APES Wastewater etc. Test

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True statements about ozone include which of the following? 1. It is a pollutant in the troposphere. 2. It filters out most of the UVC radiation in the stratosphere. 3. Most of it is formed in the stratosphere by reaction between carbon dioxide and free oxygen atoms

1 & 2

Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Los Angeles basin include which of the following? 1. Ample summer sunshine 2. Sea-level elevation 3. High concentration of automobiles

1 & 3

The location where desertification is occurring most rapidly

A (Africa)

What component of wastewater treatment plants designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms

Activated-sludge tank

What is not used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lakes.

Adding nitrates

The drop in stratospheric ozone levels in the Southern Hemisphere (the "ozone hole") is most evident during which season?

Antarctic spring (October)

Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

Asbestos

What method introduces microorganisms to break down hazardous organic compounds?

Biological treatment

The graph above shows the effect of sewage on biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a flowing stream. The smallest fish populations will most probably be found at point

C. Lowest point of dissolved oxygen

What are direct products of the use of hydrocarbon fuels in automobile engines?

CO2, NOx, and VOCs

Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal?

Carbon Monoxide

Has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has

Carbon monoxide

Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust?

Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

Which of the following substances is released by CFC's and catalyzes a chain reaction that breaks down ozone in the upper atmosphere?

Chlorine

Mandates the restoration and maintenance of the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters

Clean Water Act

Is primarily responsible for acid rain in the northeast United States

Coal

Which type of electricity-generating power plant releases radioactive materials as well as toxic metals such as lead and arsenic under normal operating conditions?

Coal-burning

most likely route for mercury to enter the food web?

Coal-burning emissions → deposition → ocean → plankton → fishes

A point source discharges organic waste into a stream. Which of the following graphs best depicts the expected pattern for dissolved oxygen (DO) in this stream as a function of distance from the discharge point?

DO dips at Discharge point rises at downstream

What would most likely reduce the concentration of ground-level ozone in the air of a city?

Decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides

What human activity is most closely associated with depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer?

Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners

Stratospheric ozone depletion is most likely to result in which of the following?

Disruption of photosynthesis in plants

Particulates can be removed from smokestack emissions by which of the following methods?

Electrostatic precipitators

What characteristically produces non-point-source pollution?

Erosion from agricultural land

If wastewater treatment plant effluent that contains nitrates and phosphates is allowed to flow into a body of water, which of the following may result?

Eutrophication

What is the best example of a point source of water pollution?

Factory effluent

Emitted from most manufactured building materials and furniture

Formaldehyde

The presence of which of the following contaminants would be the strongest reason for judging municipal sewage sludge unfit for use as fertilizer?

Heavy metals

The use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in the Midwestern United States is a major contributing factor to which of the following?

Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico

What describes a potential human health effect most likely to be associated with a thermal inversion?

Increase in respiratory irritation due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates

Which of the following is a common characteristic of lakes undergoing cultural eutrophication?

Increased levels of plant nutrients

What important phenomenon that often plays a role in air pollution episodes is illustrated in the diagram above?

Inversion

What is true of the Clean Air Act?

It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990.

Found in old plumbing pipes and fixtures and some ceramic glazes

Lead

Implicated in human neurological damage

Lead

Was once widely used in the United States as a gasoline additive

Lead

The presence of which of the following in soil is most likely to neutralize acid rain?

Limestone

Which city regularly experiences the worst levels of photochemical smog that is enhanced by thermal inversions?

Los Angeles, California

Addressed the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion

Montreal Protocol

What best explains the pattern in NO concentration?

NO is produced by rush-hour traffic and is quickly oxidized in the atmosphere.

Considered harmful in the troposphere but beneficial in the stratosphere

Ozone

Which of the following is an effective alternative to chlorine for disinfecting wastewater in a municipal treatment plant?

Ozone

What has most directly resulted in increased skin cancer rates in Australia?

Ozone depletion in the stratosphere

What best explains why it is predicted that ozone depletion over the poles will be at its worst between 2010 and 2019?

Ozone-depleting chemicals produced before their use was banned will take that long to reach peak concentrations in the stratosphere.

