apes review packet 2019

mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit EX: oxpecker and zebra

parasitism

A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it ex:malaria

how does subduction lead to volcanic activity

As the subducting slab descends to greater and greater depths, it progressively encounters greater temperatures and greater pressures which cause the slab to release water into the mantle wedge overlying the descending plate(melts it and creates magma)

how does a species range of tolerance directly relate to competition

species with low tolerance cannot survive outside of specific conditions (ie more sensitive to chance, and die off)species with more tolerance can survive with changing conditions in competitions

what strategies can be implemented to prevent erosion, salinization, and desertification (for agricultural practices, urban development, river channelization, deforestion, and mining)

stop touching well established soil systems so much, using groundwater at a proportional rate, and not making man made rivers so damn fast

what is the significance of evapotranspiration

t is responsible for 15% of the atmosphere's water vapor. Without that input of water vapor, clouds couldn't form and precipitation would never fall

contrast what biotic and abiotic factors would be studied in a population

you think i KNOW?? shit what, the packet has community as well as ecosystem, aren't they all the same?

zones of lakes

littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic

what climate patterns determines the type of biome an area will have?

mainly precipitation and temperature determine the biome

balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What percent of Earth is water?

71%

how much water do the oceans hold

96.5% of earth's water

commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (EX: cattle egrets eating bugs that are stirred up from cattle eating)

What is the Tropic of Cancer?

23.5 N (one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth)

what is the tropic of capricorn

23.5 S (one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth)

how much earth's water is fresh?

3.5% (69% of this freshwater is frozen)

rock cycle: what it is, types, and how it works

A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another; igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic; through weathering and erosion

predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food. Ex: lion and antelope

where is the polar region

Extends from the 60 degree North latitude until the 90 degree (the North Pole)

top soil

Mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of soil.

area that exhibits island arcs(ring of fire)

Polynesia

sub soil

The layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay and other minerals.

weathering vs. erosion

Weathering breaks down rocks, Erosion moves the pieces.

what are the effects of a rain shadow

a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side

freshwater: natural capital

a country with a high access to fresh clean water will be more developed and wealthy

how does carbon relate to the law of conservation of matter

as living things decompose, carbon is put into the soil again, that carbon is used to create plant life, those plants in turn help feed consumer, those consumers/producers die and then carbon is then again recycled into the soil

why does energy consumption go down as the trophic levels go up?

as the level above it consume the one under it, they lose 10,000 J of energy per level;

water conservation: irrigation

best method is furrow irrigation (using undergroup lines to supply water to each crop/plant) minimizes water loss to almost 0%, but very expensive

examples of biotic and abiotic components

biotic: plants, insects, animal abiotic: soil, water, temperature

area where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary(ring of fire)

canada and europe

smallest to largest soil particles

clay, silt, sand

where is the temperate region

convection region from 30 to 60 degrees latitude, weather changes with seasons

what are the effects of el nino

dry (drought) season in asia, and severe (water) storms in Florida region

freshwater: ecosystem and economic services

everything needs waters to survive, but producing clean water requires funds. Governments are required to provide living essentials to its citizens

how does river channelization contribute to erosion

excessively increased flow and channelization results in degradation or elimination of the natural substrate and results in decreased habitat diversity (faster stream=more force to take away soil)

issues with the colorado river

extremely over-apportioned water resource, the water quality of the river is jeopardized by agricultural overdraw, which increases the salinity of the river

freshwater: global security issues

fresh water or clean water is not accessible to everyone in the world.

genetic vs. ecosystem vs. species biodiversity

genetic: dna variability in species ecosystem: differences in geographical location species: # of species represented

where is good and bad ozone located

good: stratosphere bad: troposphere

area the exhibits a growing non-volcanic mountain chain due to uplift(ring of fire)

himalayas

what human activities lead to desertification

include the expansion and intensive use of agricultural lands, poor irrigation practices, deforestation, and overgrazing (it means when a piece of land becomes desert like)

how does urban development cause erosion

increase in the amount of runoff after rainfall leading to flash floods (floods always take away a lot of soil with it)

what types of factors would determine a species' ecological niche?

interactions with other species (predation, competition, mutualism, and parasitism) abiotic factors: soil type and climate

leaf litter

is dead and decaying plant and animal materials especially fallen leaves, that cover the soil

what causes season to occur in temperate zones

it's axis(tilt)

if a forest is fragmented due to deforestation, explain how the edge affects species diversity and population sizes

once the edge of an established biome starts to diminish, species either move out into urbanization and cause disruption within the new urb(?) as well as species will be forced to live within a smaller habitat with fewer resources, but with the same number of species (overall it just sucks for everyone involved unless you hate ecosystems, then you win in this situation)

what human activities lead to salinization

overexploitation of coastal groundwater aquifers causing seawater intrusion, or due to other inappropriate irrigation practices, and/or poor drainage conditions (it means when water becomes increasingly salty)

how does agricultural practices contribute to erosion

removing plants over and over again wears down the soil, water eventually washes away any valuable nutrients and the land is left barren (same idea with deforestation and mining)

Why does El Nino occur?

response to large scale weakenings of the trade winds that normally blow westward from South America toward Asia

what is the purpose of a niche

role in its environment

parent material

the rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived

competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources ex: packers v. bears

how does the solar intensity and atmospheric convection currents influence the location of the major biomes

the surface of Earth travels faster near the equator than near the poles, the Coriolis effect causes convection currents traveling north and south to be deflected, thereby creating trade winds, westerlies, and easterlies.

what is the significance of a watershed

the surface water features and stormwater runoff within a watershed ultimately drain to other bodies of water(everything upstream ends downstream)

o layer (eluviation layer)

the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, including waste from organisms, the bodies of decomposing organisms, and live organisms.

what are the environmental benefits of wetlands

they act a sponge controlling water flow throughout the ecosystem; cleanse dirty water through soil to create clean groundwater

how do organisms use resource partitioning to avoid competition

they divide common resources among themselves with different niches to those resources

what are the layers of the atmosphere

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

el nino-southern oscillation occurs where?

unusual warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean that occurs irregularly at about 3-6 year intervals

describe how the ocean currents, temperature, and gas concentrations are directly related to those of the atmosphere

upwelling bring warm-water and nutrients>cold water sinks>the cold water brings CO2 down with it (cold water generally cools air, warm water warms the air)

issues with Ogallala aquifer

water is being taken at rate bigger than it is being replenished