APES hydrosphere test

Runoff from fertilized lawns and agricultural fields and the dumping of municipal wastes, resulting in high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen would do what to lakes? A population decrease in algae, the production of more detritus, and eventual depletion of dissolved oxygen A population decrease in algae, the production of less detritus, and eventual decrease in dissolved oxygen A population explosion of algae, the production of more detritus, and eventual depletion of dissolved oxygen A population explosion of algae, the production of more detritus, and stable concentration of dissolved oxygen

A population explosion of algae, the production of more detritus, and eventual depletion of dissolved oxygen

A structure a built out from the coast to protect (stop waves) an area such as harbors and lagoons

breakwater

A state highway was constructed over wetlands. The state obtained a permit to fill the existing wetland in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Water of 1972, and agreed to create another wetland. This trade-off approach to addressing an environmental issue is known as Mitigation Restoration Preservation Remediation

Mitigation

A low pH in water bodies can result from all of the following EXCEPT: Passing water through limestone treatment facilities Acid rain Flooded, abandoned underground mines Mountaintop mining Acid snow

Passing water through limestone treatment facilities

a length of water wider than a strait, joining two larger areas of water, especially two seas.

channel

A primary cause of thermal pollution is a. The use of wind power b. Nuclear power plants c. Electrical lighting d. Ozone depletion e. Stormwater runoff

b. Nuclear power plants

The presence of coliform bacteria in a sample of river water suggests which of the following? a. pH is very high b. The water is contaminated with animal waste c. The river is devoid of plant life d. The dissolved oxygen levels are very high

b. The water is contaminated with animal waste

long accumulations of sand separated from mainland by estuaries, bays, or lagoons

barrier islands

the process of dumping or pumping sand from elsewhere onto an eroding shoreline to create a new beach or to widen the existing beach.

beach nourishment

The cooling of water vapor (gas) to form clouds in atmosphere

condensation

a zone with high productivity

euphotic zone

A choking of rivers, lakes and other waterways by excess algae growth which has been stimulated by fertilizers or sewage. Ex: (of a lake or other body of water) rich in nutrients and so supporting a dense plant population, the decomposition of which kills animal life by depriving it of oxygen.

eutrophic

When water is heated from a liquid to a gas and moves from surface water into the atmosphere

evaporation

the interface between land and a river or stream

riparian zone

Movement of water on the surface into bodies of water (usually downhill)

runoff

an infiltration of saltwater in an area where groundwater pressure has been reduced from extensive drilling of wells

salt water intrusion

Hard structure built parallel to the coast to protect land structures

seawall

the process of removing salt from saltwater

desalination

Freshwater accounts for what percent of total water in the world. 1 3 10 20 33

3

oceans cover about ________ of the Earth's surface 50% 60% 70% 80%

70%

Porous water-saturated layers of underground rock are known as: Aquifers Recharge areas Watersheds Runoff areas

Aquifers

Estuaries and coastal wetlands are important for all of the following reasons except: Spawning and nursery grounds for marine fish and shellfish Filtering out waterborne pollutants from swimming and wildlife areas. Breeding grounds for waterfowl. Providing coral for limestone production and the tourist trade.

Breeding grounds for waterfowl.

An aquatic environment: Creates toxic metabolic wastes Increases fluctuations in temperature Increases chances of overheating Dissolves nutrients and makes them readily available

Dissolves nutrients and makes them readily available

plants that usually occur in wetlands (estimated probability 67-99%), but occasionally are found in non-wetlands.

