AP1- Chapter 4 Reflect

Which of the following statements about codons are true? Multiple select question. 1. A codon is a three-base sequence of tRNA. 2. A codon is a three-base sequence of mRNA. 3. The genetic code is expressed as a sequence of codons. 4. Every codon codes for an amino acid.

2. A codon is a three-base sequence of mRNA. 3. The genetic code is expressed as a sequence of codons.

Which molecules participate in DNA replication? Multiple select question. 1. Ribosomes 2. DNA ligase 3. DNA polymerase 4. DNA 5. RNA polymerase 6. DNA helicase

2. DNA ligase 3. DNA polymerase 4. DNA(primase) 6. DNA helicase

Which of the following are characteristics of ribonucleic acid (RNA)? Multiple select question. 1. It is always double-stranded. 2. It plays an important role in the production of proteins. 3. It contains nitrogenous bases A, U, C, G. 4.It leaves the nucleus and can be found in the cytoplasm. 5. It contains a sugar called deoxyribose.

2. It plays an important role in the production of proteins. 3. It contains nitrogenous bases A, U, C, G. 4.It leaves the nucleus and can be found in the cytoplasm.

After a protein is synthesized, it undergoes structural modification. Which of the following statements about this process are true? Multiple select question. 1. All the introns and exons are removed. 2. This process is known as posttranslational modification. 3. Carbohydrates may be added to the protein. 4. The protein may be folded and stabilized by disulfide bridges. 5. It may involve removal of some amino acid segments.

2. This process is known as posttranslational modification. 3. Carbohydrates may be added to the protein. 4. The protein may be folded and stabilized by disulfide bridges. 5. It may involve removal of some amino acid segments.

Which of the following statements are true regarding introns? Select all that apply. 1. an intron is a portion of mRNA that does not code for protein 2. an intron is a portion of mRNA that must be removed before translation 3. an intron is a portion of mRNA that undergoes translation in the cytoplasm

2. an intron is a portion of mRNA that must be removed before translation 3. an intron is a portion of mRNA that undergoes translation in the cytoplasm

A three-base sequence of mRNA is called a(n)_______.

Codon

Guanine pairs with

Cytosine

True or false? Proteins that must be packaged into a lysosome or secreted from the cell are synthesized in free ribosomes.

False Proteins that must be packaged into lysosomes or exported outside the cell are synthesized in ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

True or False: Genes produce their products nonstop, 24-hours a day.

False Recall that genes can be turned on and off from day to day, even hour to hour, as their products are needed or not, and many genes are permanently turned off in any given cell. Some genes for example are present but inactive in some cells.

Phases of the cell cycle in order (clockwise) G2- 2nd gap phase (growth and preparation for mitosis) G1- 1st gap phase (growth and normal metabolic roles) M- Mitotic phase S Phase- Synthesis phase (DNA replication)

G1-S-G2-M (Go-Sam-Get-Mary)

When a woman gives birth the hormone prolactin stimulates her mammary glands to produce casein, a protein that her body has never synthesized before. This demonstrates which of the following?

Genes can be turned on or off.

One member of each WHAT pair of chromosomes is inherited from the individual's mother and the other from the father.

Homologous

When a red flower crossed with a white flower produces a pink flower, which of the following is demonstrated?

Incomplete dominance

The Order of Translation Termination, Initiation, Elongation

Initiation Elongation Termination

The enzyme that binds to the DNA and assembles the RNA is called RNA__________.

Polymerase

5 phases of Mitosis

Prop-Prom-M-A-T 1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

______ are the cell structures that process coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins.

Ribosomes

True or False: Different codons can code for the same amino acid.

True Sometimes two or more codons represent the same amino acid.

A female normally has 2______ chromosomes

X

Which statement best summarizes the role of DNA in protein synthesis? Multiple choice question. a. DNA contains the genetic code that determines the amino acid sequences of proteins. b. DNA acts as an enzyme to catalyze the conversion of mRNA into protein. c. The anticodons of DNA bind directly to amino acids, allowing them to be linked into a peptide chain. d. DNA guides the folding of a new protein after it has been assembled by RNA.

a. DNA contains the genetic code that determines the amino acid sequences of proteins.

After DNA replication, each daughter DNA consists of one new helix synthesized from free nucleotides and one old helix conserved from the parental DNA. What is this process called? Multiple choice question. a. Semiconservative replication b. RNA replication c. Fork replication d. DNA translation

a. Semiconservative replication

Which term refers to the step of protein synthesis in which mRNA is "read" to make protein? Multiple choice question. a. Translation b. Modification c. Replication d. Transcription

a. Translation

If a protein is going to be used in the cytosol, it is likely to be made by Blank______. However, if it is going to be secreted from the cell, it is made by Blank______. Multiple choice question. a. free ribosomes, polyribosomes on the RER b. polyribosomes on the RER, free ribosomes c. free ribosomes, the Golgi apparatus d. the smooth ER, the rough ER

a. free ribosomes, polyribosomes on the RER.

The codons GGG, GGA and GGU code for Blank______. Multiple choice question. a. the same amino acid b. the same anticodons c. different amino acids

a. the same amino acid

Where is RNA usually found? Multiple choice question. a. Extracellular space b. Cytoplasm c. Nucleus d. Nucleolus

b. Cytoplasm

Which of the following terms refers to a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA? Multiple choice question. a. Genome b. Gene c. Chromatin d. Chromosome

b. Gene

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? Multiple choice question. a. It stays within the nucleus and serves as the template for transcription. b. It carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. c. It binds free amino acids and delivers them to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain. d. It opens the DNA helix and reads the bases from one strand of DNA.

b. It carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

What are the monomeric subunits that comprise a molecule of DNA called? a. Fatty acids b. Nucleotides c. Amino acids d. Monosaccharides

b. Nucleotides

Changes to the structure of a new protein (i.e removal of some amino acids, folding of the protein, adding carbohydrates, etc.) are collectively known as what? Multiple choice question. a. Semiconservative replication b. Posttranslational modification c. Alternative splicing d. Incomplete dominance

b. Posttranslational modification

Which term refers to the conversion of nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences? Multiple choice question. a. Transcription b. Translation c. Replication d. Filtration

b. Translation

Anticodons are found on which type of molecule? Multiple choice question. a. Exons b. tRNA c. DNA d. mRNA

b. tRNA

Where does transcription take place? Multiple choice question. a. In mitochondria b. In the Golgi apparatus c. In the nucleus d. On ribosomes

c. In the nucleus The process of Transcription takes place in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus in eukaryotes. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA

Which molecule contains introns and exons? Multiple choice question. a. tRNA b. rRNA c. Pre-mRNA d. mRNA

c. Pre-mRNA

Stages of translation Put in order a. A new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain b. The tRNA is released from the ribosome and is now available to picked up another amino acid. c. The ribosome binds to mRNA d. A tRNA anticodon binds to a complementary mRNA codon.

c. The ribosome binds to mRNA d. A tRNA anticodon binds to a complementary mRNA codon a. A new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain b. The tRNA is released from the ribosome and is now available to picked up another amino acid.

Which of the following can be considered the essential function of RNA? Multiple choice question. a. To duplicate DNA during cell division b. To transport proteins to the cytoplasm c. To use the instructions coded in DNA to synthesize proteins d. To organize the DNA and make it more compact

c. To use the instructions coded in DNA to synthesize proteins

DNA ligase Blank______. Multiple choice question. a. unwinds segments of DNA b. removes noncoding portions of DNA c. joins segments of DNA together

c. joins segments of DNA together DNA ligases play an essential role in maintaining genomic integrity by joining breaks in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA that occur during replication and recombination, and as a consequence of DNA damage and its repair.

Malfunctions of regulation of the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled tissue growth called Blank______. Multiple choice question. a. hypertrophy b. hyperplasia c. neoplasia d. apoptosis

c. neoplasia (Cancer)

Susie is not color-blind, but she transmitted a color-blindness gene to her son. She is said to be a ______________of the color blindness gene

carrier

Where is RNA usually found?

cytoplasm (formed in nucleus) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the most common form of RNA found in cells - it makes up around 50% of the structure of the ribosomes. It is produced in the nucleus, before moving out into the cytoplasm to bind with proteins and form a ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is found in the cytoplasm and has a complex shape.

In the nucleus of a typical human cell, there are 46 DNA filaments. Which term refers to one of these structures? Multiple choice question. a. Nucleosome b. Chromatin c. Nucleolus d. Chromosome

d. Chromosome

In most cells, chromatin exists as_________. Multiple choice question. a. axenomes b. histones c. microtubules d. chromosomes

d. chromosomes

In humans, sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they contain a total of 23 unpaired chromosomes. The other cells in the body are _____________ because they contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).

diploid

Which of these demonstrate accurate base pairing according to the law of complementary base pairing? Multiple choice question. a. T-G b. A-C c. G-A d. C-T e. A-T

e. A-T

The enzyme RNA polymerase participates in which of the following processes? Multiple choice question. a. Replication b. Translation c. Alternative splicing d. Protein folding e. Transcription

e. Transcription As complex molecule composed of protein subunits, RNA polymerase controls the process of transcription, during which the information stored in a molecule of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA.

In humans, any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes is said to be diploid. Sperm and egg cells, however, are ________ , meaning they contain only 23 unpaired chromosomes.

haploid

The molecule that carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is _______________RNA.

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Repair of damaged tissues is a function of

mitosis

There are over 100 alleles responsible for cystic fibrosis. Therefore, this is an example of ___________.

multiple allele inheritance

Correct order of the steps of mitosis in a. metaphase b. prophase c. telophase d. anaphase

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

The following events happen during -Spindle fibers grow from the centrioles. -Chromosomes condense. -Nuclear envelope disappears. -Centrioles are pushed apart.

prophase of mitosis

r in rRNA is short for?

ribosomal RNA- (ribosomal ribonucleic acid)

The X and Y chromosomes, which help determine the gender of an individual, are known as the ___________ chromosomes.

sex

Anticodons are found on which type of molecule?

tRNA

The following describes which phase of mitosis: Chromatids cluster on each side of the cell and A nuclear envelope reappears. Hint, the finial phase (PPMAT)

telophase

t in tRNA is short for?

transfer RNA (Transfer Ribonucleic acid)

The process of reading an mRNA molecule and synthesizing the protein encoded in its nucleotide sequence is known as

​Translation

Which of the following statements are true regarding the DNA structure? Multiple select question. 1. The nitrogenous bases face the inside and hold the two backbones together with hydrogen bonds. 2. Each sidepiece is a sugar-phosphate backbone composed of phosphate groups alternating with the sugar deoxyribose. 3. Hydrogen bonds can form either between two purines or else between two pyrimidines. 4. The basic three-dimensional structure of DNA is the double helix.

1, 2, 4

How are DNA and RNA different? Multiple select question, Select all that apply. 1. RNA contains a sugar called ribose whereas DNA contains a sugar called deoxyribose. 2. RNA contains adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine whereas DNA contains adenine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. 3. RNA consists of only one nucleotide chain whereas DNA is a double helix. 4. RNA is much smaller. DNA, by contrast, averages more than 100 million base pairs long.

1. RNA contains a sugar called ribose whereas DNA contains a sugar called deoxyribose. 3. RNA consists of only one nucleotide chain whereas DNA is a double helix. 4. RNA is much smaller. DNA, by contrast, averages more than 100 million base pairs long.

Indicate the events that occur during translation. Multiple select question. 1. Ribosome binds messenger RNA (mRNA). 2. A new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain. 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers an amino acid to the ribosome. 4. Messenger RNA (mRNA) binds an amino acid. 5. Transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon binds to complementary mRNA codon.

1. Ribosome binds messenger RNA (mRNA). 2. A new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain. 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers an amino acid to the ribosome. 5. Transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon binds to complementary mRNA codon.

A gene is a segment of________.

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)

Mutations are changes in______

DNA. A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

Which type of allele will mask the expression of a recessive allele in a heterozygote?

Dominant

In DNA, the base adenine pairs with the base_________.

Thymine

Which term refers to the step of protein synthesis in which DNA is used to make mRNA?

Transcription