APHG ch.12.
ranking global cities
3 levels: alpha, beta, and gamma. factors: economic factors, political factors, cultural factors, infrastructure factors, communications, transportation.
Rural settlements are centers for ________________ and provide a small number of services while urban settlements are centers for __________________ and __________________ services.
agriculture; consumer and business
business-process outsourcing (BPO)
also known as back-office functions. include insurance claims processing, payroll management, transcription work, ad other routine clerical activities. selected developing countries have attracted back offices for 2 reasons related to labor: low wages, and ability to speak English. ex. India, Malaysia, and Philippines.
service
any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
market area/hinterland
area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
food desert
area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than 1 mile
basic business
business that sells its products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement
nonbasic business
business that sells its products primarily to consumers in the same settlement
primate city
city that is the largest settlement in a country and has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
periodic markets
collection of individual vendors that come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days. Muslim countries-weekly calendar-once a week in each of 6 cities and no market on Friday rural China-3-city, 10 days cycle. Korea-two 15-day market cycle Africa-every 3-7 days
Why the use of the hexagon shape for this model?
combination of a circle and square.
economic base
community's collection of basic business
Richard Florida suggests that job opportunities are not the number one incentive attracting individuals to cities; rather, the principle enticement for talented individuals is ________________.
cultural rather than economic
Clustered rural settlements
def. rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other with fields surrounding the settlements 2 types of patterns: circular clustered rural settlements - central open space surrounded by structures. linear clustered rural settlements - buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications. ex. New England
Dispersed rural settlements
def. rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages most of rural US. in Europe, some clustered settlements were converted to dispersed settlements in order to make agriculture more efficient. as displaced farmers moved to urban settlements, the pop. of clustered rural settlements declined drastically.
business services in global cities
global cities are most closely integrated into the global economic system because they are at the center of the flow of info and capital. financial institutions; headquarters of large corporations; layers, accountants, and other professional services.
consumer and public services in global cities
global cities may be centers of national or international political power. leisure services of national significance are especially likely to cluster in global cities, in part because they require large thresholds and large ranges and in part because of the presence of wealthy patrons. New York is not a national capital. Brussels is a global city.
urbanization
increase in the percentage of and the number of people living in urban settlements
central place
market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area
range
max. distance people are willing to travel to use a service
threshold
min. number of people needed to support a service
gravity model
model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
Describe settlements in MDCs.
numerous small settlements with small thresholds and ranges and far fewer large settlements with large threshold and ranges
Developing countries specialize in two types of services: ___________________________________; this is largely due to the following factors: _______________________________________________.
offshore financial services and back-office functions; presence of supportive laws, weak regulations, ad low-wage workers.
How is that world population divided between rural and urban settlements?
one-half
primate city rule
pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement ex. Mexico City
rank-size rule
pattern of settlements in country such that the nth largest settlements is 1/n the pop. of the largest settlement ex. US
settlement
permanent collections of buildings and inabitants
enclosure movement
process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18th century
public services
service offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
consumer service
service that primarily meets the needs of individual consumers, including retail, education, health and leisure services
business services
service that primarily meets the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services
offshore financial services
taxes and privacy. countries that use this is UK, cook island, China etc..
central place theory
theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are few and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther
