APES QUIZ MASTER SET
Surface mining is used to extract what percentage of nonfuel resources in the U.S.?
90
A major earthquake is one that measures in what range on the Richter scale? In other words... At what point/range is an earthquake considered MAJOR
7.0 to 7.9
What is our approximate current global population?
7.4 billion
In less-developed countries, the poor, those making less than $2.25 a day, typically spend how much of their income on food?
70%
What percentage of the earth's surface is covered by water?
71%
Since 1900, how much of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops have we lost?
75%
What percentage of the residents of dispersed urban areas in the United States drive alone to work every day?
76%
Depletion time is the time it takes to use up approximately ____% of the mineral reserves at a given rate of use.
80
In 2010, the UN indicated that what percentage of the world's people are living along or near the ocean, mostly in large coastal cities?
80%
What percentage of the food products currently on U.S. supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically engineered food or ingredients?
80%
The geological layer, consisting of underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock, where groundwater flows, is called ____.
an aquifer
One of the reasons for cutting trees is to provide pulp for making paper. However, paper can be made from a number of other sources. What is not a viable source of paper?
animal fats
Which toxic substance is often used to extract gold and results in harmful environmental effects?
cyanide
The delta for the Colorado River was destroyed by ____.
damming the river
Which Carbon compounds are involved in the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Check all that apply.
glucose and carbon dioxide
Hemp requires fewer pesticides and yield more pulp per hectare. What other source of pulp provides this benefit?
kenaf
Which term describes species that play crucial roles in helping to keep their ecosystems functioning?
keystone
The Columbia River dam system has benefited many people, but it has ____.
sharply reduced populations of wild salmon
The term subsidence refers to ____.
sinking of ground when water has been withdrawn
One of the most important characteristics of a pesticide is how long it will stay deadly in the environment, a characteristic called ____.
persistence
A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic region
population
the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area
population density
Widespread human-influenced fires in tropical forests, such as the Amazon Rainforest, change weather patterns by raising temperatures and reducing rainfall resulting in droughts, which in turn makes forests more likely to bum. This is an example of a ____.
positive feedback loop
What describes an organism that is too old to reproduce?
postreproductive
The root cause of food insecurity is ____.
poverty
Ocean pollution from plastic items dumped from ships and garbage barges, and left as litter on beaches, kills up to ____ sea birds each year.
1,000,000
Urban rooftop greenhouses use as little as ____ of the water and ____ of the area occupied by conventional farms to produce similar yields.
10%; 5%
What is the carrying capacity for reindeer on St.Paul Island? (Chart has a flat bar at 100 labeled "carrying capacity")
100
Of the 20 key nonrenewable mineral resources it needs, what percentage does the U.S. import?
100%
More modern countries use more water. For example, how much water does it take to produce one small car?
104,000 gallons
Of the estimated 50,000 plant species that people can eat, only ____ of them supply an estimated 90% of the world's food calories.
14
In the United States what percentage of direct water use is lost due to water leaks?
14%
Burning tropical forests accounts for how much of the human-created greenhouse gas emissions?
17%
Between which years is the population growing exponentially?
1825-1850 (its linear but it goes up a lot soooo ig so chief)
In what year did the population hit its maximum size before crashing?
1940 (function maximum)
Calculate the doubling time for a country with a growth rate of 3.5%.
20 years
What percentage of the world's oceans is fully protected, and closed to fishing and other harmful human activities?
0.8%
In less-developed countries, poverty is a way of life for how many people at the present time?
1 billion
Each year, scientists measure the magnitude of how many earthquakes?
1,000,000
What percentage of water withdrawn from lakes, streams, and rivers is used by cities and residences?
10%
What percentage of China's major cities are already facing water shortages?
67%
A tree plantation is also called a(n) ____.
commercial forest
Protected areas linking isolated reserves is a design called ____.
habitat corridors
Robert Costanza of the University of Vermont estimates the monetary worth of the earth's ecological services per year at which of the following?
$33.2 trillion
What percentage of the world's water supply is liquid freshwater that is available to living organisms?
0.024%
Calculate the natural growth rate of a country that has a crude birth rate of 14 and a crude death rate of 8. A positive answer means the population is growing; a negative answer means the population is declining.
0.6%
For every shark that injures or kills a person, people kill about ____ sharks.
1.2 million
India once planted 30,000 varieties of rice; now most of the rice comes from how many varieties?
10
The Colorado River provides water and electricity to what percentage of the U.S. population?
10%
If current trends continue, U.S. motorists will spend an average of ____ of their lives in traffic jams.
2 years
In Mexico City, the percentage of days each year in which air pollution standards are violated has fallen from 500 to ____.
20%
The U.N. International Seabed Authority began issuing seabed mining permits in what year?
2011
According to the USGS, each person in the United States uses an average of how many metric tons of mineral resources each year?
22
The United States has about 4.4% of the world's people. What percentage of the world's motor vehicles does the United States have?
25%
What percentage of Americans say they would bike to work or school if safe bike lanes and secure bike storage were available?
25%
In 2012, there were ____ megacities, cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.
26
Which law best explains why there are rarely more than 4 or 5 trophic levels in any given ecosystem?
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
By the year 2025, how many of the world's people are likely to lack access to clean water?
3 billion
Urban populations occupy about ____ of the planet's land area, but consume about ____ of the earth's resources.
3%; 75%
Forests cover about ____% of the U.S. land area.
30
Many marine scientists suggest we need at least ____% of the world's oceans fully protected as marine reserves.
30
Americans waste what percentage of their food?
30-50%
Forests, both natural and planted, occupy how much of the earth's land surface, other than Greenland and Antarctica?
31%
What percentage of the world's reliable surface runoff is currently being withdrawn?
34%
By law, a country's offshore fishing zone extends to ____ kilometers from its shores.
370
The United States is withdrawing groundwater from aquifers at a rate that is ____ times faster than it can be recharged.
4
In the United States, about ____% of the forests are protected.
40
According to the World Resources Institute, if the current rates continue, how much of the world's remaining forests will be lost in the next two decades?
40%
According to a 2010 study, what percentage of groundwater and surface water withdrawn in the U.S. is used to cool electric power plants?
41%
Over the past 8,000 years, human activities have reduced the earth's original forest cover by about ____% , with most of that coming in the last 60 years.
47
The United States subsidizes mining companies through depletion allowances that amount to ____% of their gross income from mining and processing.
5-22
About ____ of the wood harvested globally each year is burned directly for fuel or converted to charcoal fuel.
50%
Aquifers provide drinking water for how much of the world's population?
50%
Despite their ecological value, the United States has lost more than ____ of its coastal and inland wetlands since 1900.
50%
What percentage of the world's population lives in urban areas at the present time?
50%
All the nations of the world are overfishing the world's global oceans, taking ____ more than the sustainable yield of fish.
57%
Between 1970 and 2010, the proportion of Mumbai residents living in slums and shantytowns grew from 17% to ____.
62%
Mexico City is working to build state-of-the-an waste processing centers that, within a few years, will process as much as ____ of the city's solid waste through recycling and composting, while burning some of it for energy.
85%
Permanent damage to the ears begins after prolonged exposure to ____ decibels, and death can occur at a decibel level of _____dbA.
85;180
Which of the following soil horizons is considered topsoil?
A
Which of method is effective in reducing tropical deforestation?
All of these
What is Growing Power, Inc.?
An ecologically based farm developed by a former professional basketball player on a small urban plot that applies all three scientific principles of sustainability
The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan has several goals. Which goal below is not one of them?
Build a series of massive dams to stop water leaving the Everglades.
Ocean acidification is defined as rising levels of acid in ocean waters due to the ocean's absorption of ____ from the atmosphere.
CO2(carbon dioxide)
Match the elements with their use in the human body (in all organisms actually).
Carbon - building block of all organic compounds; main component of carbohydrates and fats Sulfur - a component of certain amino acids used to build proteins and in vitamins Phosphorus - part of the structural "backbone" that is essential in DNA and RNA Nitrogen - The key element necessary for building proteins; also an essential element in the formation of DNA and RNA
The disappearance of the tropical rain forests is an important issue with dire global consequences.
Carbon Cycle and Water Cycle
The majority of the earth's rare earth minerals are found in ____.
China
Which country has taken the strongest stand against urban sprawl?
China
Match the top 3 most populated countries in the world in order.
China, India, USA
Which of the following is known to be true concerning the possible mining of the ocean floor?
Countries cannot come to an agreement about who owns the minerals.
What occurs in alley cropping?
Crops are planted in strips between trees and shrubs.
Four of the following are disadvantages of dam and reservoir systems; one is not. Choose the one that is not.
Dams and reservoirs increases downstream flooding.
Which of the following is not a good solution for water waste?
Discourage organic farming.
We can all help sustain terrestrial biodiversity through various measures. Which of the following methods is least effective in sustaining biodiversity?
Eliminate local plants from your household garden
Researchers have suggested four principles for carrying out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation. Which one of the following is not one of these principles?
Encourage the development of economic zones in the ecosystem.
Which has been a major factor promoting urban sprawl in the United States?
Federal and state funding of highways
When a resource has been economically depleted, we can do something about it. Which of the following is not suggested as an appropriate action to take to mitigate this issue?
Find alternative supplies of the resource.
With only 2% of its forests remaining, which of the following countries has gone from tropical paradise to ecological disaster?
Haiti
Biologist E.O. Wilson proposed a list of priorities for protecting aquatic biodiversity. What is one of those priorities?
Identify and preserve the world's aquatic biodiversity hot spots.
Four of the following are ways to grow and harvest trees more sustainably; one is not. Choose the one that is not.
Increase road building into uncut areas.
species that tend to reproduce later in life, have a small number of offspring, spend large amounts of energy caring for their young, and have long life spans best describes...
K-Selected reproduction
Based on data for Ch. 6, which country would this age structure diagram best represent (I told you to study these graphs!)? * Graph has a large population with AIDS
Kenya
To address the water supply problems in the Colorado River basin, experts call for the seven states using the river water to take several actions. What is not one of these?
Lower the price of water taken from the river.
"Fecal snow" has been observed in ____.
Mexico City
Tapping deep aquifers for water sources creates several concerns. Which of the following is not one of these?
Most are heavily polluted.
The second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century occurred in 1991 when ____ erupted.
Mt. Pinatubo
Which of the following is not true of the Colorado River basin?
Much needed sediment is washed to coastal wetlands.
In 1968, the U.S. Congress passed the ____ to establish protection of rivers with outstanding wildlife, geological, scenic, recreational, historical, or cultural values.
National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
In what 2 stages is "growth rate over time" considered low? (these next 2 questions reference the chart)
Preindustrial, Industrial
Which of the following is an effect of urbanization?
Recycling is less economically feasible.
Four of the following are important ecological services provided by forests; one is not. Choose the one that is not.
Releases atmospheric carbon
Ecologists and forest fire experts recommend several strategies for reducing fire-related harm to forests and people. What is one of those strategies?
Set small, contained surface fires in highest-risk forest areas.
Which state has made the best use of urban growth boundaries?
Tennessee
Which trophic level (TL) always has the greatest amount of energy available to it?
TL 1 (aka, Producers)
Mass extinctions, with 25-95% of species going extinct, have occurred several times in the history of the earth. What makes our current extinction rate different from previous mass extinctions?
The extinctions are human caused rather than natural causes.
Because of the rising prices of many metals, there is now particular interest in pursuing mining in what location? Remember- Choose the best answer (this is a tough one...)
The ocean floor
The "one way flow of high-quality energy" is one of the 3 factors that sustain life on Earth. If energy can not be created or destroyed, then why is it considered a "one way flow"?
The one way flow of high-quality energy describes the transfer of energy from the sun to all living things. Their feeding interactions into the environment are classified as low-quality energy. The transfer describes is considered a "one way flow" because the sun provides high-quality energy and this energy can not be transfered back into high-quality energy or returned to the sun. This is described in the 2nd Law of Thermodamics.
What is a major difference between the phosphorus cycle and the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles?
The phosphorous cycle does not include the atmosphere but the others do
What is a trend in urban population dynamics?
The proportion of the global population in urban areas is increasing.
There are four major problems associated with the use of the Colorado River's water. Which one of the following is not one of those problems?
The river gets most of its water from mountain snow melt.
The most populous city in the world, a hypercity, is ____.
Tokyo-Yokohama
Which statement about higher gasoline taxes is true?
They are difficult to implement due to lack of fast, efficient, reliable, and affordable mass-transit options, bike lanes, and sidewalks.
Which of the following is true of tree plantations?
They are not biologically diverse.
What is true of genetically modified crops?
They could reduce biodiversity
Which of the following is true of surface fires?
They free mineral nutrients that are locked up in vegetation and litter.
What is an advantage of modern synthetic pesticides?
They increase profits for farmers
Which of the following is a characteristic of exurbs?
They lack an socioeconomic center
What is a disadvantage of modern synthetic pesticides?
They may become less and less effective.
Which of the following is not a primary goal of a dam and reservoir?
To clean the water supply
Which biome was the focus in the Core Case Study?
Tropical Rainforest
What is true of water and water supplies associated with urban areas?
Urban development has destroyed or degraded wetlands.
Which of the following statements is true?
Urbanization varies throughout the world but is increasing everywhere.
Due to limitations of resources and competition between populations, there are ____ limits to population growth in nature.
always
Which vertebrate was the subject of the Ch.4 Core Case Study?
amphibians
Explain why a food web is a better representation of an ecosystem than a food chain.
While a food chain is simply a sequence of organisms detailing the flow of energy between each one, a food web describes many food chains interconnected between each other. This allows the viewer to learn not only which direction the energy is flowing, but also the relationship between organisms of different food chains.
Which of the following is experienced by residents of Mexico City?
Widespread salmonella and hepatitis infections
What would cause a population to overshoot its carrying capacity?
a reproductive time lag between birth and death rates
What is CITES?
a treaty banning trade in endangered species
A population's distribution of individuals among various age groups
age structure
What is not considered a major problem for U.S. public parks today?
agricultural runoff
The purpose of mitigation banking is to ____.
allow the destruction of wetlands if an equal wetland is created elsewhere
Some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans. This reproductive strategy commonly ____.
are vulnerable to extinction
What is the zone of hot, partly melted rock that flows and that can be deformed?
asthenosphere
In any ecosystem, what is always at the base of all food chains?
autotrophs
One result of the increasingly efficient global hunt for fish is that larger individuals of commercially valuable wild species are ____.
becoming scarce
In recent years, jellyfish blooms have ____.
been rising in numbers
What is now likely to draw people to urban areas?
better health care
Areas especially rich in plant species that are found nowhere else and are in great danger of extinction are called ____.
biodiversity hotspots
What is the term for the portion of the earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere where life is found?
biosphere
Please identify the levels of organization we discussed in class as either biotic, abiotic, or both.
biosphere - both biome - both ecosystem - both community - biotic population - biotic organism - biotic
Conservationists around the world are using a design in which an inner core of a reserve is surrounded by two protective areas. This design is known as ____.
buffer zone concept
The rise in white-tail deer populations in suburban areas are causing numerous problems. What is the greatest, most deadly problem?
car wrecks
The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain
carrying capacity
Some coastal fishing communities have developed allotment and enforcement systems for controlling fish catches in which each fisher gets a share of the total allowable catch. These systems help sustain fisheries and jobs and are called ____.
catch-share systems
Industrialized livestock production generates 1% of the world's climate-changing greenhouse gases, more than all the world's cars, buses, and planes. Most of this comes from ____.
cattle belching
Tropical forests in the Amazon basin and other South American countries are primarily being cleared or burned for ____.
cattle grazing and soybean plantations
According to water resource experts, the main cause of water waste is ____.
cheap prices
Many of the world's poor only have access to a low-protein, high-carbohydrate, vegetarian diet and suffer from ____.
chronic malnutrition
What is the pattern of development in which houses, town houses, condominiums, and two- to six-story apartments are built on parts of the tract and the rest, typically 30-50% of the area, is left as open space for wildlife preserves, parks, and walking and biking paths?
cluster development
Which product is commonly grown in plantation agriculture?
coffee
Rainwater harvesting ____.
collects rainwater from rooftops and stores it
When it appears that it is no longer profitable to continue fishing as a result of overfishing, the fish populations are said to be ____.
commercially extinct
"Of the 65 other mammal species documented in the park, the white-tailed deer, groundhog, chipmunk, and some squirrel and bat species are the most commonly seen. Over 200 species of birds are regularly sighted in the park, 85 of those migrate from tropical regions. Some 120 species nest here." Which level of organization is being described?
community
One preservation strategy for the remaining grasslands in the Southwestern U.S. involves land trust groups that pay ranchers for ____, which are deed restrictions that bar future owners from developing the land.
conservation easements
For heterotrophs, what is the primary method of assimilating nutrients?
consumption
Which procedure would most likely be used to mine coal on hilly terrain?
contour mining
What moves large volumes of rock and heat within the mantle, much like gigantic conveyor belts? Hint- This process predominately occurs in the upper mantle (in the Asthenosphere)
convection cells
About 20% of the world's grain production is used to make biofuels such as ethanol for cars mainly using which grain?
corn
Costa Rica is considered a superpower of biodiversity, with an estimated 500,000 plant and animal species. This biodiversity is chiefly a result of the ____.
country's geographic location and its government's strong conservation efforts
During stage 2, what is the main cause of of the rapid increase in "total population"?
decrease in death rate
Based on the section 1 of your reading and figure 6.2 from your book, since the 1980's, the global population growth RATE has ________.
decreased
The temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, or other uses, is called ____.
deforestation
The time it takes to use up a certain proportion of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate is referred to as the ____.
depletion time
When the productive potential of soil, especially on arid or semiarid land, falls by 10% or more because of prolonged drought and human activities, ____ occurs.
desertification
One major human activity that has contributed to flooding is ____.
destroying vegetation
Which of the following is a disadvantage of clear-cutting?
destroys and fragments wildlife habitats
Large dam and reservoir projects ____.
disrupt the migration and spawning of fish
Surface mining, when compared to subsurface mining, ____.
disturbs more land
Sea-bottom habitats are being threatened by ____.
dredging operations and trawlers
Withdrawing too much water from an aquifer can cause several issues. Which of the following is not one of these?
droughts
Why are infant mortality rates higher in the US than other developed countries?
drug abuse during pregnancy
The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth is called ____.
ecological diversity
What term refers to the process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by ecosystems?
ecological restoration
Ecologists warn that human population growth, economic development, and poverty are exerting increasing pressure on the earth's ecosystems and on the ____ it provides.
ecosystem services
The Core Case Study lists 3 major factors as to why the Earth's human population has increased so dramatically. Which of the following was not a reason given?
emergence of new energy sources- coal, oil, natural gas
Departure of individuals from a population to another area
emigration
In 2011, an international panel of scientists concluded that because of a combination of habitat loss, overfishing, pollution, and ocean acidification, marine life is poised to enter a new period of ____.
endangerment
A combination of all factors that may limit growth of a population
environmental resistance
Based on information provided in this graph, what factor keeps populations near carrying capacity?
environmental resistance
Which of the following is not an economic service provided by forests?
erosion reduction
What is a result of phosphate rich runoff from land into surface water supplies?
eutrophication- increased growth of algae in streams, lakes, and other water bodies
When plotting the number of individuals in a population against time, the data yield a J-shaped curve. What does this curve indicate?
exponential growth
One way of increasing our supplies of rare earth minerals is to ____.
extract and recycle them from discarded electronics
Which activity is least likely to be involved with the sustainable management of freshwater fisheries?
facilitating the introduction of commercially important nonnative species
A severe shortage of food leading to mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption, is called ____.
famine
A second green revolution has been taking place since 1967, based on ____.
fast-growing rice and wheat
There are many advantages to using microorganisms for mining. Which of the following is not one of these?
faster removal of the mineral
As large species of fish are overfished, the fishing industry is shifting to smaller marine species and about 90% of this catch is converted to fishmeal and fish oil, most of which is ____.
fed to farmed fish
A concentration of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water is called a ____.
fishery
Which of the following is defined as the area of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world?
fishprint
What is the largest cause of soil erosion?
flowing water
The place where an earthquake begins is called its ____.
focus
An urban area where people have little or no easy access to nutritious food without traveling long distances is called a(n) ____.
food desert
A second-growth forest is a(n) ____.
forest resulting from secondary succession
When reading a food web, in which direction do the flow-of-energy arrows point?
from prey to predator
Which kind of diversity allows organisms on earth to adapt to and survive many changing environmental conditions?
genetic diversity
Farmers could not grow lettuce in the arid interior of California without ____.
government subsidies
What is one breakthrough material in the materials revolution that is being used for bridges and buildings?
graphene
The hydrologic cycle is driven primarily by which two natural forces?
gravitational energy and solar energy
One approach to preserving open space, used in cities such as Toronto and Vancouver, is to surround a city with a(n) ____.
greenbelt
Water in the spaces between soil, rock, and gravel is called what ____.
groundwater
Areas such as the San Joaquin Valley and Mexico City have experienced subsidence because ____.
groundwater was overpumped
According to this site, the US has 1 birth every 8 seconds, 1 death every 13 seconds, and one immigrant every 28 seconds. No information was given for emigration. This comes to 10,800 births, 6646 deaths, 3086 immigrants, and 0 emigrants.
growing by 7240 a day
Use the following information to calculate the growth of this population of raccoons. In a population of raccoons 18 babies are born, five males leave the area to avoid competition and find food, 10 raccoons are killed by cars and other predators, and two raccoons join the population in search of mates. What is this population experiencing?
growth by 5 raccoons
Country Development- Select from Developed, Developing, or Transitional Countries
high fertility rates - developing corrupt government - developing low literacy rates - developing mainly primary industry jobs- fishing, farming, mining - developing Ex- many African countries - developing a.k.a.- newly industrialized - transitional improving social freedoms and open trade between countries - transitional Ex- Mexico, China, India - transitional easy access to healthcare and education - developed Low infant mortality rates - developed
There are seven species of sea turtles. All are in danger of becoming extinct, mostly due to ____.
human impacts on their environment taking place during the last 100 years
What type of rock is granite?
igneous
A population increases through birth and ____.
immigration
The largest recorded loss of life from a tsunami was ____.
in 2004 in Indonesia
The greatest marine biodiversity is located ____.
in coral reefs
Based on the section 1 of your reading and figure 6.3 from your book, where is global population increasing the most?
in developing countries
Most local government services (schools, roads, police and fire protection, welfare, and so on) depend on ____.
income taxes
Which of the following is a harmful effect of even carefully designed logging roads?
increased erosion
The removal of mangrove forests in coastal areas has resulted in ____.
increased flooding
Overgrazing occurs when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland area. Overgrazing causes all of the following except ____.
increased retention of water
What is the effect of Mexico City's warm, sunny climate on its pollution problems?
increased smog
All of the following are reasons why populations typically live in clumps except...
increases the chance of competition in order maintain group dominance
With traditional intensive agriculture, farmers increase their crop yields by ____.
increasing their inputs of human and draft-animal labor
What is a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Great Lakes?
invasive nonnative species
Approximately 26 million children each year suffer irreversible brain damage from lack of ____.
iodine
Anemia may be the result of a deficiency in ____.
iron
Which of the following is a type of metallic mineral?
iron
Changes in the DNA molecules of a gene in any cell that can be inherited by offspring are called ____.
mutations
Mining causes long-term harm to the environment in a number of ways. In general, what is not one detrimental effect of mining?
large amounts of radioactivity
One advantage to raising animals in feedlots is ____.
less land use
People in the United States spend how much of their disposable income on food?
less than 10%
The term undernutrition refers to people who consume ____.
less than the basic number of daily calories
One invader that particularly worries scientists and fishers on the east coast of North America is a species of ____ native to the western Pacific Ocean.
lionfish
Rapid growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size stabilizes at its carrying capacity
logistic growth
Most conservation biologists believe the most important reasons for protecting wilderness and other areas from exploitation and degradation involve the ____.
long-term needs of all species
Overnutrition and undernutrition are both key factors which could lead to...?
lower life expectancy
The severity of an earthquake is a measure of its seismic waves, and is called ____.
magnitude
Which is a disadvantage of using aquaculture to produce fish?
makes dense fish populations more vulnerable to disease
Protecting ____ and restoring them in areas where they have been destroyed are important ways to reduce the impacts of rising sea levels and storm surges, because these can slow storm-driven waves.
mangrove forests
Limestone, when exposed to heat and pressure, becomes ____.
marble
The excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, of Lake Wingra in Madison, Wisconsin, was caused by the introduction of which of the following?
marine seaweed
The traditional approach to estimating fish populations is the ____.
maximum sustained yield
Hypercities and megacities are merging into vast urban ____.
megaregions
What is the first phase of urbanization, as experienced in the United States?
migration from rural areas to large central cities
A naturally occurring, chemical element or inorganic compound that exists as a solid with a regular repeating internal arrangement of its atoms or ions is called a(n) ____.
mineral
For natural selection to occur, an adaptive trait ____.
must be a heritable trait
Biological evolution by natural selection is when genes ____, individuals ____, and populations ____.
mutate; are selected; evolve
Ammonia that is not taken up by plants may undergo _____ by replacing the H with O to form nitrites and nitrates.
nitrification
This cycle is dependent on symbiotic bacteria for each process...
nitrogen cycle
What type of crust is thinner and denser, and made up of Fe- and Mg-rich minerals?
oceanic crust
What proportion of urban Americans live in the suburbs?
one-half
The newer approach to estimating fish populations, one which takes into account interactions between species and has more room for error, is ____.
optimum sustained yield
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), which health issue causes problems to a greater number of people?
overnutrition
In sustainable community development, the "triple bottom line" refers to ____.
people, the planet, and profits
Warmer and more acidic ocean water is stressing ____, the foundation of the marine food web.
phytoplankton
Organic fertilizer is derived from ____.
plant and animal materials
What is probably the biggest problem for U.S. national parks today?
popularity
All of the following are aspects of family planning in developing countries except...
preference for male children
Which age range is most helpful when predicting the demographic trend of a country's population?
prereproductive ages
One of the most important and effective ways to reduce flooding is to ____.
preserve and restore wetlands
Please identify on which trophic level (TL) the following terms would be found?
producers (autotrophs) - TL 1 herbivores - TL 2 primary consumers - TL 2 secondary consumers - TL3 tertiary consumers - TL 4 quaternary consumers - TL5 heterotroph - TL 2,3,4,5
Compared to high-input farming, low-input agriculture ____.
produces similar yields with less energy per unit of yield
A fishing method called, ____ fishing, is used to catch surface-dwelling species such as tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and herring, which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas.
purse-seine
Acid mine drainage occurs when ____.
rainwater seeps through spoils piles and produces sulfuric acid
Unfenced grasslands in tropical and temperate climates that supply forage for grazing animals are called ____.
rangeland
Curitiba, Brazil's biggest challenge today, in terms of urbanization, is ____.
rapid population growth
Michael Rosenzweig suggests we need to learn how to share with other species the spaces we dominate. He calls this new form of conservation biology ____.
reconciliation ecology
One effect of zoning in cities is that it can ____.
reduce automobile use
Desalination has a number of problems. What is not one of these?
reduces soil salinization on irrigated lands
Compared to traditional tillage, conservation tillage ____.
reduces topsoil erosion
Scientists are now cataloging species in the deepest part of the ocean by using ____.
remotely operated deep-sea vehicles
What is not one of the ecosystem services of rivers?
remove silt that accumulates in deltas
Humans alter the evolution of populations through all of the following EXCEPT:
reproductive isolation
Identified deposits from which we can extract the minerals profitably at current prices are referred to as ____.
reserves
One method of desalination uses high pressure to force saltwater through a membrane filter. This method is called ____.
reverse osmosis
About two thirds of the world's human population survive primarily by eating one or more of three grain crops. What are these three grains?
rice, wheat, and corn
Projected climate change threatens aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services, partly by contributing to ____.
rising sea levels
The slowest of the earth's cyclic processes is the ____.
rock cycle
Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or evaporate is called ____.
run off
Repeated irrigation in dry climates leads to accumulation of salts in the upper layers of the soil, a process called ____.
salinization
Access to water is an issue for all of humanity. Which issue is not one of the four that the author has cited with regard to this access?
scientific issue
Four of the following are measures to speed up ecosystem recovery; one is not. Choose the one that is not.
secondary succession
What type of rock is formed from the weathered remains of other rocks?
sedimentary
Vibrations caused when energy accumulated over time is released are called ____.
seismic waves
Removing intermediate-aged or mature trees from a forest is known as ____.
selective cutting
The major goal of industrialized agriculture for any crop has been to steadily increase each crop's ____.
yield per unit of land
Most of the water in the Colorado River comes from which of the following sources?
snow melt in the Rocky Mountains
The best way to maintain soil fertility is through ____.
soil conservation
All of the following are areas of the biosphere where life can be found except...
solarsphere
The U.S. population is shifting to the ____.
south and west
Both geographic and reproductive isolation may result in ____.
speciation
What term describes the number of different species in a given area?
species richness
Waste soil and rock removed during surface mining is called ____.
spoil
When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the continental plate usually slides up and over the denser oceanic plate, pushing it down into the mantle, a process called ____.
subduction
The materials revolution ____.
substitutes silicon and other materials for metals
The rotten-egg smell coming from volcanoes and anaerobic decomposition in bogs and swamps comes from the substance ____________________.
sulfur
Most precipitation falling on terrestrial ecosystems becomes _____.
surface runoff into lakes, streams, and the ocean
To encourage more responsible fishing practices, an important component of sustaining aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services is bottom-up pressure from consumers demanding ____.
sustainable seafood
Large sections of the earth's crust, called ____, slowly separate, collide, or grind along against each other at the earth's surface.
tectonic plates
Many biologists and wildlife conservationists believe that the best way to keep from hastening the extinction of wild species through human activities is to protect threatened habitats and ecosystem services. This is referred to as ____.
the ecosystem approach
The rate that the tectonic plates move is comparable to ____.
the rate that fingernails grow
The interaction of physical and chemical processes that change rocks from one type to another type is known as ____.
the rock cycle
At a certain depth, the area where the spaces in soil and rock are completely filled with water. What is this called?
the zone of saturation
Think carefully--- China has lower costs for the mining of rare earth minerals because of ____.
their fewer environmental regulations
HIPPCO is an acronym that aids in remembering ____.
threats to the world's biodiversity
Slash and burn agriculture is a type of ____.
traditional subsistence agriculture
Tectonic plates can move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture or fault at a boundary called a ____. Hint- also called "strike-slip"
transform fault
What is the most efficient means of water delivery to crops?
trickle or drip irrigation
Plantation agriculture is a form of high-input agriculture that involves growing cash crops and is primarily used in ____.
tropical, less-developed countries
What are a series of large (water) waves generated in the ocean by an earthquake, landslide, or volcanic activity?
tsunamis
By 2050, what proportion of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas?
two-thirds
Forests provide habitats for about ____ of the earth's terrestrial species.
two-thirds
What proportion of the world's CO2 emissions come from motor vehicles and industrial facilities in urban areas?
two-thirds
What proportion of urban Americans live in the inner city?
two-thirds
An old-growth forest is a(n) ____.
uncut or regenerated primary forest undisturbed for at least 200 hundred years
Much of the earth's sulfur is stored in which reservoir?
underground rocks and minerals
Although Portland's population increased by 38% between 1980 and 2011, its urban area expanded by only 2%. This illustrates the use of ____.
urban growth boundaries
Cities generate large amounts of heat because of factories, cars, lights, air conditioning, and dark roofs. This creates a phenomenon called ____.
urban heat island
Which of the following is a method of grassland restoration?
use of portable fencing to confine cattle to ungrazed areas
What is gray water?
used water from showers, sinks, dishwashers, and tubs
Surface fires ____.
usually bum only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor
Indirectly used water, that is, water consumed to produce food and other products, is called ____.
virtual water
Each year, at least 250,000 children under six years of age go blind from lack of ____.
vitamin A
Hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are naturally added to the atmosphere by _____.
volcanoes
What process adds water until the water table rises and envelops the deep roots of plants, resulting in a loss of productivity and ultimately killing them?
waterlogging
What is the land from which surface water drains into a particular lake, river, or other body of water?
watershed
The term overnutrition refers to ____.
when energy use is less than energy intake
