APHG ch.12.

ranking global cities

3 levels: alpha, beta, and gamma. factors: economic factors, political factors, cultural factors, infrastructure factors, communications, transportation.

Rural settlements are centers for ________________ and provide a small number of services while urban settlements are centers for __________________ and __________________ services.

agriculture; consumer and business

business-process outsourcing (BPO)

also known as back-office functions. include insurance claims processing, payroll management, transcription work, ad other routine clerical activities. selected developing countries have attracted back offices for 2 reasons related to labor: low wages, and ability to speak English. ex. India, Malaysia, and Philippines.

service

any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it

market area/hinterland

area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services

food desert

area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than 1 mile

basic business

business that sells its products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

nonbasic business

business that sells its products primarily to consumers in the same settlement

primate city

city that is the largest settlement in a country and has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

periodic markets

collection of individual vendors that come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days. Muslim countries-weekly calendar-once a week in each of 6 cities and no market on Friday rural China-3-city, 10 days cycle. Korea-two 15-day market cycle Africa-every 3-7 days

Why the use of the hexagon shape for this model?

combination of a circle and square.

economic base

community's collection of basic business

Richard Florida suggests that job opportunities are not the number one incentive attracting individuals to cities; rather, the principle enticement for talented individuals is ________________.

cultural rather than economic

Clustered rural settlements

def. rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other with fields surrounding the settlements 2 types of patterns: circular clustered rural settlements - central open space surrounded by structures. linear clustered rural settlements - buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications. ex. New England

Dispersed rural settlements

def. rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages most of rural US. in Europe, some clustered settlements were converted to dispersed settlements in order to make agriculture more efficient. as displaced farmers moved to urban settlements, the pop. of clustered rural settlements declined drastically.

business services in global cities

global cities are most closely integrated into the global economic system because they are at the center of the flow of info and capital. financial institutions; headquarters of large corporations; layers, accountants, and other professional services.

consumer and public services in global cities

global cities may be centers of national or international political power. leisure services of national significance are especially likely to cluster in global cities, in part because they require large thresholds and large ranges and in part because of the presence of wealthy patrons. New York is not a national capital. Brussels is a global city.

urbanization

increase in the percentage of and the number of people living in urban settlements

central place

market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area

range

max. distance people are willing to travel to use a service

threshold

min. number of people needed to support a service

gravity model

model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

Describe settlements in MDCs.

numerous small settlements with small thresholds and ranges and far fewer large settlements with large threshold and ranges

Developing countries specialize in two types of services: ___________________________________; this is largely due to the following factors: _______________________________________________.

offshore financial services and back-office functions; presence of supportive laws, weak regulations, ad low-wage workers.

How is that world population divided between rural and urban settlements?

one-half

primate city rule

pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement ex. Mexico City

rank-size rule

pattern of settlements in country such that the nth largest settlements is 1/n the pop. of the largest settlement ex. US

settlement

permanent collections of buildings and inabitants

enclosure movement

process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18th century

public services

service offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

consumer service

service that primarily meets the needs of individual consumers, including retail, education, health and leisure services

business services

service that primarily meets the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

offshore financial services

taxes and privacy. countries that use this is UK, cook island, China etc..

central place theory

theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are few and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther