APES chapter 7

If carbon monoxide emissions decreased from 145 million tons annually to 80 million tons annually, by what percentage have emissions been reduced? 41 percent 45 percent 47 percent 52 percent 55 percent

45 percent

What percentage of worldwide deaths due to indoor air pollution occurs in developing nations? 30 percent 50 percent 60 percent 70 percent 90 percent

90 percent

Which of the different components of smog depicted in the graph are most likely released from automobile exhaust? A and B B and C A, B, and C B, C, and D

A and B

Which pollution control method was proposed by an amendment to the Clean Air Act? Allowing tolls to limit the use of automobiles A market for sulfur emissions The regulation of radon emissions The use of catalytic converters Chemicals developed to prevent the formation of ozone

A market for sulfur emissions

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Question Which of the following would be the best control group to evaluate the treated wastewater from the paper company? Responses A sample of distilled water A sample of water from a nearby river A sample of water downstream from the same river A sample of water upstream from the same river

A sample of water upstream from the same river

Scientists have observed that the health of people living in moderately developed regions, which have developed transportation and industry but lack environmental control measures, is more likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor air pollution. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data presented in the graph? A. In moderately developed regions such as China and Latin America, an individual's health is more or as likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor pollution. B. Developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa are less affected by indoor air pollution because there is no source of radon in the region. C. Indoor air pollutants decrease and urban outdoor pollutants increase as countries become more industrialized. D. The amount of both indoor and outdoor air pollution is directly linked to the size of each region.

A. In moderately developed regions such as China and Latin America, an individual's health is more or as likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor pollution.

Which method is used to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions? A. Installation of catalytic converters B. Increased temperature of combustion C. The addition of oxygen to combustion processes D. The use of fluidized bed combustion E. The use of calcium carbonate to absorb the emissions

A. Installation of catalytic converters

The data that was used to create this graph was collected in the winter. Which of the following best describes how the graph would be different if the data were collected in the middle of the summer? A. The peaks for every data line would be at a lower concentration. B. Concentrations for component CC would be higher throughout the graph. C. Concentrations for all the data lines would be the horizontal throughout the day. D. Components AA, BB, and DD would peak in the afternoon instead of in the morning.

B. Concentrations for component C would be higher throughout the graph.

If the air layers in the diagram were relabeled to illustrate normal atmospheric conditions, the correct labeling from the air layer closest to the Earth's surface to the one farthest from the Earth's surface would be A. cool air, cooler air, warm air B. warm air, cool air, cooler air C. cooler air, warm air, cool air D. cooler air, cool air, warm air

B. warm air, cool air, cooler air

The graph below depicts the various components of smog for a densely populated urban area in the Northern Hemisphere. Each plotted line (AA, BB, CC, and DD) is a different component of smog. Which of the curves on the graph depicts the concentration of ozone, which requires sunlight to form? A B C D

C

In the figure above, the letters AA, BB, and CC represent the different thermal layers present in an inversion. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of thermal layers as one moves vertically upwards from the surface of Earth? A. Warm sea breeze → Cool →Warm B. Warm sea breeze → Warm → Cool C. Cool sea breeze → Warm → Cool D. Cool sea breeze → Cooler → Coolest

C. Cool sea breeze → Warm → Cool

Over a three-year period, a city's environmental protection department measured the particulate matter (PM2.5PM2.5) in a ten-square-mile area around one of the city's coal-fired power plants. The annual mean level of PM2.5PM2.5 measured was 20.0μgm320.0μgm3 over the three-year study period. The National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM2.5PM2.5 is an annual mean level of 12.0μgm312.0μgm3, averaged over three years. The city instructs the manager of the power plant to propose a plan to aid the city in meeting the NAAQS for PM2.5PM2.5 in the area around the power plant over the next ten years. Which of the following would be the most effective plan for the manager to propose to the city? A. Install catalytic converters at the plant. B. Install vapor recovery nozzles at the plant. C. Install electrostatic precipitators at the plant. D. Burn lignite coal instead of bituminous coal at the plant.

C. Install electrostatic precipitators at the plant.

Scientists have been monitoring CO2CO2 in the atmosphere from Mauna Loa in Hawaii since 1958. Which of the following units is used by scientists to measure CO2CO2 in the atmosphere? A. Dobson units B. Percent saturation C. Parts per million D. pH

C. Parts per million

Based on the layers in the diagram, which of the following best explains why a thermal inversion tends to concentrate pollutants in the air layer closest to the Earth's surface? A. The air layer that is the second closest to the Earth's surface is less dense than the layer above it. B. The inversion layer is warmer than the air layer that is farthest from the Earth's surface. C. The air layer closest to the Earth's surface is denser than the layer above it. D. The air layer that is farthest from the Earth's surface contains the coolest air.

