerced labor from Native Americans C.) enjoyed relatively peaceful relations with Native Americans D.) adopted some of Native Americans' more egalitarian views on the roles of women
A
The early success of the Pennsylvania colony was due in large part to which of the following? A.) Wars that forced American Indians out of the area B.) William Penn's careful planning and his policy of selling land to settlers C.) The ease of producing cotton and rice in the climate of Pennsylvania D.) William Penn's policy of allowing only selected Quakers to settle there E.) Restrictions on religious liberty that reduced controversy and conflict
B
The introduction of tobacco during the early 1600s in the Virginia colony led to the A.) devastating period of disease called the starving time B.) use of indentured servants, and later enslaved Africans, for agricultural labor C.) concentration of settlers and farms into small village communities D.) emergence of peaceful and cooperative relationships with neighboring American Indian peoples E.) development of a diversified economy
B
The major pattern on the map best supports which of the following statements? A.) Fewer people lived in the British colonies than in the Spanish colonies. B.) British colonies in North America typically had a lower demand for slave labor than did the colonies of other European countries. C.) Enslaved Africans were more likely to live on large plantations in North America than in the Caribbean. D.) Africans in North America were more likely to resist slavery than were Africans in South America.
B
The major purpose of England's mercantilist policy was to A.) protect the infant industries of England's young colonies B.) increase England's prosperity C.) discourage other European powers from colonizing North America D.) reduce the need for an overseas empire E.) open the Atlantic to free trade
B
The system of indentured labor used during the Colonial period had which of the following effects? A.) It enabled England to deport most criminals. B.) It enabled poor people to seek opportunity in America. C._ It delayed the establishment of slavery in the South until about 1750. D.) It facilitated the cultivation of cotton in the South. E.) It instituted social equality.
B
Which of the following was a major difference between the Spanish colonies in the Americas in the 1500s and the English colonies in the Americas in the early 1600s? A.) The Spanish adopted African slavery in their colonies, while the English relied more on American Indian labor. B.) The Spanish more actively sought to convert American Indians to Christianity than did the English. C.) The Spanish tried to change American Indian worldviews, while the English generally accommodated them. D.) The Spanish rejected assimilating American Indians into their culture, while the English favored assimilation.
B
Which of the following was generally accepted by the majority of American colonists as a legitimate use of Parliament's authority? A.)Intolerable Acts B.)Navigation Acts C.) Stamp Act D.) Port of Boston Act E.) Tea Act
B
The expansion of European settlement in the Americas most directly led to which of the following developments? A.) The spread of religious tolerance throughout most of the European colonies in the Americas B.) The growing separation between the colonial economies and the economies of their mother countries C.) The use of enslaved Native Americans and Africans to meet the labor demands of colonial agricultural production D.) The declining competition among the major European powers over their colonial holdings
C
VALUE OF SELECTED GOODS EXPORTED TO BRITISH NORTH AMERICA FROM ENGLAND Which of the following describes a trend in exports from England to British North America between 1699 and 1749 indicated in the table? A.) British colonists began to export manufactured goods to compete with England. B.) England exported more leather to British North America in 1749 than in 1699. C.) Demand in the colonies for manufactured goods from England greatly increased. D.) France increased its imports from the colonies in order to .undermine English influence.
C
Which of the following explains the most likely reason why English colonists wanted to come to North America? A.) To put distance between themselves and the English monarchy B.) To exercise their strong belief in natural rights and liberty for all C.) To seek economic opportunity and improved living conditions D.) To form alliances with French and Dutch settlers already present
C
Which of the following was true of colonial New England? A.) It consisted of loosely organized communities spread some distance apart. B.) Its economy was dependent on large-scale farming and trading. C.) Life was centered in clustered villages with farmland surrounding the villages. D.) Most people lived in large cities. E.) Villages and small towns were tightly organized around an artisan community.
C
Which of the following was true of most Puritans who emigrated to seventeenth-century New England? A.) They had renounced the Church of England. B.) They rejected the authority of the English king. C.) They considered themselves non-Separatists. D.) They approved of the Crown's religious policy. E.) They intended to return eventually to England.
C
In the Colonial period, Quakers were known for all of the following EXCEPT their A.) acceptance of a greater role for women in public worship B.) opposition to the institution of slavery C.) advocacy of freedom of worship D.) refusal to pay taxes E.) refusal to bear arms
D
In the eighteenth century, colonial Virginia and colonial Massachusetts were most alike in that both A.) relied on the marketing of a single crop B.) were heavily dependent on slave labor C.) had an established Anglican church D.) were royal colonies E.) administered local government through justice of the peace
D
Mercantilism, as applied by Britain to its North American colonies, meant that the British government A.) subsidized colonial merchants B.)encouraged the colonists to trade with other foreign countries C.)encouraged the colonies to become economically self-sufficient D.) regulated colonial shipping and tobacco production E.) barred trade with American Indians
D
Settlers who established the British colony in Virginia during the seventeenth century were primarily seeking to A.) recreate an Old World feudalistic society in the New World B.) create a perfect religious commonwealth as an example to the rest of the world C.) create a refuge for political dissidents D.) profit economically E.) increase the glory of Great Britain
D
The demographics of the lower South colonies in 1750 most directly contributed to which of the following conditions for enslaved people? A.) Frequent conversion to evangelical Christianity B.) Widespread opportunities for literacy C.) Extensive apprenticeships in skilled trades D.) Relative autonomy to preserve and adapt African traditions
D
VALUE OF SELECTED GOODS EXPORTED TO BRITISH NORTH AMERICA FROM ENGLAND The table most directly suggests which of the following developments by 1749 ? A.) Native Americans refused to purchase British goods in order to achieve self-sufficiency. B.)Plantation owners began to rely on indentured servants to produce valuable cash crops. C.) Colonists became increasingly vulnerable to the transmission of epidemic diseases such as smallpox. D.)The British established increasingly extensive trade networks to provide goods to its colonies.
D
"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods." — English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696 The goals presented in the excerpt from the act have the most in common with which of the following? A.) Increases in the federal tariff in the 1820s B.) Progressive Era antitrust reforms in the 1900s C.) Free-trade policies in the 1990s D.) Federal tax reductions in the 2000s
A
Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 because she A.) violated Puritan laws regarding marriage B.) advocated the inclusion of American Indians in Puritan congregations C.) was a Quaker who sought converts D.) advocated giving women full inheritance E.) challenged the religious beliefs of the colony's leaders
E
Life in the Jamestown Colony in the early seventeenth century was difficult for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A.) The colonists suffered from malnutrition due to a poor diet. B.) Some colonists believed that farming was beneath their social standing. C.) None of the expected gold or silver was found. D.) A severe outbreak of disease occurred. E.) The Spanish conducted frequent raids.
E
Which of the following characterizes the relationship between church and state for the Puritans who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the seventeenth century? A.) The colonial government officially supported religious toleration. B.) Colonial officials strictly separated church and state. C.) Colonial officials encouraged churches to incorporate Catholic elements of worship. D.) Ministers held most elected offices. E.) Church membership was required for voting and holding public office.
E
VALUE OF SELECTED GOODS EXPORTED TO BRITISH NORTH AMERICA FROM ENGLAND The trend depicted in the table most directly contributed to which of the following developments in British North America? A.) Disagreement over the enforcement of mercantilist restrictions B.) Debates regarding the enactment of religious toleration in some colonies C.) Discussions about whether colonists believed themselves to be British subjects D.) Conflict over whether to allow slavery in the northern colonies
A
Which of the following best explains why Massachusetts Bay officials banished Anne Hutchinson? A.) She challenged gender roles and Puritan orthodoxy. B.)She was found guilty of practicing witchcraft. C.) She preached the doctrine of predestination. D.)She gave birth to a child out of wedlock. E.)She opened an unlicensed tavern.
A
Which of the following best explains why some European colonists intermarried with Native Americans? A.) To create economic and diplomatic relationships between Europeans and Native Americans B.) To ensure that specific European countries could establish claims to land in North America C.) To prevent the enslavement of certain groups of Native Americans considered allies D.) To establish a new culture that synthesized European and Native American elements
A
Which of the following was a characteristic of colonial Pennsylvania? A.) There was no established church. B.)Founder William Penn endorsed a policy of removing American Indians to the western region of the colony. C.)Poor farmland in the backcountry aggravated the colony's economic woes. D.) All White males could vote. E.) The office of governor was an elective post.
A
"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder, 2005 The goals of the Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups? A Puritans in New England B Planters in the Chesapeake region C French missionaries in the Great Lakes region D Spanish settlers in California
A
"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience." The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620 Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the document from which the excerpt was taken? A.) Organizing a system of rules and order in the colony B.) Promoting a Protestant denomination C.) Advocating for intercolonial cooperation D.) Encouraging further English investment in the colony
A
By the end of the seventeenth century, which of the following was true of women in New England? A.) They had begun to challenge their subordinate role in society. B.)They were a majority in many church congregations. C.) They voted in local elections. D.) They frequently divorced their husbands.
A
The Halfway Covenant provided for which of the following? A The baptism of children of baptized but unconverted Puritans B The granting of suffrage to non church members C The expansion of women's power within the Congregational church D The granting of full membership in the Congregational church to all New Englanders E The posting of banns by engaged couples
A
The difference in slave populations depicted in the graphs most directly resulted from differences in A.) climate and geographic conditions for cash crop agriculture B.) the degree of participation in the Atlantic economy C.) colonial relationships with American Indians D.) structures of British imperial control
A
"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods." — English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696 One direct long-term effect of the Navigation Act was that it A.) promoted commercial treaties with Spain and France throughout the 1700s B.) contributed to the rise of opposition that ultimately fostered the independence movement C.) encouraged colonists in North America to expand trade agreements with American Indians D.) led to the imposition of heavy taxes on the North American colonists in the early 1700s
B
"For the increase of shipping... from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging... but in ships or vessels as do... belong only to the people of England... and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English.... "And it is further enacted... that... no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be... transported from any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land... other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty." English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660 Which of the following most likely motivated Parliament to pass the law in the excerpt? A.) The decline of a strong English identity among colonists B.) The desire to pursue mercantilist goals C.) the formation of colonial governments that differed from English models D.) The desire to promote migration to the colonies
B
"New France enter[ed] its golden age in the first decades of the eighteenth century.... In Louisiana, the Illinois country, and the Great Lakes basin, French cities and villages developed alongside Indian villages. . . . Here, natives and Europeans found that their different goals were complementary. The French posed no demographic threat.... The landscape of Indian life had not been seriously altered. The fur trade depended on the integrity of that landscape." Jay Gitlin, historian, "Empires of Trade, Hinterlands of Settlement," 1994 The relationship between American Indians and the French described in the excerpt was most similar to the relationship between American Indians and the A.) British B.) Dutch C.) Spanish D.) Portuguese
B
"Slavery, though imposed and maintained by violence, was a negotiated relationship.... First, even as they confronted one another, master and slave had to concede, however grudgingly, a degree of legitimacy to the other.... [T]he web of interconnections between master and slave necessitated a coexistence that fostered cooperation as well as contestation. Second, because the circumstances of such contestation and cooperation continually changed, slavery itself continually changed. . . . Slavery was never made, but instead was continually remade, for power—no matter how great—was never absolute, but always contingent." Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, 1998 Which of the following contributed most to the increasing use of African slave labor in North America during the 1600s and 1700s? A.) Successful colonial attempts to convert enslaved Africans to Christianity B.) European demand for agricultural products grown in the colonies C.) The spread of European Enlightenment ideas in the colonies D.) A decline in regional distinctiveness among the colonies
B
"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . . "Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior, building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement. . . . "Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid-Atlantic as a region is the extent to which those colonies shared a common history. . . . "The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples. . . . The society of the Middle Colonies surely was 'America's first plural society.' . . . There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were all conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and many other populations already resident at the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to two by century's end, those of [Protestant] England and those of [Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated some form of toleration. . . . Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence." Ned C. Landsman, historian, Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America, published in 2010 Which of the following best describes Landsman's argument in the last paragraph of the excerpt? A.) English conquests in the Middle Colonies were harsher than the conquests of other European empires in the Americas. B.) Toleration of religious diversity in the Middle Colonies was made a necessity because of patterns of migration. C.) The spread of Enlightenment values was the main reason that pluralism developed in the Middle Colonies. D.) The French colonies in North America and the Middle Colonies had very similar settler populations.
B
"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had assaulted the fort and surprised it. . . . With all speed we palisadoed [built barricades around] our fort;... The day before the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue. "[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of the stormy weather. The Indians, thinking us near famished, with careless kindness offered us little pieces of bread and small handfuls of beans or wheat for a hatchet or a piece of copper. In like manner I entertained their kindness and in like... offered them like commodities, but the children, or any that showed extraordinary kindness, I liberally contented with free gift of such trifles as well contented them." John Smith, English explorer relating events in the Virginia colony, 1608 Smith most likely wrote his account for which of the following reasons? A.)To recruit missionaries to come to the Virginia colony B.) To increase support for the colony from the monarchy and investors C.)To promote an alliance between colonists in Virginia and colonists elsewhere in the Americas D.)To encourage the Virginia colonists to abandon the colony
B
"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience." The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620 The ideas introduced in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following patterns among the British North American colonies? A.) The imposition of strict regulation by the Crown and Parliament B.) The establishment of local representative assemblies C.) The pursuit of trade with England and the West Indies D.) The development of agricultural economies
B
"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors, copper kettles, and other goods?... Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia.... While northeastern [American] Indians recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were consistent with their own customs and beliefs." Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996 A direct result of European exploration of North America during the 1500s and early 1600s was the A large-scale migration of American Indians to Europe B introduction of new animals and crops to North America C decline of African slavery in North America D smaller role played by Spain in European affairs
B
A majority of the early English migrants to the Chesapeake Bay area were A.) families with young children B.) indentured servants C.) wealthy gentlemen D.) merchants and craftsmen E.) disfranchised Catholics
B
By passing the Navigation Acts in the 1600s and 1700s, the British government intended to A.) reduce shipping costs between Britain and its North American colonies B.) guarantee that the British government would have a financial share of all colonial exports C.) create a source of income for British royal governors to use for improving colonial roads and canals D.) stimulate direct trade between British North American colonies and Spain and France E.) end colonial complaints about unjust taxation and regulation
B
Colonists from which of the following European nations generally had the most cooperative relations with American Indians? A.) England B.) France C.) Portugal D.) Spain E.) The Netherlands
B
In the seventeenth century, the earliest British colonies in Virginia were saved from economic ruin by A.) the introduction of price controls on agricultural commodities B.) the introduction of tobacco cultivation C.) formal trade treaties with American Indians D.) the extension of the western frontiers E.) increased reliance on indentured servitude
B
Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World, was founded by A.) three aristocratic proprietors seeking private gain B.) a joint stock company anxious to return a profit to investors C.) Sir Walter Raleigh, wishing to gain favor with Elizabeth I D.) King James I, eager to gain a base for expeditions against Spanish shipping E.) John Smith, seeking to spread Christianity
B
The Quakers were unique among the religious groups that settled in North America during the seventeenth century because they A.) defended the rights of White people to hold American Indians in slavery B.) founded a colony in which all inhabitants were obliged by law to subscribe to Quaker beliefs C.) allowed women to speak publicly in their religious meetings and to be missionaries D.) emphasized religious conversion through revival meetings E.) emphasized the distance between the human and the divine
C
"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods." — English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following goals for England's North American colonies? A.) Developing them as a producer of manufactured goods B.) Aiding them in developing trade with other European nations C.) Integrating them into a coherent imperial structure based on mercantilism D.) Protecting them from American Indian attacks
C
"For the increase of shipping... from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging... but in ships or vessels as do... belong only to the people of England... and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English.... "And it is further enacted... that... no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be... transported from any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land... other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty." English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660 Which of the following most directly led to the passage of the Navigation Act of 1660 ? A.) The spread of Enlightenment ideas B.) The development of the English system of slavery C.) The emergence of an Atlantic economy D.) The dominance of market capitalism
C
"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had assaulted the fort and surprised it. . . . With all speed we palisadoed [built barricades around] our fort;... The day before the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue. "[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of the stormy weather. The Indians, thinking us near famished, with careless kindness offered us little pieces of bread and small handfuls of beans or wheat for a hatchet or a piece of copper. In like manner I entertained their kindness and in like... offered them like commodities, but the children, or any that showed extraordinary kindness, I liberally contented with free gift of such trifles as well contented them." John Smith, English explorer relating events in the Virginia colony, 1608 Smith's account of the hardships experienced in the Virginia colony most directly encouraged which of the following changes in subsequent settlements? A.) Intensified efforts to find gold and other precious metals B.) Creation of the encomienda labor system C.) Increased attention to farming and agriculture D.) Expanded collaboration with the Spanish
C
"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws.... Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate [eradicate] the English nation out of the continent of America." Edward Randolph, report of King Philip's War (Metacom's War) in New England, 1676 Compared with French and Spanish interactions with American Indians, English interaction with American Indians more often promoted A.) respect for political alliances B.) cultural blending C.) separation between the groups D.) assimilation of Americans Indians into colonial societies
C
"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience." The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620 A.) Members of the English nobility B.) Sailors and soldiers C.) Male church members D.) Indentured servants
C
"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors, copper kettles, and other goods?... Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia.... While northeastern [American] Indians recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were consistent with their own customs and beliefs." Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996 Which of the following types of evidence would best support the argument in the excerpt?' A Shipping inventories from trade between Liverpool and Boston B Diaries from British settlers in Philadelphia C Artifacts from American Indian settlements D Spanish government reports about American Indians
C
"[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,... than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores." The French most differed from the Spanish in relations with American Indians in that the French A.) did not intermarry with American Indians B.) more frequently enslaved American Indians C.) developed stronger alliances with American Indians D.) converted more American Indians to Catholicism
C
New England Puritans sought primarily to create which of the following in Massachusetts? A.) A missionary community focused on converting American Indians to Christianity B.) Town meetings at which all adult males could vote C.) A model community promoting government by strict religious principles D.) A society founded on the principles of religious toleration E.) A community whose members achieved salvation through good works
C
The Dutch settled New Netherland primarily to A.) secure a refuge for the persecuted B.) check the growth of English colonies in North America C.) expand their commercial and mercantile network D.) gain colonies to produce agricultural surpluses E.) secure naval supplies
C
The Navigation Acts were part of the British policy known as A.) isolationism B.) capitalism C.) mercantilism D.) monopolism E.) imperialism
C
"In colonial New England, two sets of human communities which were also two sets of ecological relationships confronted each other, one Indian and one European. They rapidly came to inhabit a single world, but in the process the landscape of New England was so transformed that the Indians' earlier way of interacting with the environment became impossible. The task before us is not only to describe the ecological changes that took place in New England but to determine what it was about Indians and colonists—in their relations both to nature and to each other—that brought those changes about." William Cronon, historian, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, 1983 Which of the following best supports the general argument in the excerpt about how Europeans changed North America? A.) The emergence of racially and culturally mixed populations B.) The efforts to restrict settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains C.) The spread of maize agriculture D.) The establishment of fenced fields on family farms
D
"New France enter[ed] its golden age in the first decades of the eighteenth century.... In Louisiana, the Illinois country, and the Great Lakes basin, French cities and villages developed alongside Indian villages. . . . Here, natives and Europeans found that their different goals were complementary. The French posed no demographic threat.... The landscape of Indian life had not been seriously altered. The fur trade depended on the integrity of that landscape." Jay Gitlin, historian, "Empires of Trade, Hinterlands of Settlement," 1994 A.) European efforts to arm American Indians B.) The use of slave labor to produce sugar in Louisiana C.) Military conflicts between the French, Dutch, British, and Spanish D.) Intermarriage between French colonists and American Indians
D
"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . . "Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior, building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement. . . . "Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid-Atlantic as a region is the extent to which those colonies shared a common history. . . . "The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples. . . . The society of the Middle Colonies surely was 'America's first plural society.' . . . There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were all conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and many other populations already resident at the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to two by century's end, those of [Protestant] England and those of [Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated some form of toleration. . . . Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence." Ned C. Landsman, historian, Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America, published in 2010 Landsman claims that some historians might not consider the Middle Colonies a single British colonial region because the Middle Colonies A.) contained multiple inland waterways for commerce B.) were settled by ethnically diverse groups of Europeans C.) received European immigrants who practiced a variety of religions D.) had different local economies focused on Philadelphia and New York City
D
"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . . "Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior, building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement. . . . "Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid-Atlantic as a region is the extent to which those colonies shared a common history. . . . "The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples. . . . The society of the Middle Colonies surely was 'America's first plural society.' . . . There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were all conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and many other populations already resident at the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to two by century's end, those of [Protestant] England and those of [Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated some form of toleration. . . . Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence." Ned C. Landsman, historian, Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America, published in 2010 Which of the following describes Landsman's overall argument in the excerpt? A.) The Middle Colonies differed from French colonies because they depended on Native American commerce. B.) The Middle Colonies were similar to each other because they developed plantation agriculture. C.) The Middle Colonies were more different from each other than the English colonies in other regions. D.) The Middle Colonies faced similar challenges in governing diverse colonists after they became English.
D
