AP World 1750-1914 Unit Test
Franco-Prussian War
(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
Dependency Theory
(Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Analysis) resources flow from poor "dependent" zones to wealthy and developed "core" states, enriching the wealthy at the expense of the poor.
Bloody Sunday
(Jan. 22, 1905) Peaceful protestors gathered at czar's winter palace to petition for a representative assembly, but the demonstration turned violent when guards opened fire on unarmed crowd. Response was the Duma, Russia's first parliament, which restored some level of stability.
Types of Imperialism/ Categories
(colonial, political, economic, social-cultural) -Nationalism led to an increased sense of competition as modern, industrial nations sought to expand over weaker ones. -Colonies in distant lands allowed nations to establish military bases across the globe -Industrialization led to an increased need for raw materials and marketplaces Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer) and the so-called White Man's Burden provided justification for the efforts of the imperialists -Christian missionaries sought to spread the gospel
Napoleon Bonaparte
-Gained control of France in a coup d'état in 1799, seizing the crown from a small group of aristocrats. -New constitution; emperor in 1804 -Brought much-needed stability with reforms -Civil Code gave legal equality to all men and religious tolerance -Conquered much of Europe -Invasion of Russia in 1812 ended in disaster -Forced into exile in 1814
Results of the Industrial Revolution
-Mass production drove down price of consumer items, increased demand and efficient production -Developed working middle class -Urbanization; overcrowding and disease -Role of women changed -Governments passed legislation protecting workers (ex. Minimum wage) -Unions formed to protect workers' rights -Reconsideration of the ownership of production -Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations: laissez-faire -Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels' The Communist Manifesto: condemned capitalism, promoted socialism/communism -Rise in global demand for cotton and indigo as raw materials in factories -
Toussant Louverture
-Slave who led revolt in Haiti against white settlers -Inspired by Enlightenment and success of the American Revolution -Called for independence from France -Captured in 1802 and died in prison
Results of the American Revolution
-With the aid of France, colonists forced British to surrender in 1781 -Formed the United States of America as a federal republic with a government based on popular sovereignty -Influenced other revolutions around the world, including French and Haitian
Postindustrial Society
A transition from the production of goods to the production of services, with very few firms directly manufacturing any goods. Includes: The replacement of blue-collar manual laborers with technical and professional workers—such as computer engineers, doctors, and bankers—as the direct production of goods is moved elsewhere. The replacement of practical knowledge with theoretical knowledge.
Haitian Revolution
Began as slave revolt by Africans against French settlers, led by leaders such as Toussaint-Louverture who organized the slave rebels into an army. They were freed in 1798, but continued to demand rights. Napoleon sent troops to quell the riots, resulting in the imprisonment of Louverture and the leadership of Jacques Dessalines. In 1804, Saint Domingue declared independence, was renamed Haiti, and became Latin America's first independent republic, however this was not recognized by the US.
French Revolution
Began in 1789 when King Louis XVI convinced the Estates General to raise taxes; France was in debt over excessive spending. The Third Estate tried to approve reforms to grant rights and protections, but could not receive a favorable vote. So, they broke away and declared themselves the National Assembly, signaling revolution. Under slogan "life, liberty, and fraternity," the National Assembly created the Declaration of the Rights of Man. New constitution abolished the monarchy, and radicals seized control, issuing a new constitution. In 1799 this five-man Directory was defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte, who named himself emperor. In 1814-1815, the Congress of Vienna met to restore Europe to its manor prior to the French Revolution, reestablishing boundaries that Napoleon had conquered, restoring monarchies, and negotiating Europe's balance of power.
Industrial Revolution
Began in England as a result of technological innovation and due to its availability of workers, natural resources, extensive river system, and wealthy investors. First impacted the textile industry. Shifted production techniques to machine power, which were at first powered by wind and water, but in the late 1700s the steam engine transformed this. For the first time, nations shifted from agricultural to manufacturing societies.
Bourgeoisie
Capitalist class that owns and controls most of the wealth and means of production
Proletariat
Capitalist working class
Russian Revolution 1905
Caused by political divide, as Russian socialists and Marxists pushed for equality and reform. The Russo-Japanese war exposed the true corruption and incompetence of the czar, evoking protests. See: bloody sunday
Opium War
Conflict fought between Britain and China (1839-1842) over British East India Company sale of opium in China, which was disrupting the favorable balance of trade. Lin Zexu ordered confiscation and destruction of opium in 1839, and took British merchants hostage. British took military action, leading to decisive victory over China and a series of unequal treaties.
Simon Bolivar
Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. "The Great Liberator"
Latin American Consolidation
Defined by caudillos, politics, and church. Disputes over form of republican government between liberals and conservatives. Liberals were influenced by the US and France, opposed the structure of colonial society, and favored a federalist society. Conservatives favored a centralized state and maintenance of the colonial social order. Conservatives also supported the papacy, while liberals sought to limit its role.
Russo-Japanese War
Imperial rivalries led to armed conflict between Russia and Japan for control of parts of Korea and Manchuria. Japan was rapidly competing for economic control across East Asia following its industrialization. Japan's victory over China displayed its dominance; the two sides battled until Japan won. Under the treaty of Portsmouth, Russia gave Japan the largest island in the Pacific, the control of port Arthur, and Manchuria, and left Korea in Japan's sphere of influence. First modern Eastern power winning a decisive power over a western one.
Russian Revolution 1917
In February 1917, Czar Nicholas II ended 300 years of Romanov rule by renouncing the throne, as a result of unrest since the 1905 revolution. Lenin led a bloodless coup to the throne, establishing the world's first marxist state in the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk
Crimean War
In the mid-19th century, was broke out between Russia and an alliance of British, French, and Ottoman troops after Russia threatened the stability of the Ottoman Empire by seeing Ottoman territory in the Balkans. The alliance feared a powerful Russian Empire, and defeated them easily, displaying their military and industrial strength. Russian czars sought to reform military and economy, but only led to new problems.
Latin American Revolutions
Influenced by ideas of the Enlightenment and American and French Revolutions. Began in Haiti in a successful slave revolt that ended in independence in 1804. In Spanish and Portuguese colonies, creole leaders resented the privilege of the peninsulares, which spread unrest and ideas of social and political revolution. By 1825, most of Latin America was independent, but power remained concentrated in the hands of the elite, including creoles, caudillos, and military leaders.
Boxer Rebellion
Internal rebellion in China led by the Boxers who sought to remove foreign influence with the help of imperial support. Foreign forces put down the violent rebellion after their attempt to gain foreign embassies in Beijing. This defeat allowed foreigners to take more control and weakened the ruling family.
Keynesian Theory
John Maynard Keynes "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money"; associated government debt spending to prime pump; infrastructure; countercyclical fiscal policies; dominant economic theory from WWI to 1970s
Marxism
Karl Marx sought to put the means of production in the hands of the people. Communist Manifesto said that after the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the proletariat would gain power and create a classless society. Adopted by Bolsheviks under Lenin, leading to the Soviet Union as the world's first communist nation.
Berlin Conference (1885)
Meeting of European powers in which the rules for colonizing Africa were established; European powers had to notify one another about their intentions to take control of an area. By 1885, the entire continent was divided up with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia.
Taiping Rebellion
Rebellion of Chinese peasants that threatened the Qing dynasty; offered a new vision of China consisting of redistribution of land, public education, and women's rights. Gained supporters, captured Nanjing, but ultimately failed with a tremendous loss at the face of the Qing army. Forced Qing to make reforms (Self-Strengthening Movement.)
Sepoy Rebellion
Revolt led by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company in protest of rules that threatened their religious traditions. The British government quickly quelled the uprising, taking direct political control of India. India was the most profitable colony of the British Empire, the "jewel of the crown"
American Revolution
The thirteen colonies in North America resented Great Britain's oppressive legislation that required taxation to pay off their debts from the French and Indian War; protested using slogan "no taxation without representation." Continental Congress formed in 1774 to oversee colonists' anti-British actions. Declaration of independence adopted in 1776. Declaration provided the colonists with justification for seeking independence, emphasized that government is based on the consent of the governed and meant to protect the rights of its citizens.
Sati
Traditional Indian ceremony in which a widow throws herself on her husband's funeral pyre.
Cult of Domesticity
With industrialization, the role of middle-class women became management of the home, children, and servants.
Jamaican Letter
Written by Simón Bolívar in response to a letter from Henry Cullen, in which he put forward the reasons that caused the fall of the Second Republic of Venezuela within the context of the independence of the nation; fundamental objective was to gain the attention of the most powerful liberal nation of the 19th century, Britain, with the aim that it would decide to involve itself in American independence
Westernization/Modernization Theory
as nations become prosperous, social changes occur, such as improved health care, educational reforms/opportunities, and an increase in women's rights
Causes of Dependency Theory
developing nations are economically dependent because: developed nations drain resources, exportation of raw materials often lacks a manufacturing base, and manufacturing uses sweatshop labor
Capitalism
economic system, dominant in the Western world since the breakup of feudalism, in which most of the means of production are privately owned and production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets.
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
offered freedom to any slaves who fought in the American Revolution
Caudillos
powerful strong men who controlled local areas of Latin America. Intervened to make and unmake the national government, defended interests of regional elite, peasants, and Indians, and had a general disregard for law.
Domestic System
production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others. Finished products were returned to the employers for payment on a piecework or wage basis.
Positivism
taking a scientific approach to solving problems; adopted by liberal politicians of Latin America towards the late 1800s. Also supported foreign capitalists, expansion, and western economy
Conflict Theory
theory propounded by Karl Marx that claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity.