C. The air layer closest to the Earth's surface is denser than the layer above it.

Canada has proposed an action plan to address climate change and air pollution. The action plan will reduce the impact of greenhouse gases and pollutants on the environment and human health. Which of the following claims about the Canadian action plan is best supported by the data in the graph? A. The plan encourages the transition from electricity generation from nuclear power to electricity generation from cleaner-burning natural gas. B. The plan focuses on increasing regulation on installation and maintenance of catalytic converters in vehicle exhaust systems. C. The plan supports phasing out traditional coal power plants and transitioning to sources like hydroelectricity, wind, and solar power. D. The plan provides a strategy for reducing the amount of plastic wastes in landfills through the production of long-lasting and durable plastics.

C. The plan supports phasing out traditional coal power plants and transitioning to sources like hydroelectricity, wind, and solar power.

A student is setting up a model to study the carbon cycle and natural sources of carbon dioxide. They create a microenvironment that contains soil, leaf debris, an earthworm, heterotrophic bacteria, and a sun lamp. What natural source of carbon dioxide and major metabolic process was left out of the model? A. There is no representation of decomposition in the model environment. B. There is no representation of cellular respiration in the model environment. C. There is no representation of photosynthesis in the model environment. D. There is no representation of ingestion in the model environment.

C. There is no representation of photosynthesis in the model environment.

Which outdoor air pollutant is also a significant indoor air pollutant? Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen oxides Carbon monoxide Lead Ozone

Carbon monoxide

Which is NOT used to prevent the emission of particulate matter? Gravitational settling Fabric filters Electrostatic precipitators Catalytic converters Scrubbers

Catalytic converters

Which of the following best explains the cause of the trend shown in the graph for lead emissions in the United States from 1970 to 2011 ? A. By 1990, all new model cars were equipped with internal fabric filters that effectively filtered car exhaust and reduced lead emissions. B. Beginning in 1975, The Clean Air Act required new cars to have catalytic converters, which effectively converted the lead found in gasoline to water vapor. C. New air-scrubber technologies were introduced in the late 1970s that effectively removed lead in the air and converted it into water vapor. D. Unleaded gasoline was first introduced in 1974, and amendments to the Clean Air Act required cars with the model year 1975 or later to use only unleaded gasoline.

D. Unleaded gasoline was first introduced in 1974, and amendments to the Clean Air Act required cars with the model year 1975 or later to use only unleaded gasoline.

Which of the following sources should be examined in a study to determine the impact of a geologic source on levels of CO2CO2 in the atmosphere? A. Photosynthesis B. Cellular respiration C. Decomposition D. Volcanoes

D. Volcanoes

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following would be the best location to obtain a water sample from to determine if the paper plant is affecting the acidity of the river? Immediately downstream from the paper plant Immediately upstream from the paper plant At an upstream tributary to the river At a downstream tributary to the river

Immediately downstream from the paper plant

Which of the following conclusions can best be drawn from the data in the graph? Location A has the greatest need for remediation because the radon levels in the building are the highest and exceed the EPA action level. Location B has the lowest need for remediation because the radon levels in the building are below the suggested action level. Location C has the greatest need for remediation because the radon levels in the soil are the highest. Location D has the lowest need for remediation because there is no measurable radon in the air or the soil samples.

Location A

Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that reducing noise exposure is currently more of a public policy problem than a scientific problem? There is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hypertension and heart disease. The relationship of noise with annoyance that negatively impacts human health is a subject for future research. Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s. It is unclear whether negative cognitive effects are reversible in humans.

Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s.

Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that noise exposure will be a major health problem in the twenty-first century? There is sufficient evidence to support that noise exposure negatively impacts the immune system. Further research is needed concerning the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders. There is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces sleep disturbance in humans. Noise exposure is on the increase in both industrialized nations and in developing regions.

Noise exposure is on the increase in both industrialized nations and in developing regions.

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following water quality indicators should be measured to best determine if the wastewater is increasing the acidity of the river? The amount of dissolved oxygen The total suspended solids The amount of hydrogen ions The species richness

The amount of hydrogen ions

Which of the following best describes why the authors do not claim that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans? There is sufficient evidence that exposure to noise induces some health risks in humans. There is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans. Noise exposure can induce hearing impairment and decreased school performance. A high-priority study subject is the effect of noise on children.

There is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans.

Scientists have observed that the health of people living in moderately developed regions, which have developed transportation and industry but lack environmental control measures, is more likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor air pollution. Which of the following activities would most likely account for the levels of indoor air pollution in India and sub-Saharan Africa, as shown in the graph? Construction of homes with more efficient insulation and increased ventilation Use of biomass fuel sources such as wood and charcoal for cooking Industrial power plants burning fossil fuels for electrical energy generation Use of chemical pesticides on croplands

Use of biomass fuel sources such as wood and charcoal for cooking

Sick building syndrome occurs most often in old buildings. is a primary cause of lung cancer. is a result of off-gassing. can be prevented by renovations. occurs most often in wet tropical areas.

is a result of off-gassing.

Asbestos is used for insulation. can be easily removed and treated. can be a problem in new construction. causes skin irritation, nausea, and fatigue. is commonly used in furniture.

is used for insulation

The primary source of radon is electronics. indoor fires. household chemical fumes. rocks and soils. construction materials.

rocks and soils