Facultative plants

Tests on water can be used to indicate the likelihood of human wastewater contamination by testing for indicator species such as Salmonella typhi bacteria Fecal coliform bacteria Vibrio cholerae bacteria Influenza

Fecal coliform bacteria

Which of the following is not an ecological service provided by wetlands? Store rainwater and release it slowly into groundwater or streams Heavily used for agriculture due to high nutrient content Breeding site for birds and fish High areas of primary productivity Filter pollutants from water

Heavily used for agriculture due to high nutrient content

the clean water act: I. protects surface waters II. protects groundwater III. protects the diversity of aquatic species I only II only I and II only I and III only I, II, and III

I and III only

Levees do which of the following? I. Prevent flooding II. cause flooding downstream III. Prevent deposition of sediment on floodplains I only II only II and III I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Which of the following are examples of wetlands? I. Swamps II. Marshes III. Bogs I only II only III only I and II I, II, and III

I, II, and III

aqueducts present problems in the areas in which they are located. this may be due to the following: I. diversion from the natural river channel flow II. loss of water due to evaporation III. political problems due to location of water bodies I only II only III only I and II I, II, and III

I, II, and III

which of the following is a possible end result for sludge from a sewage treatment plant? I. deposited in a landfill II. incinerated III. use as a fertilizer I only II only III only I and II only I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Low levels of ___________ indicate that water is safe to drink. I. Dissolved oxygen II. Biological oxygen demand III. Fecal coliform bacteria I only III only II only I and III II and III

II and III

Which of the following is NOT true about thermal pollution? It causes the death of organisms that cannot tolerate heat. It is produced from industrial plants. Power plants generate thermal pollution. It decreases the concentration of dissolved of dissolved oxygen in water It enters water through leaks from tanks and dumping in drains

It enters water through leaks from tanks and dumping in drains

Species that occur almost always in wetlands under natural conditions (greater than 99% probability), but which may also occur rarely in non-wetlands (less than 1% probability). ex:

Obligate Plants

Lakes that have few minerals and low productivity are referred to as : Autotrophic Autotrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic

Oligotrophic

The United States legislation that empowers the EPA to establish maximum contaminant levels in drinking water is the clean water act the superfund act the clean air act the MCL act The safe drinking water act

The safe drinking water act

A high biological oxygen demand in a body of water is an indicator that : There is a specific source of pollution nearby. There is a low level of dissolved CO2 in the water There is a high concentration of mercury in the water There is a large amount of detritus in the water There is a high concentration of coliform bacteria in the world

There is a large amount of detritus in the water

Plants that occur rarely (estimated probability <1%) in wetlands, but occur almost always (estimated probability >99%) in wetlands under natural conditions. Examples: shortleaf pine, soft brome

Upland plants

the effect(s) of dams include: impediment of fish migration displacement of people reduction of fossil fuel use reduction of seasonal flooding all of these answers are correct

all of these answers are correct

Which of the following is the Earth's most diverse and productive biome? Wetlands Tropical rainforest Temperate seasonal forest Coral reefs Grasslands

coral reefs

a turbid, dense current of sediments in suspension moving along the slope and bottom of a lake or ocean.

density current

Highest point of a watershed/river basin, where all water flows from, down a slope

divide

lasting for a very short time.

ephemeral

the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.

estuary

the land adjacent to a river

floodplain

steep with water cascades

gradient

Rocky structure that extends out from the beach

groin

Movement of water into the ground (also called percolation)

groundwater infiltration

The origin of a river/stream, usually at high elevations

headwater

type of soil: Limited oxygen availability Decomposed matter (peat, muck) on surface & throughout Id'd by dark streaks that stain fingers Smells like rotten eggs Sandy @ surface

hydric soil

not allowing fluid to pass through.

impervious

occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady.

intermittent

desalination as a method of producing freshwater is cheaper and more efficient than most other methods is used widely around the world is used in coastal areas of arid nations produces a highly concentrated residue that must be disposed of

is used in coastal areas of arid nations

a landing stage or small pier at which boats can dock or be moored.

jetty

a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves. ... Subterranean drainage may limit surface water with few to no rivers or lakes.

karst topography

A pond in a field is an example of a ______ system Lentic Lotic

lentic

standing lakes, ponds, inland wetlands

lentic system

zone in the open water of a lake where rooted plants cannot survive.

limnetic zone

the shallow area of soil and water near the shore where algae and emergent plants such as cattails grow. most photosynthesis occurs in this area

littoral zone

moving streams and rivers

lotic

Tropical communities dominated by halophytic (adapted to grow in saline conditions) trees

mangrove

the preservation, enhancement, restoration or creation (PERC) of a wetland, stream, or habitat conservation area which offsets, or compensates for, expected adverse impacts to similar nearby ecosystems.

mitigation baking

is processed and treated to meet drinking water standards, even though only a very small proportion is consumed or used in food preparation. In the United States, less than 1% of _____________ is used for human consumption.

municipal water

a diffuse area that produces pollution

nonpoint source pollution

a pH of 6.4 represents the approximate pH of which of the following? lemon juice acidic precipitation normal rainfall distilled water

normal rainfall

a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere

ocean acidification

which of the following is a point source of pollution? offshore oil wells livestock feedlots urban lands croplands

offshore oil wells

having a deficiency of plant nutrients that is usually accompanied by an abundance of dissolved oxygen

oligotrophic

The end of a river or stream, usually found at lower elevations

outlet/mouth

which of the following is an effective alternative to chlorine for disinfecting wastewater in a municipal treatment plant? freon alcohol ammonia ozone

ozone

lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or continually recurring.

perennial

organism that poisons fish and eats flesh. affected the neuse river basin

pfiesteria

the upper layer of water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis

photic zone

a distinct location from which pollution is directly produced

point source pollution

the difference between a point source and a nonpoint source of water pollution is a nonpoint source is easily identifiable point sources can be targeted for reduction nonpoint sources tend to be factory outputs point sources tend to be agricultural in nature nonpoint sources are less harmful to the environment

point sources can be targeted for reduction

improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems

potable water

The release of water from atmosphere (clouds) in rain, sleet, snow, ice, etc.

precipitation

All of the following threaten the survival of coral reefs except: Increased ultraviolet light from stratospheric ozone depletion. Eroded soil from deforestation and poor land management. Ocean acidification Predation by sharks.

predation by sharks

which of the following uses tends to consume the smallest amount of water? irrigation residential use industry energy production

residential use

primary treatment of wastewater entails separating out the larger particulate matter from incoming wastewater allowing microbes to decompose organic sewage heavy metal removal treatment with chlorine to kill bacteria and pathogens

separating out the larger particulate matter from incoming wastewater

what is the first step of treating wastewater at a municipal sewage treatment plant? use of bacteria to break down organic matter solid waste materials settle out disinfection using chlorine or ozone water is removed from sludge water undergoes aeration to reduce offensive odors

solid waste materials settle out

the solid matter carried by a stream

stream load

the gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land.

subsidence

as a result of anthropogenic eutrophication, the fish may die from: acid deposition suffocation from lack of oxygen toxic pollutants in the water heavy metal concentration

suffocation from lack of oxygen

The water at the ocean surface is moved primarily by winds that blow in certain patterns because of the Earth's spin and the Coriolis Effect

surface current

the presence of fecal coliform bacteria in a sample of river water suggest which of the following? the pH is very high the water is contaminated with animal waste the river is devoid of plant life the dissolved oxygen levels are very high

the water is contaminated with animal waste

Excessive heat

thermal pollution

bacteria of beneficial to wastewater treatment because: they help solid material settle out of the wastewater they naturally break down organic matter heavy metal concentration a and b are true all of the above are true

they naturally break down organic matter

he alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the moon and sun.

tides

The release of water from plants into the atmosphere

transpiration

Small branching stream that into a bigger stream/river

tributary

Put the events leading to cultural eutrophication in the correct order. W- leaching of nutrients from fertilized agricultural lands X- fish die-off Y- algal bloom w-x-y w-y-x x-y-w x-w-y y-x-w

w-y-x

Upper surface of the zone of saturation, in which all available pores in the soil and rock in the earth's crust are filled with water

water table

which of the following statements about water use in the US is true? water use continues to rise sharply due to increasing population water use is decreasing due to falling population water use has doubled over the past 10 years due to an increase in washing machines water use has leveled off due to water-efficient technologies

water use has leveled off due to water-efficient technologies

land consisting of marshes or swamps; saturated land.

wetland

Area where all available pores in soil and rock in the earth's crust are filled by water

zone of saturation