APES 6,7,8
The World Health Organization's $6 billion push to rid the world of malaria failed because the microorganisms that cause the disease and the mosquitos that carry the disease developed resistance to the chemicals being used. This resistance developed as a result of:
natural selection
The two processes that lead to biological evolution are:
natural selection and mutation
A sewage treatment plant is an
neither
In the "holistic view" of ecological communities:
all individuals are keystone species
An introduced species is found to have a fundamental niche identical to that of a native species. A possible outcome is:
all of these
Humans have, and have had in the past, great influence on the biological diversity in their surrounding environment as a result of:
all of these
Which of the following is an example of an ecological island?
all of these
According to the Case Study in the Environmental Science textbook ("The Acorn Connection"), the incidence of lyme disease among humans increases in years when the gypsy moth population is low
an abundant acorn crop draws deer into the woods
Heterogeneity of the physical environment results in
an increase in species diversity
Moderate grazing in a pasture in comparison to no grazing results in
an increase in species diversity
Occasional (at least once every 50 years), light fires in jack pine forests in Michigan result in
an increase in species diversity
The development from early to middle stages of succession results in
an increase in species diversity
The presence of sea otters within a kelp forest community results in
an increase in species diversity
Genes:
are made of deoxyribonucleic acid
All of the following are fundamental elements of an ecosystem and must be present for sustained life except:
at least one species that feeds upon the others in the ecosystem
In the figure below, the label on the bottom of the diagram (labeled "B") indicates _________ from the left of the triangle towards the right.
increasing human modification
In the figure below, the label on the left side of the diagram (labeled "A") indicates _________ from the bottom of the triangle towards the top.
increasing latitude
The __________ biome consists of areas alternately exposed to air and covered by ocean water.
intertidal
According to the Environmental Science text, an ecosystem:
is the smallest system that includes and sustains life
A habitat with a variety of local sub-environments has all of the following characteristics except:
it follows the Principle of Competitive Exclusion
On land, what species live where depends on all of the following factors except:
it's hard to pick any factor that doesn't affect the distribution of species
Sea otters live along the Pacific coast of the U.S. and Canada. The otters feed upon sea urchins, and urchins feed upon kelp. Reduction in the number of sea otters leads to an explosion in sea urchin populations, declines in kelp, and declines in all other species that feed upon kelp. Given this information, sea otters are an example of a(n):
keystone species
An ecosystem:
lies intermediate between a source of energy and a sink for energy
Through most of the period between Times 2 and 4 in the figure below, Species A is increasing __________.
linearly
During the first period of advanced multi-cellular life, called the Cambrian Era:
living organisms remained in the ocean
In what way did healthy mangrove forest ecosystems saved lives during the Asian tsunami tragedy in December 2004?
mangroves acted as a buffer, absorbing wave action
Which of the following is an example of three different species on three different trophic levels, listed from lowest level to highest:
moss, reindeer, wolves
Which population is most likely to exhibit an evolutionary response to a change in its environment?
A population which has high genetic variability
The Environmental Science textbook outlines the relatively simple food chain that exists in hot springs such as in Yellowstone National Park, including the following organisms:
D, A, B, C
This chapter introduced some of the aspects of species diversity. The figure below illustrates the concept of "shape diversity". Which one of the following statements about the figures is correct?
Figure (a) has greater shape evenness than Figure (b)
Which of the following are able to decompose organic matter?
I and II
Which of the following is true about islands compared to larger landmasses or continents? I. Islands have fewer species than continents II. Islands have a greater species diversity III. Islands have smaller extinction rates
I only
Why are there fewer native species of trees in Europe and Great Britain than in all other temperate regions of the world? I. in Europe, major mountain ranges run east - west II. many species became extinct during glaciation III. tree seeds could not spread during times of glaciation
I, II, and III
A species upon which the entire ecosystem depends on
Keystone species
In 1876, A.R. Wallace developed a classification of six biogeographic provinces, a scheme that is still used today. All of the following are among Wallace's realms except:
Polynesian (South Pacific Ocean)
__________ include prairies of North America, steppes of Eurasia, plains of Africa, and the pampas of South America.
Temperate grasslands
__________ are dominated by dense stands of low vegetation sometimes known as "chaparral" that occurs in climates with seasonally-concentrated rainfall.
Temperate shrub lands
Why are whooping cranes are being released into an area near Nashville, Tennessee?
They are being reintroduced to an area where they lived long ago.
__________ occur in areas of high temperatures and where precipitation is abundant and distributed relatively evenly throughout the year.
Tropical rain forests
__________ are treeless plains in areas of low annual temperatures and low rainfall.
Tundra
Intensive farming results in
a decrease in species diversity
Which population of predators is potentially most stable?
a population that feeds on many types of prey
Which population is most likely to exhibit an evolutionary response to a change in its environment?
a population which has high genetic variability
An ecological community is:
a set of interacting species that occur in the same place
__________ refers to the bottom of the ocean.
benthos
The geographic distribution of living things is called:
biogeography
A major ecological community characterized by a dominant vegetation type is called a(n):
biome
The figure below illustrates the Earth's major __________.
biomes
Which of the following terms refers to a region that is inhabited by a characteristic set of taxa, with boundaries that prevent the spread of the distinctive kinds of life to other regions and the immigration of foreign species?
biotic province
Compared with a more homogeneous habitat, a habitat with a variety of local subenvironments will tend to:
can offer more possibilities of refuge to rare species
Mutation:
can result in a new species
"Ecological gradient" refers to:
change in the relative abundance of a species over an area
In the figure below, the growth of Species A between Times 2 and 4 suggests that:
competition for limited resources limited the population
The three basic kinds of interaction between species are:
competition, symbiosis and predation-parasitism
Principle that species with identical requirements cannot coexist in a habitat:
competitive exclusion
The Norway rat and the black rat were both introduced to this country from Europe. The Norway rat is found only in cities and inhabits most cities in the U.S. The black rat can live in cities and rural areas but in New Jersey is only found in rural areas. Some cities in New Jersey which previously had only black rats, now have only Norway rats. This is an example of:
competitive exclusion
In the figure below, the event which occurs at Time 3 is an example of:
competitive exclusion principle
Continental drift caused by plate tectonics is thought to have caused all of the following except:
decreased genetic variation worldwide
The Gobi, Sahara, and Sonora are examples of the __________ biome.
desert
The World Health Organization's $6 billion push to rid the world of malaria failed because the microorganisms that cause the disease and the mosquitoes that carry the disease ____________.
developed resistance to the chemicals being used
The smallest units that are capable of sustaining life are:
ecological communities
A 5000 hectare farm in North Dakota is an
ecological community
A set of interacting species that live in the same area is called an
ecological community
Boston, Massachusetts is
ecological community
According to the Environmental Science text, the host springs in Yellowstone National Park is an
ecosystem
The simplest environmental unit that can support life is called a(n):
ecosystem
As Salmon migrates from the ocean to rivers and lakes, it interacts biologically and chemically with marine, aquatic, and nearby terrestrial species, This is an example to illustrate that:
ecosystem boundaries are gradual, not abrupt
All of the following are artificial ecosystems except:
estuaries
A species introduced into a new geographical area is called a(n):
exotic species
Green plants, algae and certain bacteria produce sugar through the process of photosynthesis. To which trophic level do they belong to?
first trophic level
In hot springs live photosynthetic bacteria and algae. Some flies, called Ephydrid flies lie eggs onto the algae mats. Their larvae feed on the algae and the bacteria. Another fly, the Colichopodid fly feeds on the eggs and larvae of the herbivorous fly. Dragonflies, wasps, spiders, tiger beetles also feed on the Ephydrid fly. The Ephydrid flies also have a parasite, a red mite that feeds of the fly eggs and travels attached to the body of the fly. Another animal, a small wasp lays eggs within the fly larvae. All wastes and dead material are fed on by decomposers, which in hot springs are primarily bacteria. The algae and photosynthetic bacteria living in hot springs feed on the
first trophic level
The most basic processes in an ecosystem are:
flow of energy and cycling of chemical elements
Energy, chemical elements, and other compounds are transferred from creature to creature along:
food chains
The __________ biome includes regions such as estuaries, rivers, and lakes.
fresh waters
All of the following are able to produce food by direct interaction with sunlight except:
fungi
The total number of genetic characteristics of a specific biological population is called:
genetic diversity
Random changes in the frequencies of traits in a population are called:
genetic drift
Biogeography refers to:
geographic distribution of living organisms
In hot springs live photosynthetic bacteria and algae. Some flies, called Ephydrid flies lie eggs onto the algae mats. Their larvae feed on the algae and the bacteria. Another fly, the Colichopodid fly feeds on the eggs and larvae of the herbivorous fly. Dragonflies, wasps, spiders, tiger beetles also feed on the Ephydrid fly. The Ephydrid flies also have a parasite, a red mite that feeds of the fly eggs and travels attached to the body of the fly. Another animal, a small wasp lays eggs within the fly larvae. All wastes and dead material are fed on by decomposers, which in hot springs are primarily bacteria.
herbivore
The Mississippi River delta of Louisiana is a very special environment. The combined effect of geological subsidence, opening of shipping lanes through the delta, channelization of the river and its distributaries is an example of:
human interaction with the environment
In the __________ biome, sulfur-rich brines and chemosynthetic bacteria form the base of the food chain.
hydrothermal vents
Which of the following statements is true about omnivores?
omnivores feed on several on trophic levels
The simplest ecosystem needs _________ to function properly.
one species that produces its own food, and a second that decomposes the waste of the first one, plus water and air
Processes that lead to changes in gene frequency include all the following except:
self reproduction
Similar environments in different locations lead to the evolution of species with:
similar adaptations
All of the following are examples of the relationship: (1) inhabitant, (2) ecological niche or habitat, (3) activity of the inhabitant in the niche, except:
surfer, ocean, beach
Also known as boreal forest, __________consist(s) of forests located at high altitude or high latitude. a) temperate grasslands
taiga
Common vegetation in the __________ biome include deciduous trees, and dominant animals tend to be small mammals, birds, and insects.
temperate forests
Biological evolution matches most closely to which of the following descriptions:
the change of inherited characteristics of a population
A zoo is an example of:
the domestication of individuals from different ecosystems
"Community-level interactions" refer to:
the fact that changes in one species in an ecological community
According to the Environmental Science text, the difference between an ecosystem and an ecological community is:
the non-living components of the environment
What is biological diversity?
the variety of life forms on earth
Why have Gry Wolves been removed from the endangered species list?
their population has reached more than 5,000, and appears to be growing
In hot springs live photosynthetic bacteria and algae. Some flies, called Ephydrid flies lie eggs onto the algae mats. Their larvae feed on the algae and the bacteria. Another fly, the Colichopodid fly feeds on the eggs and larvae of the herbivorous fly. Dragonflies, wasps, spiders, tiger beetles also feed on the Ephydrid fly. The Ephydrid flies also have a parasite, a red mite that feeds of the fly eggs and travels attached to the body of the fly. Another animal, a small wasp lays eggs within the fly larvae. All wastes and dead material are fed on by decomposers, which in hot springs are primarily bacteria. Dragonflies, wasps, spiders, tiger beetles that feed on the Ephydrid fly
third trophic level
In hot springs live photosynthetic bacteria and algae. Some flies, called Ephydrid flies lie eggs onto the algae mats. Their larvae feed on the algae and the bacteria. Another fly, the Colichopodid fly feeds on the eggs and larvae of the herbivorous fly. Dragonflies, wasps, spiders, tiger beetles also feed on the Ephydrid fly. The Ephydrid flies also have a parasite, a red mite that feeds of the fly eggs and travels attached to the body of the fly. Another animal, a small wasp lays eggs within the fly larvae. All wastes and dead material are fed on by decomposers, which in hot springs are primarily bacteria. The small wasp that lays eggs within the Ephydrid fly larvae feed on
third trophic level, parasite
In an ecosystem where wolves feed upon moose, the ratio between the production of moose and the production of wolves is an example of:
trophic-level efficiency
Grasslands with scattered trees are known as __________.
tropical savannas
The graph below demonstrates that:
we cannot infer any relationship between moose population density and wolf population density on the basis of this graph
In the __________ biome, typical vegetation may include small trees such as mangroves, shrubs, sedges, and mosses. Animals may include mammals, reptiles, snakes, birds, as well as invertebrates such as crabs or clams.
wetlands
In which of the following situations is adaptive radiation most likely to occur:
where populations are isolated from the rest of the world
In which of the following situations is divergent evolution most likely to occur:
where populations are separated by geographic barriers
