apes review packet 2019
mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit EX: oxpecker and zebra
parasitism
A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it ex:malaria
how does subduction lead to volcanic activity
As the subducting slab descends to greater and greater depths, it progressively encounters greater temperatures and greater pressures which cause the slab to release water into the mantle wedge overlying the descending plate(melts it and creates magma)
how does a species range of tolerance directly relate to competition
species with low tolerance cannot survive outside of specific conditions (ie more sensitive to chance, and die off)species with more tolerance can survive with changing conditions in competitions
what strategies can be implemented to prevent erosion, salinization, and desertification (for agricultural practices, urban development, river channelization, deforestion, and mining)
stop touching well established soil systems so much, using groundwater at a proportional rate, and not making man made rivers so damn fast
what is the significance of evapotranspiration
t is responsible for 15% of the atmosphere's water vapor. Without that input of water vapor, clouds couldn't form and precipitation would never fall
contrast what biotic and abiotic factors would be studied in a population
you think i KNOW?? shit what, the packet has community as well as ecosystem, aren't they all the same?
zones of lakes
littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic
what climate patterns determines the type of biome an area will have?
mainly precipitation and temperature determine the biome
balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
What percent of Earth is water?
71%
how much water do the oceans hold
96.5% of earth's water
commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (EX: cattle egrets eating bugs that are stirred up from cattle eating)
What is the Tropic of Cancer?
23.5 N (one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth)
what is the tropic of capricorn
23.5 S (one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth)
how much earth's water is fresh?
3.5% (69% of this freshwater is frozen)
rock cycle: what it is, types, and how it works
A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another; igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic; through weathering and erosion
predation
An interaction in which one organism kills another for food. Ex: lion and antelope
where is the polar region
Extends from the 60 degree North latitude until the 90 degree (the North Pole)
top soil
Mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of soil.
area that exhibits island arcs(ring of fire)
Polynesia
sub soil
The layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay and other minerals.
weathering vs. erosion
Weathering breaks down rocks, Erosion moves the pieces.
what are the effects of a rain shadow
a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side
freshwater: natural capital
a country with a high access to fresh clean water will be more developed and wealthy
how does carbon relate to the law of conservation of matter
as living things decompose, carbon is put into the soil again, that carbon is used to create plant life, those plants in turn help feed consumer, those consumers/producers die and then carbon is then again recycled into the soil
why does energy consumption go down as the trophic levels go up?
as the level above it consume the one under it, they lose 10,000 J of energy per level;
water conservation: irrigation
best method is furrow irrigation (using undergroup lines to supply water to each crop/plant) minimizes water loss to almost 0%, but very expensive
examples of biotic and abiotic components
biotic: plants, insects, animal abiotic: soil, water, temperature
area where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary(ring of fire)
canada and europe
smallest to largest soil particles
clay, silt, sand
where is the temperate region
convection region from 30 to 60 degrees latitude, weather changes with seasons
what are the effects of el nino
dry (drought) season in asia, and severe (water) storms in Florida region
freshwater: ecosystem and economic services
everything needs waters to survive, but producing clean water requires funds. Governments are required to provide living essentials to its citizens
how does river channelization contribute to erosion
excessively increased flow and channelization results in degradation or elimination of the natural substrate and results in decreased habitat diversity (faster stream=more force to take away soil)
issues with the colorado river
extremely over-apportioned water resource, the water quality of the river is jeopardized by agricultural overdraw, which increases the salinity of the river
freshwater: global security issues
fresh water or clean water is not accessible to everyone in the world.
genetic vs. ecosystem vs. species biodiversity
genetic: dna variability in species ecosystem: differences in geographical location species: # of species represented
where is good and bad ozone located
good: stratosphere bad: troposphere
area the exhibits a growing non-volcanic mountain chain due to uplift(ring of fire)
himalayas
what human activities lead to desertification
include the expansion and intensive use of agricultural lands, poor irrigation practices, deforestation, and overgrazing (it means when a piece of land becomes desert like)
how does urban development cause erosion
increase in the amount of runoff after rainfall leading to flash floods (floods always take away a lot of soil with it)
what types of factors would determine a species' ecological niche?
interactions with other species (predation, competition, mutualism, and parasitism) abiotic factors: soil type and climate
leaf litter
is dead and decaying plant and animal materials especially fallen leaves, that cover the soil
what causes season to occur in temperate zones
it's axis(tilt)
if a forest is fragmented due to deforestation, explain how the edge affects species diversity and population sizes
once the edge of an established biome starts to diminish, species either move out into urbanization and cause disruption within the new urb(?) as well as species will be forced to live within a smaller habitat with fewer resources, but with the same number of species (overall it just sucks for everyone involved unless you hate ecosystems, then you win in this situation)
what human activities lead to salinization
overexploitation of coastal groundwater aquifers causing seawater intrusion, or due to other inappropriate irrigation practices, and/or poor drainage conditions (it means when water becomes increasingly salty)
how does agricultural practices contribute to erosion
removing plants over and over again wears down the soil, water eventually washes away any valuable nutrients and the land is left barren (same idea with deforestation and mining)
Why does El Nino occur?
response to large scale weakenings of the trade winds that normally blow westward from South America toward Asia
what is the purpose of a niche
role in its environment
parent material
the rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived
competition
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources ex: packers v. bears
how does the solar intensity and atmospheric convection currents influence the location of the major biomes
the surface of Earth travels faster near the equator than near the poles, the Coriolis effect causes convection currents traveling north and south to be deflected, thereby creating trade winds, westerlies, and easterlies.
what is the significance of a watershed
the surface water features and stormwater runoff within a watershed ultimately drain to other bodies of water(everything upstream ends downstream)
o layer (eluviation layer)
the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, including waste from organisms, the bodies of decomposing organisms, and live organisms.
what are the environmental benefits of wetlands
they act a sponge controlling water flow throughout the ecosystem; cleanse dirty water through soil to create clean groundwater
how do organisms use resource partitioning to avoid competition
they divide common resources among themselves with different niches to those resources
what are the layers of the atmosphere
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
el nino-southern oscillation occurs where?
unusual warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean that occurs irregularly at about 3-6 year intervals
describe how the ocean currents, temperature, and gas concentrations are directly related to those of the atmosphere
upwelling bring warm-water and nutrients>cold water sinks>the cold water brings CO2 down with it (cold water generally cools air, warm water warms the air)
issues with Ogallala aquifer
water is being taken at rate bigger than it is being replenished