Treatment of Municipal wastewater: Step P. Water is passed through a screen to remove debris. Step Q. Pathogenic organisms are killed by chlorination, UV, or ozone. Step R. Suspended particles clump and settle out. Step S. A floccing agent, such as alum, is added to the water.

P → S → R → Q

Is the major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove from power-plant smokestack emissions

Particulates

What will result in accelerated eutrophication when introduced into streams, lakes, and bays?

Phosphates

In August of 2014, residents of several Ohio cities that use Lake Erie as a drinking water source were warned not to drink tap water because of the presence of toxins released by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Which of the following is the most likely cause of recent blooms of blue-green algae in Lake Erie?

Phosphorus contained in agricultural runoff

A gaseous decay product of uranium that is found in rocks

Radon

A leading cause of lung cancer in the United States

Radon

Colorless, odorless gas that is a naturally occurring decay product of uranium

Radon

Has been implicated as the cause of as much as 15 percent of lung cancer cases

Radon

Which actions would be the most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems?

Reducing use of fossil fuels

Which of the following would best improve the validity of the experiment?

Repeating the experiment several times and comparing the results

Waste from what is an example of nonpoint source pollution?

Runoff from agricultural fields

Usual cause of cultural eutrophication in surface waters of both developed and developing countries?

Runoff of nitrate compounds into bodies of water

Requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies

Safe Drinking Water Act

What is an appropriate remediation strategy for removing radon gas from the home?

Seal or ventilate places where radon enters the living space.

What best illustrates point-source pollution?

Smokestack emissions from a large smelting company

What is true of noise pollution?

Sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss.

Is an important precursor to acid rain

Sulfur Dioxide

Most often cited as the causative factor for acid deposition

Sulfur dioxide

Which air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects?

Sulfur oxides . . acid deposition

What best exemplifies global collaboration for a sustainable environment?

The Montreal Protocol

Why did the DO after one week decrease as the amount of waste increased?

The algae multiplied and then died and decomposed.

Acid rain is associated with

The burning of fossil fuels

If technology that reduces the hydrocarbon concentration had been utilized, which of the following would have been the most likely result?

The concentration of O3 would have been lower.

What is true about the region of Earth's atmosphere known as the stratosphere?

The highest concentration of naturally occurring ozone forms in this layer.

Acid deposition would most like result in

The release of aluminum ions from soil.

What is true about the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990?

They allowed power plants to buy and sell SO2 pollution allowances.

What is true of sewage treatment plants in the United States?

They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater.

What is a measure of the amount of suspended material in water?

Turbidity

What is used to reduce SO2 emissions from coal-burning power plants?

Wet-scrubber units

What is the main purpose for the experiment?

What is the main purpose for the experiment?

Smoke from forest fires is most likely to affect air quality over larger areas for many days when

a persistent atmospheric inversion exists in the region

An effective short-term remediation strategy for the pond would be to

add calcium carbonate to the pond water

Eutrophication results in the death of trout and other fish as a result of

asphyxiation from lack of oxygen

The primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern United States is

burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity

The majority of atmospheric mercury is produced by

coal-burning power plants

NOT the main environmental effect of ozone depletion

decreased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere

When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local streams is

increased water temperature

In a river ecosystem, dissolved oxygen concentrations drop quickly downstream from a point-source input of organic matter into the river. This effect is due to

increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays

The three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the United States are

industry, transportation, and energy production

The major human health problem related to radon accumulation is

lung cancer

Ground-level ozone in most major United States cities results primarily from

motor-vehicle exhaust

Lakes that are characterized by high water clarity and low concentrations of dissolved nutrients are classified as

oligotrophic

NOT considered a toxic metal pollutants

potassium

The major source of radon in houses in the United States is

the underlying bedrock

Ozone in the stratosphere is most important to life at Earth's surface because it absorbs

ultraviolet light

Ozone in the stratosphere is important to organisms at Earth's surface because ozone molecules are very strong absorbers of

ultraviolet rays

The danger from radon gas would most likely be greatest in

well-insulated homes


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