AP World History Unit 4-5 SAQ

4. Compare Spanish colonial strategies in the Philippines and the Americas

Both focused on Christianity Americas: tried peace at first but resulted in violence, had powerful pre-established societies to worry about Philippines: easy to take over because of their weak military, no other Euros wanted them

5. In what ways did the British and Dutch trading companies change the societies they encountered in Asia?

Created monopolies Dutch sometimes decimated the societies on the spice islands

13. Agree or Disagree: The experience of empire for conquered peoples was broadly similar whoever their rulers were.

Disagree: rulers often didn't even share the same religion as their people, let alone social/economic class

3. What role did Dona Marina play in the conquest of the Aztec Empire? Why was she considered by some to be "traitorous"?

Dona Marina was a native who worked w/ the Spanish to conquer the Aztecs. She served as a translator, strategist, and cross cultural broker. She was also convinced by Cortez on his views of heaven.

2. How was European imperial expansion (empire-building) related to the spread of Christianity?

Empire-building comes hand in hand with the spread of Christianity as spreading the faith was one goal of conquest

9. In what ways was European science recieved in the major civilizations of Asia in the early modern era?

European science was received in China through the Jesuits - members of the Society of Jesus - interest in astronomy & mathematics. European science impact on some Chinese scholars with Kaozheng Movement - selectively assimilating Western science on their own terms. "Dutch Learning" in Japan. Human anatomy, math, etc. Ottoman Empire did not want to embrace European ideas. Interested mostly in map-making and calendars.

8. What differences in the operation and impact of spice, silver, and fur trades can you identify?

Fur: Widespread ecological impact, fur trade in North America was voluntarily not forced labor Silver: drove the commercialization of China to a greater extent Spice:

6. What impact did the silver trade have on world history in this time period?

Made spain rich for a bit but then inflation and loss of value

3. How did the Portuguese, Spanish, British, and Dutch initiatives in Asia differ from one another

Portuguese: tried to monopolize spice trade with taxes. Failed - so they transported Asian goods. Spanish: Established Philippine Islands (colonial rule). Major missionary effort - Christianity. Dutch: Overtook by force. Stronger than the Portuguese. Organized into a private trading company. Focused on Indonesian Islands. Wanted to control production of spices. British: Forceful, trading company. Conquered India for cotton textiles

1. What factors enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an so far away from their homelands?

Some factors that enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires that were so far away from their homelands included; maritime technology, innovations in map making, ship design, and navigation, Europe was closer to the Americas than any other Asian country, winds in the Atlantic were much calmer, and gunpowder.

9. What factors help explain the rise and increase of the Atlantic Slave Trade?

The more land the Europeans conquered, the more space they had to grow crops to make money. When they turned to Africa for slaves, African rulers were eager to trade humans and made the process easier. When slavery became associated with race, it was easier for Euros to justify slavery and keep it going. Also Africa only place left to get slaves.

How did Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb?

~Akbar: 1.imposed a policy of toleration 2.limits power of Ulama 3.removed the special tax (jizya) on non-muslims 4.constructed a building for discussions with many different religious people (house of worship) 5.tries to make laws more secular ~Aurangzeb: 1.sought to impose Islamic supremacy 2.heavy taxes to support his wars of expansion 3.brought back jizya 4.way more religious and opposite of Akbar In what ways was the Ottoman

14. Compared to the world of the 15th century, what new patterns of development are visible in the empire-building projects of the centuries that followed?

- The European overseas empires reflect a number of new patterns of development. - They were initiated by maritime expansion. - They conquered territories an ocean away from their imperial heartlands, rather than adjacent to them. - They lay at the heart of patterns of global exchange that did not exist before their creation.

explain one way in which ideas of revolutions in the Americas differed in the period 1750-1900

A-many people, specifically the creoles, felt they were surperior to the other people in their county and desired more political power in the creole revolution which differed from other revolutions of latin america C-for example, in the hatian revolution, a revolution in the americas led by slaves, slaves didn't necessarily seek superiority but more equality and freedom E-while some of the revolutions dealt with the want to be surperior others dealt with equality/freedom

explain one way in which free trade policies affected a cultural structure in this time period

A-middle/working class began to develop more comfort and leisure into their lifestyle C-they were advertised things like bicycles and boats to use their extra money on E-new free trade policies brought more economic prosperity to people due to the cheaper trading prices, allowing for working people to have extra money to spend, on things for their entertainment showing how their class level was slightly increasing due to these new luxuries

explain one example of why nationalism thrives in the period 1750-1900

A-new enlightenment ideas formed by people like John Locke introducing concepts of freedom, equality, democracy etc causing people to identify more with their nation versus their kingdom or king C-the American revolution was fueled by ideas of enlightenment causing the US to break away from Britain and their king E-the revolution unified them making them feel passionately about their country, showing nationalism

Q: What explains the rise of the Atlantic slave trade?

A: The growth in sugar plantations and agriculture called for a need in slaves to work the plantations, and the Great dying contributed to the Atlantic Slave trade because so many Americans died during the great dying that they needed people to take on the work. Because Africans were immune to diseases they were a good choice. The Atlantic slave trade rose out of the trade routes in the Atlantic Ocean. This opened up a trading route from Africa to the Americas, and the Americans were in need of slaves so they decided to use the trade routes to get slaves.

To what extent did Europeans transform earlier patterns of commerce, and in what ways did they assimilate into these older patterns?

Europeans for the first time operated on a global scale, forging new trade networks across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They also facilitated the full integration of fur-supplying regions into wider trade networks. But in other ways, the Europeans assimilated older patterns, as in the Indian Ocean, where they sought to dominate previously established trade routes, and they continued to trade many of the same products.

4. What types of commodities were shared from Europeans to native cultures of the Americas and Africa and vice-versa. What large-scale transformations did Eurpean empires generate- for Eurpeans and for native cultures?

Some commodities that the Europeans shared were horses, gunpowder, rice, sugar, wheat, garden veggies, cattle, goats, sheep, etc. The Americas also shared tobacco, chocolate, fur, corn, potatoes, etc. African countries didn't share much, but they shared slaves and Muslim technology. Europeans caused some large scale transformations for native cultures because natives became dependent on the Europeans and stopped making things for themselves. Also, Native men took the top ranking in society while women's prestige was lost due to the fur trade. America did impact Europe as well. Their crops flourished in European countries and not only were they cheap but they were nutritious. Also chocolate and tobacco from the Americas was used around the world as a stimulant.

2. What was "the great dying"? What were its effects on the native population of the Americas?

The "great dying" was when the Europeans brought many diseases into North America and much of the natives collapsed and population decreased. The Natives were not immune to these diseases because of their lack of domesticated animals and their long isolation from the Afro-Eurasian world.

9. How did the Russian Empire transform the lives of its conquered peoples, and of the Russian homeland, itself?

The Russian Empire transformed the lives of its conquered peoples by assimilating the people. The Russian economy grew due to the fur trade and traditional nomadic life disappeared

8. What factor(s) motivated Russian empire-building?

To secure the boarders from attack.

4. Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America?

- In Spanish America ,missionaries worked among a defeated population whose societies had been thoroughly disrupted and whose cultural confidence was shaken. - Missionaries to China deliberately sought to convert the official Chinese elite, while missionaries to Spanish America sought to convert the masses. - Missionary efforts in China were less successful because the missionaries offered little that the Chinese really needed, since traditional Chinese philosophies and religions provided for the spiritual needs of most Chinese.

In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics?

1. It created a permanent schism within Catholic Christendom. 2.It provided the urban middle classes a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society. 3.It did stimulate female education and literacy, even if there was little space for women to make use of that education outside the family. 4.Religious difference led to sectarian violence, to war, and ultimately to religious coexistence. 5.It fostered religious individualism as people were encouraged to read and interpret the scriptures themselves and to seek salvation without the mediation of the Church.

10. What were the features of Chinese empire-building in the early modern era?

1.Chinese empire building vastly enlarged the territorial size of China and brought a number of non-Chinese people into the kingdom. 2.It was driven largely by security concerns. Conquered regions in central Eurasia were administered separately from the rest of China. 3.Chinese officials generally did not seek to assimilate local people into Chinese culture and showed considerable respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region.

Q: What conflicts did the Scientific Revolution cause in Europe?

A: The Scientific Revolution in Europe caused conflict between the Church because scientists no longer relied on the external authority of the Bible or the Church. Its discoveries were also used to try and justify and legitimize gender and racial inequalities, giving new support to old ideas about the natural inferiority of women and enslaved people.

1. What factors drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce?

desire for tropical spices - cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper - which were widely used for cooking, etc. Other products from Asia were in demand. Recovery of European civilization after Black Death. Growing western European societies - some had capitalist economies. Europeans resented Muslim monopoly on Indian trade (and Venetian). Find Prestor John. Europe used silver to pay for Eastern goods.

explain one way in which western European countries changed a previous economic system in this time period

A-changed from using mercantilism to laissez fairs capitalism C-for example unilever, a British and Dutch venture, used the ideas of minimal governmental involvement in commerce to reduce tariffs in trade promoted by laissez faire e-as the reduced tariffs from this new system increased trade, companies became more profitable and goods became more available

5. What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era and for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world?

1.Islam continued to spread because conversion to Islam generally did not mean a sudden abandonment of old religious practices, but rather more often the assimilation of "Islamic rituals, cosmologies, and literatures into . . . local religious systems." 2.Continued Islamization depended on wandering Muslim sufis, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders, who posed no threat and often proved useful to local rulers and communities. 3.In part, the emergence of reform or renewal movements (Wahhabism) was a reaction to the blending or syncretism that accompanied Islamization almost everywhere and that came to be seen as increasingly offensive, even heretical, by more orthodox Muslims.

3. In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into Native American cultures of Spanish America?

1.Native Americans frequently sought to reinterpret Christian practices while incorporating local elements 2.Christian saints closely paralleled the functions of precolonial gods, and the leader of the church staff was often a native Christian of great local prestige 3.Throughout the colonial period and beyond, many Mexican Christians also took part in rituals derived from the past, ex. Day of the Dead

12. In what ways was the Ottoman Empire important for Europe in the early modern era?

1.The Ottoman Empire represented a military threat to Europe. 2.It impressed some European intellectuals because of its religious tolerance. 3.It occasionally allied with France against their common enemy of Habsburg Austria. 4.The empire was an important trading partner as they controled access to Eastern goods

explain one historical situation in this time period Other than the one illustrated in the passage in which the development of industrial capitalism affected economic or societal structures

A-formation and exploitation of the working class C-for example women worked long hours and had low wages at silk factories E-since capitalism lacked government regulation there was no interference aiding in these issues

explain how an economic event in the 18th century influenced the economic ideas of Adam Smith

A-industrial revolution C-based law of competition off of observing companies with varying levels of technology E-as different companies industrialized during the industrial revolution he saw how the product kept improving as the companies got improved mechanization in factories trying to be better than the others and create a nicer product

explain one way Anbinders description relates to the development of a consumer society in this time period

A-industrialization led to the creation of slums bc of all the factory workers moving to urban areas, but with more workers more products were made and products became cheaper/more available leading to the production of a consumer society C-middle/working class bought tea sets that began to be heavily advertised and available to them E-in order for consumption to keep up with production of products, products would need to be advertised and with the middle class's new disposable income a consumer society could be formed

explain one way in which the global nature of trade influenced the population of urban areas in this time period

A-people moved from rural to urban areas, increasing urban population as trade revolved more around manufactured goods C-decreased tariffs allowed for cheap trade and importation of materials and products from other countries E-since trade cost was cheaper companies could were able to produce many more goods attracting workers to the city

explain one way in which nationalist movements in Italy and Germany were similar in this time period

A-underwent violent revolutions C-for example italy made an agreement with france to drive austria out of providence's lombardy and venetia and germany had 3 regional wars E-these wars brought people from different areas in the states to fight unifying them

Q: How did European trade goods impact native societies?

A: As Natives became dependent on European goods, they would kill more animals to keep up with European demand and would decimate local animal populations. Natives also became dependent on European made steel pots, textiles, and flint and steel which resulted in a wide range of traditional crafts to be lost.

What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution?

A: As a result of the Scientific Revolution, a new understanding of the physical universe emerged: the universe was no longer propelled by supernatural forces but functioned on its own according to scientific principles that could be described mathematically.

Q: Analyze the impact of the printing press on the spread of Protestantism and the divisions within it.

A: As a result of the printing press, the ideas of Protestantism were able to spread quickly across Europe. Luther's many pamphlets and his translation of the New Testament into German were soon widely available. As it spread, it also divided into a variety of competing Protestant churches many of which subsequently subdivided further.

Q:** What distinguished the British settler colonies of North America from their counterparts in Latin America?

A: British settler colonies were often a result of people trying to escape traditional European social hierarchies and government systems, so many aimed to escape aspects of an old European society rather than to recreate it, which is what most Spanish and Portuguese colonists did. The easy availability of land and the outsider status of many British settlers made it even more difficult to follow the Spanish or Portuguese colonial pattern of sharp class hierarchies, large rural estates, and dependent laborers.

Q: What motivated European political and economic expansion in the late 15th century?

A: Christianity motivated European political and economic expansion and also benefited from it. The resolutely Catholic Spanish and Protuguese both viewed their movement overseas as a continuation of a long crusading tradition that only recently had completed the liberation of their countries from Muslim control.

Q: Describe the impact of the fur trade on North American native societies?

A: During the Little Ice Age, the demand for furs in Europe increased, however they had already exhausted a lot of their supply of fur bearing animals. In order to produce the furs, Native Americans traded furs with Europeans in exchange for guns, blankets, metal tools, rum, and brandy. As the Native Americans became more dependent on European goods, they would kill more animals to keep up with demand. This led to the almost extinction of some animals and the degradation of the environment. It also resulted in many wars as less animals were available and tensions between tribes grew.

Q: How did the goals and actions of the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British in Asia differ?

A: Dutch didn't want to spread their religion to Japan whereas the Spanish did, so Japanese Tokugawa Shogunates (you should know this from pk so expand upon it or describe if u want) closed themselves off to them, banning most European traders all together; however, Spain proceeded to colonize the Philippine Islands, where spices were predominant. They conquered the Banda Islands (produced nutmeg), in turn killing and enslaving the natives on the island and replacing them with Dutch farmers who used slaves from Asia. While the British lacked the resources to compete with the Dutch directly, they controlled India, establishing 3 prominent trading settlements (also in PK, exception is Macao I believe). British East India Company and Dutch East India Company (PK) The Portuguese acted like pirates. Originally, they had intentions of peaceful trade. But, when they found out that South Asian ships weren't heavily armed, they resorted to pirating and stealing goods. They built many military bases in key locations in the Indian Ocean. Mombasa (east africa), Hormuz (entrance to the Persian Gulf), Goa (west coast of India) Malacca (Malaysia), and Macao (South coast of China) were all military bases that the Portuguese established. All the bases-with the exception of Macao, which was established through bribery- were obtained through violent methods. The Portuguese wanted to CONTROL trade

Q: How did ethnic composition differ within Latin America?

A: The extensive use of slave labor gave the plantation colonies a very different ethnic and racial makeup than that of highland Spanish America, for the presence of Europeans and Africans were slightly lower here; however, Mulattoes and Native Americans dominated in the highlands. However, in Portuguese America, the Transatlantic Slave Trade contributed to the dominance of Africans.

Q: Why was Europe just beginning to participate in global commerce during the sixteenth century?

A: Europe started recovering after the disaster of the Black Death, which led to population growth during the fifteenth century. Also, national monarchs started learning how to tax their subjects more effectively which resulted in many European powers building substantial militaries equipped with gunpowder weapons. Overall, this impacted the growth of European cities that became centers of international commerce, giving birth to economies based on market exchange, private ownership, and the accumulation of capital for further investment .

Q: What historical developments enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homelands?

A: European innovations in mapmaking, navigation, sailing techniques, and ship design enabled them to carve out huge empires far away from their homeland. Because their ironworking technology, gunpowder weapons, and horses did not exist in the Americas until people acquired them later, these technologies assisted in their expansion into the New World. Also, existing rivalries in the New World allowed them to recruit natives to fight against other natives, for divisions within local societies brought allies for the Europeans. Most significantly, the transfer of pathogens from Europe to the Americas devastated the Americas populations, for Native Americans had no familiarity with these diseases, allowing Europeans to outnumber locals within only a few decades.

Q: How did European nations differ in their colonization of the Western Hemisphere?

A: European nations differed in their colonization of the Western Hemisphere primarily through who their colonizer was, the kind of economy established in their region, and the character of the Native Americans present in the region. While Protestant England colonized through establishing settler-dominated, self-sufficient agricultural systems, semi-feudal and Catholic Spain enforced slave-based plantations, ranching, and mining, all of which impacted the colonies development. Likewise, densely population and urbanized Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations contrasted the sparsely populated rural villages of North America. Colonization was dependent on who the colonizers were conquering and what the regions offered.

Q: What drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce?

A: Europeans wanted Asian spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper, which were typically used as condiments, preservatives, medicines, and aphrodisiacs. They also wanted Chinese silk, Indian cottons, rhubarb for medicine, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires. These commodities contributed to the general recovery of Europe following the Black Death.

