APES Quiz 3

At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness?

100 years

Which of the following was the number of finches in the population with a beak size of 10.2 mm in 1978?

12

The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. The pH at which 50 percent of the Daphnia survive after 2 hours of exposure can be predicted from the data. This pH is closest to

4.5

The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. On the basis of the data, the best prediction of the pH of the water in which Daphnia normally are found in the wild is

7

Which of the following was the average beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major in 1976?

9.5mm

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution?

A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.

Which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct?

A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors.

Study Finds Aardvarks Suffering as African Climate Heats Up Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph?

After the volcanic eruption, pioneer species colonized the area and the ecosystem began to undergo succession.

Organisms adapted to surviving in water with the widest range of salinity would most likely be native species in which of the following marine environments?

An estuary within a lagoon.

Which of the following explanations is best supported by the data shown in the map above?

Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.

Estuary provides refuge after dam removal for bull trout Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment loaded waters and migrated to avoid the conditions introduced during dam deconstruction.

The diagrams above show the range of tolerance for soil moisture content for two different species of terrestrial invertebrate: Species 1 and Species 2. The ranges represented are for each species where it occurs alone. Soil moisture content is a limiting factor for both species. If populations of both species are placed together in a new location, which of the following diagrams represents the most likely actual (realized) ranges of the species' distribution of individuals with respect to soil moisture content after five generations?

C)

Which of the following examples illustrates the community with the highest biodiversity?

D) 10 10 10 10 10

Which of the following would be most likely to occur in the scenarios that have experienced habitat loss and/or fragmentation in the diagram?

Decrease in the number of specialist species

Based on the data in the table, which ecosystem is in the earliest stages of succession?

Ecosystem B

Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem?

Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.

Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area?

Genetic variation within each species and number of species present

Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment. Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy include which of the following? 1) The dark, heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile. 2) The fangs and claws of a lion 3) The light coloration of a peppered moth

I and II only

The diagram below shows the change in an ecosystem over time. Based on the diagram above, in which stage are most species present considered pioneer species?

II

Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn?

Increased susceptibility on plant disease

A research team monitoring a local freshwater ecosystem noticed that over the past few years the otter population had declined significantly, while the populations of other species remained fairly constant. After running tests, the research team determined that mercury levels in invertebrates and small fish in the ecosystem were very high. In this ecosystem, what role did the otters occupy?

Indicator species

The diagram below shows the change in an ecosystem over time. Which of the following best describes the role of moss in the transition to stage III of the process?

It breaks down rock and adds organic nutrients to the soil.

The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. How would including a control group be useful in this experiment?

It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors.

A North Carolina timber company proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of oak-hickory deciduous forest in the Appalachian Mountains. The company has said that the forest will regrow naturally, and 50 years after the clear-cutting the company plans to harvest again, cutting all the oaks and hickories that have at least a 40-centimeter diameter. A local citizens' group claims that this is not a realistic plan. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim of the citizens' group?

Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished.

Based on the data shown in the graph, when would the species richness of the ecosystem have been the lowest?

One to four years after the volcanic eruption

On the coast of Oregon, mussels cover most of the rocky shoreline. Two mussel predators include Pisaster (ochre stars) and Nucella (whelks). A sixty-day removal study was conducted, and the results are presented in the graph. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the graph?

Pisaster is a keystone species, because when Nucella was removed the proportion of live mussels was similar to the control.

The Chatham Island robin is a small endangered bird found in scrub forests off the coast of New Zealand. The robin is preyed upon by introduced species such as cats and rats. In 1980, the population decreased to only 5 individuals and every individual today is a descendant of a single female. Which of the following is best illustrated in the decline of the Chatham Island robins?

Population bottleneck

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat?

Primary succession

The diagram below shows the change in an ecosystem over time. Which of the following best identifies and describes the process that is illustrated in the diagram above?

Primary succession, because the process in the diagram begins with bare rock.

The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event was caused when an asteroid impacted Earth approximately 66 million years ago, near what is now the Gulf of Mexico. The indirect effects of the impact affected the entire globe. The event resulted in the extinction of nearly 75 percent of all plant and animal species on Earth, including the majority of dinosaur species. Which of the following likely best describes why most of these species went extinct?

Rapid climate and habitat change

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following best describes how ecologists could determine when this ecosystem is approaching a climax community?

Record the number and type of producers present every year after the eruption

Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species?

Sea otter

Which of the following best describes why secondary succession generally occurs more quickly than primary succession?

Secondary succession takes place in areas that already have soil and nutrients in place, whereas primary succession occurs in areas that lack soil.

Which tree species grows best with full sunlight?

Sweet Gum

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development?

The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.

Which of the following best describes the frog species' range of tolerance to acidic conditions?

The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6.

Very Large Dead Zone Forecast for the Gulf of Mexico Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen.

The graph below shows the change in sea level from the Cambrian period to today compared to today's sea level. Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data?

The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.

In England approximately 250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on. Which of the following statements best describes how the moths adapted to the new environment over time?

The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population.

The Devils Hole pupfish is one of the world's rarest fishes, spending most of its life in the top few meters of very warm waters of a cavern located in the middle of the Mojave Desert. Which of the following statements best explains why the Devils Hole pupfish are able to live in this environment?

The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.

Which of the following is a measure of the biodiversity of an ecosystem?

The total number of different plant species

Which of the following statements best explains the changes in the size and composition of the population of finches after the drought?

The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.

The table below shows measurements of the beak size of a sample of ten ground finches on each of two islands in the Galápagos archipelago. The two islands are about ten kilometers apart, and all the birds are the same species. Given that beak size is genetically determined, which of the following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands?

The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

A student reads that nanosilver particles are used in cosmetics to allow nutrients to penetrate deeper into the skin. When the cosmetics are washed off, the nanosilver particles can enter freshwater ecosystems. These particles may decrease survival in many aquatic organisms. The student determines that Daphnia magna, a tiny freshwater crustacean widely found in North America, might make a good test subject for an experiment. Which statement below is the most likely testable hypothesis based on the information provided?

When the concentration of nanosilver particles in water is increased, the population of Daphnia magna will decrease.

In North America, native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators

have coevolved with native plant species

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond?

species richness