apes test #1 (college board review)

A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480kilocalories/meter2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter2/year available to herbivores in that biome? a) 200kilocalories/meter2/year b) 1,480kilocalories/meter2/year c) 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year d) 5,480kilocalories/meter2/year

A: 10% of the kilocalories from net primary productivity would be available (2,000kilocalories/meter2/year×0.10=200kilocalories/meter2/year)

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram? a) the carbon cycle b) the nitrogen cycle c) the phosphorus cycle d) the potassium cycle

A: Carbon is converted from atmospheric CO2 to organic carbon compounds via photosynthesis, and carbon sequestered by the ocean buffers ocean pH.

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification? a) Bacteria b) Producers c) Consumers d) Fungi

A: Certain bacteria are specialized in fixing nitrogen, in association with plants such as soybeans and other legumes. Other types of bacteria perform nitrification: converting ammonium ions into nitrite ions, and then into nitrate ions. Finally, other bacteria perform denitrification, the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas.

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome. a) Coral reefs b) Freshwater wetlands c) Open ocean d) Rivers

A: Corals live in vast colonies off the coast and create a reef that provides habitat for a variety of organisms, including algae, tropical fish, and birds.

Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity? a) Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight b) Hot temperatures, low rainfall, and consistent sunlight c) Cold temperatures, high rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight d) Warm temperatures, low rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight

A: Net primary productivity is highest in areas where temperatures are warm and water and solar energy are abundant and encourage the growth of producers.

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain? a) Phytoplankton b) Herbivorous zooplankton c) Carnivorous zooplankton d) Baleen whale

A: Phytoplankton uses solar energy to produce food; it is a producer.

Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true? a) Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere. b) Surface runoff is the primary recharge of groundwater. c) Infiltration of water into the ground prevents water from returning to the oceanic reservoir. d) Evapotranspiration from plants decreases atmospheric water vapor.

A: The ocean is the largest reservoir and over 70% of the Earth's surface of water and therefore the greatest source for evaporation.

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem? a) Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark. b) A tick uses a white-tailed deer as its host, consuming the deer's blood as food. c) Two individuals from the same population of barn owls hunt for the same species of mouse during the night. d) A mason bee pollinates a variety of flowers in a botanical garden.

A: The two bird species are using the same resource in slightly different ways to reduce the negative impact of competition on the two species.

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures? a) The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase. b) Deciduous trees found in temperate seasonal forests would flower later in the year. c) The latitude range of tropical rain forests would narrow closer to the equator. d) High-latitude biomes, such as the tundra, would experience a decrease in net primary productivity.

A: Warmer average global temperatures would expand the range of biomes currently found at midlatitudes.

Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web? a) The photosynthetic rates of producers b) The flow of energy c) The movement of predators d) The decomposition of matter

B: Arrows in a food web depict the flow of energy between trophic levels.

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred? a) If a primary consumer stores 100kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer that feeds on the primary consumer will also have 100kcal of energy available. b) If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available. c) If a primary producer stores 100,000kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer will have 10,000kcal of energy available. d) If a secondary consumer stores 500kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer that feeds on the secondary consumer will have 5,000kcal of energy available.

B: Energy lost is 90% per trophic level so 10% is transferred. If level 1 (primary producer) stores 10,000kcal of energy, than level 2 (primary consumer) would have 1,000kcal of energy available, level 3 (secondary consumer) would have 100kcal of energy available, and level 4 (tertiary consumer) would have 10kcal of energy available. (10,000kcal×0.10×0.10×0.10=10kcal)

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water. a) Coral reefs b) Freshwater wetlands c) Open ocean d) Rivers

B: Freshwater wetlands have trees with roots that are submerged in water. The trees drop their leaves, and the water traps organic materials released from decomposition. The wetlands also trap pollutants.

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area. a) Primary productivity b) Gross primary productivity c) Net primary productivity d) Cellular respiration

B: Gross primary productivity is defined as the total rate of photosynthesis in a given area.

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity? a) Desert b) Tropical rain forest c) Taiga d) Savanna

B: Net primary productivity (NPP) is higher in biomes that are warm year-round and receive abundant rainfall and sunlight to encourage the growth of producers, which are all characteristics of tropical rain forests.

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area? a) Desert b) Tropical rain forest c) Boreal forest d) Savanna

B: Tropical rain forests have a yearlong growing season and more than 60 inches of rain per year. The warm climate and the rainfall leads to high levels of photosynthesis in the numerous plant species that inhabit the biome.

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis. a) Primary productivity b) Gross primary productivity c) Net primary productivity d) Cellular respiration

C: Net primary productivity is the rate of energy storage by photosynthesizers after subtracting energy used for cellular respiration in plants.

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of energy through the trophic levels from producers to quaternary consumers? a) Red-tailed hawk, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, rattlesnake, brittlebrush b) Red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, brittlebrush c) Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk d) Brittlebrush, red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper

C: The energy flows up the food web through trophic levels based on feeding relationships.

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae? a) Competition b) Predation c) Mutualism d) Parasitism

C: The two organisms both benefit from the relationship.

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time. a) Primary productivity b) Gross primary productivity c) Net primary productivity d) Cellular respiration

D: Cellular respiration does not require sunlight, so it can be measured in the dark.

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material. a) Coral reefs b) Freshwater wetlands c) Open ocean d) Rivers

D: Rivers carry runoff from rain or snow. Turbulent water, known as rapids, form from the fast-moving water flow.

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? a) Decomposers break down dead or decaying organisms to release energy and nutrients to be used by producers. b) Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, to create organic compounds from carbon dioxide. c) Apex predators feed on other organisms, which releases heat that can be used by producers and primary consumers. d) Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

D: Through the process of photosynthesis, plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which moves through the food chain when one organism feeds on another.