Q: To what extent did the Portuguese realize their goals in the Indian Ocean?

A: Following Vasco de Gama's use of the Indian Ocean commercial network, the Portuguese realized how extensive and vast the trade was both geographically and diversely. Because European trade goods were crude and attractive in Asian markets, the Europeans quickly realized they would be unable to compete effectively. Since the commercial network lacked heavily armed ships that the Portuguese had access to, their military advantage allowed them to capitalize off of the lack of a major power within the network (Chinese fleet withdrew) by capturing many key locations against small and weak states by force. This resulted in the Portuguese trading empire.

Q: What factors led to the greater success for European missionaries in Spanish America and the Philippines than in Africa and Asia?

A: Missionaries had their greatest success in Spanish America and in the Philippines, areas that shared two critical elements beyond their colonization by Spain. Most importantly was an overwhelming European presence, experienced variously as military conquest, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor, social disruption, and disease. Secondly, those that practiced small-scale oral religions converted more easily than those that practiced established religions that had been written down.

Q: In what ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies?

A: Originally, African slaves were simply different tribes' prisoners of war. They were less of a product that the tribes went after and more of a result of wars they were fighting anyway. As the Atlantic slave trade grew, African tribes began pillaging other tribes and inciting violence specifically to take young and fit males to sell into slavery. This both drastically increased violence in Africa and disrupted the local economies (because of the sudden lack of men).

Q: How was the role of religion different in the colonization of Latin America than in the colonization of North America?

A: Protestant England was less interested in spreading Christianity among the remaining native people than were the large and well-funded missionary societies of Catholic Spain. Although religion was prominent, the church and colonial state were not so tightly connected as they were in Latin America, which focused on creating an elaborate imperial bureaucracy that governed their Spanish colonies.

Q: How did sugar transform Brazil and the Caribbean?

A: Sugar transformed Brazil and the Caribbean because it introduced the first modern industry for an international and mass market, using capital and expertise from Europe, with production facilities located in the Americas. Further, the demand for sugar promoted the massive use of slave labor, so European sugarplanted turned to Africa and the Atlantic slave trade as an alternative to Native American labor. This impacted Brazil and the Caribbean, for more than 80% of the Africans transported across the Atlantic ended up here.

Q: What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade as compared to other systems of forced labor?

A: The Atlantic slave trade preferred male slaves and usually had a distinctive identity separate from their owners. In contrast, slaves in the Islamic world preferred female slaves since they were mostly used for domestic labor, and slaves in the Indian Ocean world were often assimilated into the societies of their owners. The immense size of this system also distinguished it from other interregional systems of forced labor.

Q: What large-scale transformations did European empires generate?

A: The European empires generated revolutionary environmental and social changes to the Americas by bringing not only their germs and people but their plants and animals. The introduction of new crops, like rice, sugarcane, and wheat, transformed the American landscape and made a recognizable European diet and way of life. Further, the introduction of livestocks, like horses, pigs, and goats, made ranching economies and cowboy culture popular, causing the emergence of male-dominanted hunting and warrior activity to impact women's roles in society as the former food producer. In addition, the Columbian exchange led to crops from the Americas such as potatoes and corn to be transported to Afro-Eurasia, which allowed for population and economic booms in China and Europe.

Q: What were the long-term and short-term causes of the Protestant Reformation?

A: The short-term causes of the Protestant Reformation were the actions of Martin Luther, in which he nailed 95 theses to the door of the Roman Catholic Church, expressing his concerns of the church and the pope. Subsequently, the 30 Years War occurred, and the sect of Protestantism arose. The long-term causes of the Protestant Reformation include the indulgences imposed by the church, as well as the abusive and corrupt nature of the pope. These all added up to the eventual creation of Protestantism.

Q: What differences can you identify among the spice, silver, and fur trades?

A: The spice trade was predominant in the Indian Ocean, developing relationships with Asian societies. The silver was obtained from mines in Spanish America, and enriched Western Europe. This allowed Europeans to participate in the rich commerce of East Asia. Also, furs from North America and Siberia found a market in Europe and China. The hunting of these fur-bearing animals transformed both the natural environments and the respectful societies.

Q: Explain how the rise of universities contributed to the Scientific Revolution?

A: Universities provided an area where scholars could pursue their studies in relative freedom from the dictates of church or state authorities. Within them, the study of the natural order began to slowly separate itself from philosophy and theology adn to gain a distinct identity.

7. Compare the British settler colonies of North America with their counterparts in Latin America.

British settler colonies of North America had many unnecessary intermarriages. The reason they were unnecessary was because if they had a child it wouldn't be recognized as apart of society. There were problems with race and that was the outcome of those problems. On the other hand Latin America was very opposite. While race also did matter, your ethnicity/ race could be changed depending on your educations and position.

Q: In what ways did European empires in the Americas resemble their Russian, Chinese, and Ottoman counterparts?

Considered an age of empires, European empires in the Americas built new societies and encompassed vast territories, promoting interactions between new people and cultures (ex. Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans), developments not uncommon of their counterparts. The Russian Empire was known to be the world's largest territorial empire, expanding into Siberia and incorporating their peoples. The Qing Dynasty doubled the size of their country by adding millions of non-Chinese people who practiced Islam, Buddhism, or Daoism into its population. The Ottoman Empire expanded through a revival of the political unity of Islam. Thus, people and their culture influenced their expansion of all these large and diverse empires.

7. Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic world?

Europe's historical development as a fragmented civilization arguably gave rise to conditions uniquely favorable to the Scientific Revolution, including a legal system that guaranteed a measure of independence for a variety of institutions and unusually autonomous universities in which scholars could pursue their studies in relative freedom from the dictates of church or state authorities.

In what ways did the Atlantic Slave Trade change African societies?

Moral corruption More labor demands on remaining women, in addition with more men marrying multiple women. Impact varied from society to society. Break-up of large kingdoms with outlying regions using the profit gained from the slave trade to gain independence.

5. Why was intermarriage between Spaniards and natives considered advantageous? For whom?

Intermarriage between Spaniards and natives was considered advantageous for native women because if they married a Spaniard man, they would feel secured and safe from the abuse and harsh labor inflicted on the native people.

7. Describe the effect of the fur trade on North American native societies. How did North American and Siberian fur trades differ from each other?

Native Americans found many benefits from the fur trade. Europeans gave gifts to native people which were of value to them. Protected them for a time from extermination, enslavement, or displacement. In North America, there was competition in commercial negotiations with Indians. Siberia - authorities imposed a tax or tribute paid in furs. Also - private Russian hunters & trappers competed with Siberians.

15. In what ways did European empires in the Americas resemble their Russian, Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman counterparts. In what respects were they different?

The European Empires were initiated by maritime expansion while the others were military, imperial expansion like in China. -Russian empires differed because they were not defensive, they were potentially threatening. -Many of the territories the European empires conquered were oceans away while the Chinese stayed closer to their imperialistic power. -The European empires attempted to encompass most of the Americas nominally, while the Chinese was an imperialistic power -The European empires started because they were geographically at an advantage while the Chinese started by military expansion

8. In what ways did the Enlightenment challenge older patterns of European thinking?

The European Enlightenment gave ideas of a commitment to open-mindedness & inquiry, and somewhat a hostility to established political & religious authority. Dislike the "divine right of kings" and the Aristocracy & their privileges in society. Enlightenment thinking was directed against superstition, ignorance, and corruption of established religion. Many thinkers believed in Deism. Central theme of Enlightenment was idea of progress: society could be changed & improved by human action & reason.

2. To what extent did the Portuguese realize their own goals in the Indian Ocean?

The Portuguese found that their ships could out do competing forces in the Indian Ocean. Cannons for coastal contact. Europeans were crude and not as good as Asian goods. They established bases in many places in the Indian Ocean - "trading post empire" Tried to monopolize spice trade -required all merchant vessels to purchase a pass on cargoes. Failed - Carrying Asian goods to parts. Unable to sell European goods.

Q: What was the significance of the silver trade in the early modern era of world history?

The growing demand for silver impacted China's huge economy and the overall significance of the silver trade. When Chinese authorities consolidated tax levies into a single tax, the population of China was required to pay in silver (hard currency). Because of its demand, the price of silver skyrocketed, meaning its value was far more than China's silks and porcelains. This demand set silver in motion around the world, with the bulk of the world's silver supply winding up in China. Silver that was shipped across the Atlantic often first went to Spain and used in Europe generally before going to China in routes known as silver drains. (context) The standard Spanish silver coin was used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as a medium of exchange (cross-cultural). Its impact on the environment due to intensive drilling techniques In Japan, its military rulers used silver-generated profits to defeat rival feudal lords and unify the country In China, silver deepened the commercialization of the economy; to obtain silver, people needed to sell something through labor or products that made the region specialized