Ap World History Chapter 10

Aristotle and Classical Greek learning

Aristotle's works were prominent in the education of Western Europe. They inspired people to use and remember the classical Greek style of learning. The significance of these are that they were prominent in the uprise of an emphasized human rationality that layed the foundations for the Scientific revolution later on in history.

caesaropapism

Caesaropapism, political system in which the head of the state is also the head of the church and supreme judge in religious matters. The term is most frequently associated with the late Roman, or Byzantine, Empire

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Eastern Orthodoxy, official name Orthodox Catholic Church, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity. It is characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church and its territorial churches. Its adherents live mainly in the Balkans, the Middle East, and former Soviet countries

Kievan Rus

It had a social structure where some people were subjugated to others, and focused on trade as a major source of power and income. Orthodox Christianity was used by Prince Vladimir to unite this originally culturally diverse region. There was inspiration for Moscow to become a third Rome in this place after the Byzantine Empire fell.

Justinian

The emperor Justinian I ruled the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire from 527 until 565. He is significant for his efforts to regain the lost provinces of the Western Roman Empire, his codification of roman law, and his architectural achievements.

icons

The icons are religious paintings of Jesus, Mary, or other saints. They were the subject of controversy in the Byzantine Empire when a ban was proposed to get rid of said icons. The controversy over icons represents the schism of western and eastern European Christendom and the unwillingness of any people to come to a compromise on a single belief or theology in regards to Christianity

system of competing states

The influx of many diverse cultures in Europe prevented a single political entity from being created. Instead, there were many competing states that were fighting each other for power. Out of this system a warrior class gained power and a revolution of gunpowder spurred from the invention and use of the gunpowder cannons occured.

European Cities

during the time around the eleventh through thirteenth centuries were growing in population, long-distance trade was increasing, women had more occupational opportunities, and cultural borrowing was taking place on a mass scale. Climate changes were allowing advancements in agriculture to take place, and inventions spurred from the cultural borrowing soon created a reversal of the womens' newly found opportunities in order to favor labor where men did most of the work.

Western Christendom

highly sought after in an attempt to unify peoples in a chaotic political system in the dangerous times after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire. It used Roman Catholic Christianity as its unifying tool and adopted traditions from previous religions into its own.

Prince Vladimir of Kiev

prince of the state of Kievan Rus. He brought christianity to Russia. He united the culturally diverse state using the religion of Orthodox Christianity. He had also considered Islam, but said that he would not stand it,for it wanted people to abstain from drinking alcohol.

Roman Catholic Church

religion tied to the Western half of the predecessing Roman Empire. This church along with surfdom helped during the hardships from the currently decentralized and fragmented society. This church sought out people prone to accept Christianity, and willingly allowed some religious traditions from previous religions to be adopted into a newly forming branch of Christianity in an effort to gain adherents.

Crusades

set of holy wars where european forces, also called the Crusaders, went to war against outside Islamic peoples. There were four separate Crusades and the effort as a whole was not successful to its purpose.

Constantinople

the capital city of byzantine empire, one of the largest and richest urban centers in the Eastern Mediterranean during the late Roman Empire, mostly due to its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea

Byzantine Empire

was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople, followed eastern orthodoxy

Holy Roman Empire

was the domain of Otto the first of Saxony. Otto, the ruler of this empire declared himself pope after declaring his conquering of parts of Germany a revival of Roman rule. This Empire was unsuccessful at a revival, but did succeed in creating a collection of rivaling principalities.

Charlemagne

was the ruler of the Carolingian Empire, and the first person to become a pope as emperor of a revived Roman Empire. The empire he created was successful;but then when he died it became divided for his three sons,who faught for power, and destroyed the empire.