APES UNIT 2 TEST

At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness?

100 years

The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following was the number of finches in the population with a beak size of 10.2 mm in 1978?

12

In which stage would one expect to find lichen?

2

Which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct?

A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors.

Highly specialized species tend to evolve on islands because of the environmental conditions and resource availability. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following would most likely experience the greatest decline of specialist species if an invasive species emigrated from the mainland?

A small island in close proximity to the mainland

Little is known about Africa's elusive aardvarks, but new research says they are vulnerable to climate change like many other species.Hotter temperatures are taking their toll on the aardvark, whose diet of ants and termites is becoming scarcer in some areas because of reduced rainfall. Drought in the Kalahari Desert killed five out of six aardvarks that were being monitored for a year, as well as 11 others in the area. The aardvarks' body temperatures plummeted during the night because they were not getting enough energy from diminished food sources. They tried to conserve energy by looking for insects during the warmer daytime, but their efforts to adapt could not save them. Researchers said some birds, reptiles and other animals use aardvark burrows to escape extreme temperatures, reproduce, and hide from predators. They could have fewer refuges available if aardvark populations shrink because of rising temperatures, they said.The aardvark, which lives in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, is identified as an animal of "least concern" on an international "red list" of threatened species. There are no indications that the population is changing significantly in southern Africa, though it is speculated that numbers may be declining elsewhere because of habitat destruction, the bushmeat trade and other factors.

Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem.

Which of the following explanations is best supported by the data shown in the map above?

Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island?

As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease.

Changes in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Antarctic Temperature over the Past 800,000 Years Which of the following best describes the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature over the past 800,000 years?

Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years.

Fragmentation of tropical forests due to human activities is leading to a significant loss of biodiversity in this area.

B

Which of the following best describes an advantage of constructing habitat corridors?

Corridors connect habitats separated by fragmentation and connect wildlife populations.

Which of the following would be most likely to occur in the scenarios that have experienced habitat loss and/or fragmentation in the diagram?

Decrease in the number of specialist species

Which of the following identifies the two factors thought to be the most harmful to biodiversity?

Destruction of habitat and invasion by nonnative species

Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem?

Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.

Researchers in the Galápagos Islands measured the average beak size in a population of finches from 1976 to 1984, as shown in the graph below. Birds with smaller beaks are better suited for grasses and soft seeds, while birds with larger beaks are better suited for seeds and nuts. In years with less rainfall, there are fewer grasses to feed on and the finches rely more on seeds for food. In 1977, 1980, and 1982, there were droughts, and the area experienced significantly less rainfall than average.

Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought.

The diagrams below show the range of tolerance for soil moisture content for two different species of terrestrial invertebrate: Species 1 and Species 2. The ranges represented are for each species where it occurs alone. Soil moisture content is a limiting factor for both species. If populations of both species are placed together in a new location, which of the following diagrams represents the most likely actual (realized) ranges of the species' distribution of individuals with respect to soil moisture content after five generations?

Graph with 2 overlapping

Which of the following would most likely result from the deforestation of large areas of tropical rain forests caused by slash-and-burn agriculture?

Increased global temperature because of the release of CO2

The many finch species of the Galápagos Islands evolved from a single species that immigrated to the islands from the coast of South America. These species differ primarily in beak shape, which is closely related to the type of food each species specializes in eating. Which of the following best explains why each of the finch species on the Galápagos Islands evolved to be specialists?

Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items.

Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of creating a series of protected habitats in an effort to maintain biodiversity in an area?

Protected habitats often separate species inside the habitat from other populations of the same species living outside the habitat.

Which of the following correctly describes the disruption of an ecosystem service by an anthropogenic activity?

Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution.

Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests?

Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands?

Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources.

Scientists are interested in determining the average number of species that have migrated from the mainland to a group of islands, as shown above. Partway through their study, they decided to include an additional island in their study group. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best explains how the scientists' calculation of average number of species would change with the inclusion of this new island in their study?

The average would decrease because fewer species would have migrated directly to the farther island.

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development?

The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.

Which of the following best describes the frog species' range of tolerance to acidic conditions?

The frogs can tolerate a pHpH between 4.5 and 6.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data?

The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.

The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar?

The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources.

A 163 square-kilometer (km2) small island is found 2,000km from the mainland. A second, larger, 230,000km2 island is found 1,000km from the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island?

The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island.

Which of the following is a measure of the biodiversity of an ecosystem?

The total number of different plant species

Based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession?

Tulip poplar

Which of the following best describes a supporting ecological service provided by wetlands?

Wetlands provide a habitat for a wide variety of organisms

The consumption of mosquitoes by bats and the control of flooding provided by tropical forests in mountainous areas of Central America are examples of

ecosystem services

Researchers examined the effect of industrialization and increased pollution (soot) in London on the coloration in a single species of moths. Birds prey on the moths that are easily visible on trees. The researchers observed moths on tree trunks and recorded their body color. The percentage of moths with light colored bodies and the percentage of moths with dark bodies is shown on the graph above. Question In the 1970s, the amount of industrial pollution decreased and the trees began to return to their preindustrial appearance. Which of the following graphs best demonstrates the change in the frequencies of light-colored moths and dark-colored moths in the population from 1950 to 2000? The dark-colored moths are represented with a solid line and the light-colored moths are represented with a dashed line.

graph that overlaps halfway up

A research team monitoring a local marshland ecosystem noticed that over the past few years the population of kingfisher birds had declined significantly, while the populations of other species remained fairly constant. After running tests, the research team determined that mercury levels in invertebrates and small fish in the ecosystem were very high. In this ecosystem, what role did the kingfishers occupy?

indicator species

The Chatham Island robin is a small endangered bird found in scrub forests off the coast of New Zealand. The robin is preyed upon by introduced species such as cats and rats. In 1980, the population decreased to only 5 individuals and every individual today is a descendant of a single female. Which of the following is best illustrated in the decline of the Chatham Island robins?

population bottleneck

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat?

primary succession

Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because

they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events