AP World Chapter 19 Vocab

Ulama (Ulema)

religious scholars HC: one of the powerful factions in the ottoman empire were later thoroughly under control by the sultans than anywhere else in the islamic world

Tanzimat Reform

the Tanzimat reorganization HC: which took shape after ottoman leadership sought to provide economical, social, and legal underpinnings for a strong and newly centralized state

Black Ships

the name given to western ship by the Japanese during the 19th century. HC: Most notably was with U.S commodore Matthew Perry and is steam ships

Defensive modernization

A more sustained, and far more vigorous measure of self-strengthening in China. HC: At the core of Japan's effort at defensive modernization lay its state-guided industrialization program.

Meiji Restoration

A political takeover by a group of young samurai from southern Japan HC: They claimed to be restoring to power the young emperor known as Meiji

Unequal treaty

A treaty that was more advantageous to one nation, and less beneficial for the other. HC: The treaty of Nanjing, which ended the war largely on British term, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders. To the Chinese this treaty was considered to be one fo the first "unequal treaties" that serious eroded China's independence.

The Boxers/ Society of Harmonious Fists:

Anti foreign movement that erupted in northern china HC: Led by militia organizations, the "Boxers" killed numerous Europeans and Chinese Christians and laid siege to the foreign embassies in Beijing.

Great Power Status

Colonies and spheres of great influence abroad. HC: Colonies and spheres of influence abroad became a symbol of nation "Great Power" status, and their acquisition was a matter of urgency, even if the possessed little immediate economic value.

Foreign investment

The flows of capital from one nation to another in exchange for significant ownership stakes in domestic companies or other domestic assets. HC: Restrictions imposed by the unequal treaties clearly inhibited China's industrialization, as foreign goods and foreign investment flooded the country largely unrestricted.

Social Darwinism

The idea that suggested that European dominance inevitably involved the displacement or destruction of backward peoples or "unfit" races.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. HC: Imperialism, in short, appealed on economic and social grounds to the wealthy or ambitious, seemed politically and strategically necessary in the game of international power politics, and was emotionally satisfying to almost everyone.

Samuel Smile's "Self-Help"

Was one of the translated western text to japanese. HC: It was about "achieving success and rising in the world"

Zaibatsu

large firms organized during the industrialization of japan in the early 20th century. HC: The country became a major exporter of textiles and was able to produce its own munitions and industrial goods as well. Its major cities enjoyed mass-circulation newspapers, movie theaters, and electric lights

Young Turks

were civilian elite who opposed the revived despotism brought by sultan abd al-hamad. HC: They avocated a military secular public life, abandoned reforms to islam, wanted to modernize, and wanted a turkish national size.