APES chap 3 test
Lots of producers if have 10,000 kcal only ___% will be passed up.
10%
1% of 1 mil is
1000 KJ
An ecosystem has an ecological efficiency of 10 percent. If the producer level contains 10,000 kilocalories of energy, how much energy does the tertiary consumer level contain?
10kcal
The net primary productivity of an ecosystem is 1 kg C/m2/year, and the energy needed by the producers for their own respiration is 1.5 kg C/m2/year. The gross primary productivity of such an ecosystem would be
2.5 kg C/m2/year
Which of the following best describes the net primary productivity of an ecosystem?
Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem
Which macronutrient is required by humans in the largest amounts?
nitrogen
Matter cycles through the biosphere
nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and hydrologic
Based on the diagram, which of the following reservoirs contains the most phosphorus?
sediments
Beginning at the lowest trophic level, arrange the following food chains found on the Serengeti Plain of Africa in the correct sequence.
shrubs -gazelles-cheetahs-decomposers
Research at Hubbard Brook showed that stream nitrate concentrations in two watersheds were ______ before clear-cutting, and that after one watershed was clear-cut, its stream nitrate concentration was _____.
similar/increased
Photosynthesis
solar energy + 6 H20 + 6 CO2 -----> C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is a herbivore?
an animal that only eats plants
autotrophs
any organism that can produce its own food
What are producers?
are able to use the suns energy to produce usable energy through the process called photosynthesis.
Suns energy coming in
as photons
Cynabacteria
autotrophs
plants
autotrophs
producers
autotrophs
Tropic period has to do with
biomass
C6H12O6 =
carbo hydrate (sugar). Energy is 36 ATP.
What is a food web?
chain follows the connection between one producer and a single chain of consumers within an ecosystem.
Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems?
they recycle nutrients
Grow plants under ultraviolet lights bc
they take in energy a lot more and absorb.
True or False: food chains make up food webs
true
90% is
used and given as heat.
abiotic
Non-living
Based on the data in the table, if the number of snakes were to suddenly decrease, which of the following changes would most likely occur in the food web of this ecosystem?
increase in number of shrews, decrease in number of hawks
energy units
kcal/m2
biomass units
kg C/m2
food chains are
liner pathway
biotic
living
After a severe drought, the productivity in an ecosystem took many years to return to pre-drought conditions. This observation indicates that the ecosystem has
low resilience
What is standing crop?
The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.
1% in decimal is
0.01........1mil KJ
Approximate efficiency of the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis
1%
Roughly what percentage of incoming solar energy is converted into chemical energy by producers?
1%
What is Ecological efficiency?
The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another.
___% of solar energy striking producers is captured by photosynthesis?
1%
If you cut to half of producers it will go from
5,000kcal to 500kcal to 50kcal to 5kcal
ex of ecosystem productivity
5000 = GPP - 10,000 15000 = GPP
What is a scavenger?
An animal that eats dead or decaying material
What is a carnivore?
An animal that only eats other animals
What is a decomposer?
An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms, and eats it. (ex: bacteria & fungi)
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that cannot make its own food. Must consume food for the production of energy
What is an omnivore?
An organism that eats both plants and animals
Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature?
Carbon sinks include forests and oceans
How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon?
Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere
Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink?
Deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor
What comes from phosphorus?
Detergents, cleaner and fertilizer
Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem?
Energy is harnessed by producers and available energy decreases with each tropic level transfer.
Scientists calculated the net primary productivity at two different forest sites. Both forest have the same gross primary productivity. Forest A has a net primary productivity of 1,650 kcal/m2/year, and forest B has a net primary productivity if 1,110 kcal/m2/year. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data?
Forest A producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest B producers.
Assuming all other variables are constant, which of the following is the most likely conclusion about the greatest potential for gross primary productivity that can be supported by data in the graph?
Gross primary productivity in Location 1 is greater than that in Location 2 in March.
Which of the following best describes gross primary productivity in an ecosystem?
Gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time.
At which trophic level are eagles that consume fish that eat algae?
secondary consumer
formula for ecosystem productivity
NPP = GPP - respiration by producers
Which of the following would best describe X in the diagram above?
Phosphorus and nitrogen are both required for plant growth.
Which biogeochemical cycle(s) does not have a gaseous component?
Potassium and Sulfur
Biosphere
The combination of all ecosystems on Earth.
What is evapotranspiration?
The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration.
What is Net primary productivity (NPP)?
The energy captured (GPP) minus the energy respired by producers.
What is Biomass?
The energy in an ecosystem is measured in terms of biomass.
What is transpiration?
The loss of water from a plant. The process where plants release water from their leaves into the atmosphere.
Biogeochemical cycles
The movement of matter within and between ecosystems involving biological, geologic and chemical processes.
Which of the following biogeochemical cycle is correctly paired with its largest reservoir?
The nitrogen cycle and the atmosphere
What is a trophic pyramid?
The representation of the distribution of biomass among trophic levels.
What is a food chain?
The sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers. A food chain links species by their feeding relationships
What is Gross primary productivity (GPP)?
The total amount of solar energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.
Too much phosphorus can cause?
algae bloom
food web is
complex
Primary Consumers (herbivores)
consume producers.
Heterotroph
consumer
Which of the following categories of organisms, which are required for the cycling of matter in an ecosystem, is missing from the table?
decomposers
Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level?
deer
earthworms are
detritivores
Which of the following is not characteristic of ecosystems?
distinct boundaries
Green
dominates the reflection
Tertiary Consumers (carnivores) eat secondary consumers.
eat secondary consumers.
What is a detritivore?
eats the remains of dead plants and animals (ex: crab earthworms, snails)
respiration
energy + 6 H20 + 6 CO2 <------ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Which of the following processes shown in the diagram leads to precipitation?
evaporation rate
Which of the following is not an example of an abiotic component of an ecosystem?
fungi
Blues and reds
get absorbed and green is reflected back.
For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture
glucose
Consumers (heterotrophs)
obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
Secondary Consumers (carnivores)
obtain their energy by eating primary consumers.
Most plants are green because
of the light that is being reflected back. Light comes in at certain wavelengths. ROYGBIV.
Small inputs of this substance, commonly a limiting factor in aquatic ecosystems, can result in algal blooms and dead zones.
phosphorus
Based on the diagram above, which of the following processes reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
photosynthesis
The process in which glucose is synthesized by plants
photosynthesis
mushrooms cannot
photosynthesize
watt is
power
At which trophic level do organisms use a process that produces oxygen as a waste product?
producers
chemosynthetic bacteria
producers
The anticancer drug Taxol was originally extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. This drug is an example of a type of ecosystem service known as
provisions
99% of solar energy is _____ and passed through producers without being absorbed
reflected
40% of GPP supports the growth and ____ of producers (NPP)?
reproduction
60% of GPP is lost to ?
respiration
Water in take is on
roots called xylem.
At which trophic level are dragonflies that consume mosquitoes that feed on herbivorous mammals?
tertiary consumer
Which of the following major storage reservoirs of carbon, stored in the form of carbon dioxide, is not represented in this diagram?
the ocean
What is runoff?
when water moves across the land surface into streams and rivers, eventually reaching the ocean.
