Ap World History Chapter 12 terms

Khubilai Khan

(1271-1294) had a set of ancestral tablets made. Last of the Mongol Great Khans (1260-1294) Founder of the Yuan Empire

Ilkhan Ghazan

(1295-1304 ) Tired to repair some of the earlier damage done in Persia.

Mongols

500-1500 c.e. Mongols along with Arabs, Berbers, and Turks created largest empires of that millennium. -The Mongols formed the greatest land-based empires in history following their breakout from Mongolia in the eighteenth century. Mongol empire had extensive linkage of nomads of iner Eurasian steppes with agricultural civilizations, created far greater contact between Europe, China, and Islamic world than ever before. Total Mongol population was only about 700,000 and it did not have a major cultural impact on the world. The Mongols did not ry to spread their ancestor worship/shamanism to others. They were mostly interested in exploiting conquered peoples. Mongol culture today is confined to Mongia. Mongol empire was the Last great nomadic state. During the Mongol movement, the Mongols were outnumbered by their enemies, but their success is due largely to their well-led, organized, disciplined army. The Mongols had a reputation for brutality and destructiveness. Mongols had the ability to mobilized resources( taxation, relay system of communication, centralized bureaucracy, commerce, religious tolerance). Mongol conquest of China was difficult took from (1209-1279) began in Northern china, was highly destrucrive. Conquest of southern China (ruled by Song dynasty) was far less violent. Mongols unified a divided China, made many believe that the Mongols have been granted the Mandate of Hevean. Did not know how to rule an agricultural society, so they used Chinese practices. (Yuan dynasty, built capital Kanbalik). Mongol rule was harsh, exploitative, and foreign. Mongols did not become Chinese in fact, few learned Chinese, and the laws discriminated against the Chinese. Mongol women were free from Chinese standards. The Mongols were transfromed far more in Persia than in China(use of Persian bureaucracy) Mongols in Persia converted in Large scale. Mongol elites learned some Persian. Some took up agriculture. Collapse of Mongol Empire in 1330s. Mongol deveststion of Russia (1237-1240) wide spread slaughter, destruction of cities, and deportation of skilled workers took place. Russia was integrated into Mongol Empire as the Kipchak Khanate. Mongols did not occupy Russia, and remained on steppes north of Black and Caspian seas and collected tribute and heavy taxes. Mongol rulers of Russia were far less assimilated of influenced. Russian princes adopted Mongol weapons, diplomatic rituals, court practices, tax systems, and military draft. Russians broke free of the Mongol empire in the fifteenth century. Mongols produced little for distant markets; were not active traders, but they promoted international commerce as a source of tax revenue. Mongols made it relatively safe to travel across Central Asia. Mongol trading circuit was central to larger Afro-Eurasian commercial network. Craftsmen and educated people were forcibly relocated, religious tolerance and support for merchants drew foreigners. Mongol capital Karakorum was a cosmopolitian center. Mongols exchanged ideas and techniques, technology, art, Muslim astronomy spread to China, circulation of plants and crops, the plague spread across trade routes of the Mongol Empire, was a major cause of the collapse of the a Mongol Empire.

Hulegu

Conquest of Persia first invasion led by Chinggis Khan, second assault under his grandson Hulegu (1251-1258) became the first il-khan of Persia after leading a successful invasion of the region in 1256.

Turks

Made greatest impact between 500 and 1500 c.e Turks, along with Arabs, Berbers, and Mongols created largest empires of that millennium, Islam derived from largely nomadic Arabs, carried by Turks. Turkic- speaking nomads (homeland in Mongolia and Southern Siberia) were a series of short living nomadic empires 552-965 c.e spread of Turkish language and culture over much of Inner Asia and beyond Turkish conversion to Islam between tenth and fourteenth centuries. As part of the Seldjuk empire (eleventh twelfth centuries) the Turks began to claim the Muslim title sultan; exercising real power. Turks carried Islam to a India and Anatolia

Masai

Masai were nomadic cattle keepers. -Had been agricultural before eighteenth- nineteenth centuries. -Interacted with settled people. Masai depended on hunters and farmers. -would admit outsiders into their society. During times of drought and disease, Masai might take refuge with hunters or farmers.

Chinggis( Genghis Khan)

Temujin (1162-1227) created the Mongol Empire. Mongols before Temujin were unstable collection of feuding tribes and clans. Temujin' father was a minor chieftain, but was murdered, his mother held the family together. Temujin allied himself with a more powerful tribal leader he shifted series of alliances, betrayals, and military victories. -won a reputation as a great leader. Was a charismatic leader that made a series of tribal alliances that became powerful states. 1206: Mongol tribal assembly recognized Temujin as chinggis Khan( "universal leader"), began to expand to hold followers, initiated attacks on China on 1209 starting a 50-year Mongol war. - created an empire, along with other leaders that included China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe. -By the end of the time of his death, Chinggis Khan saw several missions to unite the while world.

Marco Polo

The famous Italian merchant who took advantage of the relative peace established in the Mongol Empire to travel to China, writing an account of his travels upon his return that added to European knowledge of lands to the East.

Black Death/ Bubonic plague

The plague/black death spread across trade routes of the Mongol Empire in early fourteenth century. Probably originated in Central Asia, carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas. The plague broke out in northeastern China in 1331, reached Western Europe by 1347. Mongols captured plague- infected corpses into city. One-third to two-thirds of European population died. India and Sub-Saharan Africa much less affected. Jews were blamed for plaque; many fled to Poland. The plaque was a primary reason for the breakdown of the Mongol Empire in fourteenth - fifteenth centuries. Population decline led to trade reduction.

Ogedei

was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, succeeding his father. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the Mongol invasions of Europe and East Asia. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in China, Iran, and Central Asia.