APEH 14&15

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic Reformation.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the

Fronde

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Growth in armed forces

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.

How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach.

The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

John Locke.

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties.

After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at

St. Petersburg.

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg.

One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by

Stenka Razin.

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.

In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

consolidation of serfdom.

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

military dictatorship.

Louis XIV selected councilors from the

newly ennobled or upper middle class.

Typically, French classicism

presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity.

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.

In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of

the House of Orange.

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of

the Pyrenees.

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy.