A+P2 quiz #2 endocrine and reproductive systems

thyroid gland

- butterfly-shaped gland located inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea - it has right and left lateral lobes connected by an isthmus

posterior pituitary gland

- does not synthesize any hormones but stores and releases from axon terminals - 2 hormones produced but he neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus which are oxytocin (OT) and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Location of endocrine organs and the hormones they produce

- hypothalamus; above the pituitary gland below the third ventricle (brain) - pituitary gland; brain, produces GH, TSH, ATCH, FSH - thyroid; inferior to the larynx and anterior to trachea (neck) - parathyroid; posterior aspect of each lobe of thyroid gland (neck), produces T3, T4, calcitonin - adrenal; top of each kidney, produces aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones - pineal glands; roof of the third ventricle of the brain; produces melatonin - pancreas; curve of the duodenum (behind stomach), insulin, glucagon - ovaries; each side of the uterus, produces estrogen and progesterone - testes; inside the scrotum, produces testosterone

what does oxytocin affect

- mother uterus; enhances contractions - mothers breasts; stimulates milk production by the mammary glands in reposes to sucking

what are responses to hormones

- synthesis of new molecules - changing permeability of the cell membrane - stimulating transport of a substance into or out of the cell - altering the rate of metabolic actions - causing contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, target tissues and actions

- targets adrenal cortex - stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex

growth hormone target tissues and actions

- targets liver - stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone and other tissues to synthesize and secrete insulin-like growth factors which promote growth of body tissues - GH acts directly on target cells to enhance lipolysis and decrease glucose uptake

prolactin (PRL) target tissues and actions

- targets mammary glands - together with other hormones, promotes milk production by mammary glands

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) target tissues and actions

- targets ovary and testis - in females initiates development on oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens - in males stimulates testes to produce sperm

luteinizing hormone (LH) target tissues and actions

- targets ovary and testis - in females stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation and formation or corpus luteum - in males stimulates testes to produce testosterone

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

- targets the brain - exact role in humans is unknown but may influence brain activity - when present in excess, can cause darkening of skin

thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) or called thyrotropin target tissues and actions

- targets thyroid gland - stimulates sythnesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

compare and contrast nervous and endocrine systems

- the nervous and endocrine systems act together to coordinate all systems of the body - the nervous system releases neurotransmitters while the endocrine system releases hormones - hormones circulate through the blood and bind to receptors on "target cells" - neurotransmitters also bind to receptors on "target cells"

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex and what hormones do they produce?

1. zona glomerulosa- secretes hormones called mineralocorticoids used to regulate mineral homeostasis 2. zona fasciculata- secretes hormones called glucocorticoids that affect glucose homeostasis 3. zona reticularis- secretes weak androgens (hormones with masculinizing effects)

Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands are ductless. They release their secretion, hormones, into the surrounding fluid, which then enters the bloodstream or lymph to travel to distant cells. Exocrine glands release their secretions through a duct that delivers the secretion to the target location. the secretions of exocrine glands are not hormones, but compounds that have an immediate physiologic function. For example, pancreatic juice contains enzymes that help digest food. Sebaceous and sweat glands of the skin are also good examples of exocrine glands.

Compare and contrast the anatomical relationship of the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by vasculature (hypophyseal-portal system) which allows regulating hormones from the hypothalamus to travel to the anterior pituitary. the posterior lobe is connected to the hypothalamus by a bridge of nerve axons, along which the hypothalamus sends hormones produced by hypothalamic nerve cell bodies to the posterior pituitary for storage and release into the circulation

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 6

a. 0

Hormonal negative feedback using agonist vs antagonist hormones

an agonist produces a response by binding to a receptor on the cell. An antagonist opposes the action by binding to the receptor

what hormone secretes varies with blood osmotic pressure

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hypothalamopypophyseal tract

axons from the neurosecretory cells form this

Which of the following statements about insulin is true? a. Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane. b. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane. c. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. d. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.

b. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by ________. a. abnormally low levels of cortisol b. abnormally high levels of cortisol c. abnormally low levels of aldosterone d. abnormally high levels of aldosterone

b. abnormally high levels of cortisol

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance? a. adrenocorticotropic hormone b. antidiuretic hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. all of the above

b. antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism? a. increased bone deposition b. fractures c. convulsions d. all of the above

b. fractures

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________. a. blood vessels b. nerve axons c. cartilage d. bone

b. nerve axons

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________. a. autocrine b. paracrine c. endocrine d. neuron

b. paracrine

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone? a. ADH b. oxytocin c. TSH d. cortisol

c. TSH

Endocrine glands ________. a. secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs b. release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft c. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream d. include sebaceous glands and sweat glands

c. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

The gonads produce what class of hormones? a. amine hormones b. peptide hormones c. steroid hormones d. catecholamines

c. steroid hormones

The role of the corpus luteum in the Female Reproductive System

corpus luteum produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true? a. It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. b. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. c. It manufactures three hormones. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected? a. somatostatin b. pancreatic polypeptide c. insulin d. glucagon

d. glucagon

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________. a. urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys b. a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines c. the activity of osteoblasts d. the activity of osteoclasts

d. the activity of osteoclasts

an INCREASE in blood volume causes a ___________ in ADH secretion

decrease

what does ADH do

decreases urine output as part of a negative feedback loop where osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monster blood osmotic pressure

Know the make-up and functions of seminal fluid.

functions are motility, transportation, capacitation, and fertilising ability the make-up is the seminal vesicles and prostate gland

when is oxytocin released

in response to stretch placed on the cervix during child birth

a DECREASE in blood volume causes an _________ in ADH secretion

increase

Describe the role of negative feedback in the function of the parathyroid gland.

production and secretion of PTH is regulated by a negative feedback loop. low blood calcium levels initiate the production and secretion of PTH. PTH increases bone resorption, calcium absorption from the intestines, and calcium reabsorption by the kidneys. As a result, blood calcium levels begin to rise. This inhibits the further production and secretion of PTH.

Ductal distribution in the male reproductive system.

the sperm passes through the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.

where do water-soluble hormone bind to

they bind to the receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell