APK2105C Exam 1
cardiovascular system
function: deliver blood to all the body's tissues; includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood
reproductive system
generates offspring
connective tissue
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
anatomy
study/s science of body structures
physiology
study/science of body functions
LH (luteinizing hormone)
a hormone that causes the secretion of sex hormones by the testes and ovaries
effectors
cells, tissues, or organs that respond to neural or chemical signals; in homeostatic regulatory systems, cells, tissues, or organs that respond to output signals of the integrating center and bring about the final response; also called _____________ organs
ECF
denotes all body fluid outside cells
squamous epithelium
flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis
interstitial fluid
fluid in the spaces between cells
intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid located inside cells, accounting for two-thirds of total body-water
homeostasis
maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment (ECF)
lymph
watery fluid; also considered connective tissue
secretion and excretion
A ___ is produced by a gland and serves a useful purpose, while ____ involves the removal of human waste materials.
muscle tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.
exocrine gland
A gland (as a sweat gland, a salivary gland, or a kidney) that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal or duct.
epithelial tissue
A layer of ________ _________ separates the external environment from the interior of the body.
skeletal muscle
A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones; has multiple nuclei -- tapered at the ends and sort of cylindrical
large intestine
Absorbs water and forms feces
reproductive
All organ systems except _________________ function to maintain homeostasis.
permeable
Although fluid-filled compartments may be physically separated, they are still able to exchange materials with each other because the barriers that separate them are __________________.
external
As air comes into the lungs, it is part of the ______________ environment.
integrating center
Beta cells are part of the ____________ __________.
connective
Blood cells, bone cells, and fibroblasts (in skin and other tissues) are all types of _______________ tissue cells.
basement membrane
Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.
intestine
Cells in the lining of the _____________ transport nutrients and water from the lumen of the (same as first blank) into the bloodstream.
acid
Cells in the lining of the stomach transport ___________ into the lumen of the stomach to aid in the digestion of food.
ligaments
Connect bone to bone
extracellular
Connective tissue is less cellular & more _________________ (fibers, etc).
42, 28, 14, 3, 11
Distribution of TBW: - TBW ________ - ICF _________ - ECF ________ - Plasma _________ - ISF_________
internal environment
ECF makes up the _____________
interstitial fluid
ECF, in particular the ______________ __________ constitutes the body's internal environment that bathes all the cells in the body
muscular, three
Each artery is a muscular tube lined by ____________ tissue and has ___________ layers
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
internal environment
Extracellular fluid is synonymous with:
semipermeable membranes
Fluid compartments are separated from one another by ______. These serve as barriers by preventing movement of certain substances from one compartment to another; however, they do not completely isolate the compartments.
To elevate plasma volume to maintain homeostasis, fluids could be diverted from another source, such as interstitial fluids.
Hemorrhage is the loss of whole blood, which is approximately 55-60% plasma. Without new fluids entering the body, how can plasma volume be elevated toward normal levels to maintain homeostasis?
two
How many categories of ECF are there?
epithelial tissue
If it crosses a layer of _________________ ____________, we have moved from external to internal or vice versa (secretion or absorption).
simple, stratified
If there is only one layer of cells it is considered ______; if there is more than one layer it is ______.
maintaining homeostasis
If you are too warm/if you are exercising and your body temperature goes up, you sweat (this cools the body). If you are too cold you shiver (the rapidly contracting and relaxing of muscles produce heat). These processes are mechanisms that help your body get back to normal range.
smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; 4 tapered ends
cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart
tissue
Is blood an organ or a tissue?
voluntary
Muscle cells are found in the muscles of the arms, legs, and other body parts whose movements are under ______________ control (called skeletal muscle) but they are also found in structures not under (same as first blank) control, such as the heart (cardiac muscle) and blood vessels (smooth muscle).
electrical signals
Neurons transmit information in the form of:
proteins
Plasma is rich in __________, which are scarce in ISF
females
Positive feedback usually occurs in _____________.
thermoregulation
Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range (homeostasis)
negative feedback
Regulatory mechanisms bring blood glucose back down to near 100 mg/dL after a meal. What type of feedback is this?
passive transport
Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
lumen
Secretory cells secrete their product into the ____________.
contracting
Shivering is an example of muscle ________________.
columnar epithelium
Single layer column shaped cells - lining stomach, small intestine - secrete and absorbs
composition, temperature, volume
Small fluctuations in ______________, _________________, and _____________ of ECF are normal.
hollow organs
Structures through which materials pass, such as the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, ureters, and bladder; epithelia are found in their linings
60
TBW accounts for approximately ______% of body weight.
Columnar, Cuboidal, Squamous
The 3 shapes of epithelial tissue are:
Regulatory mechanisms
The body has all sorts of ______________ _______________ that work to keep conditions in its internal environment constant despite changes in the external environment.
four
The brain contains billions of cells that are classified into _________ groups.
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands (it also controls LH secretion)
muscle
The flexing of an arm, the pumping of blood by the heart, and the mixing of food in the stomach are all examples of ______________ cells in action
muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective
The heart is composed mostly of ___________ tissue. It also contains _____________ tissue (the endings of nerves that control the heartbeat), __________ tissue (which lines the heart's chambers), and _______________ tissue (which makes up the heart's valves and other tissues that hold the muscle fibers together.
epithelial tissues, cell membranes
The interior of the body is divided into separate compartments (which are filled with fluid) by barriers of different types, including ____________ ____________ and ____________ _____________, which separate the contents of cells from their surroundings.
support
The overall function of connective tissue is _____________.
positive feedback
The pituitary gland secretes a hormone called luteinizing hormone that stimulates the ovaries to secrete hormones called estrogens, which regulate reproductive function. Under certain conditions, a rise in plasma estrogen concentration can trigger an increase in the secretion of LH -- this effect stimulates estrogen secretion, and so on. The result is a rapid rise in plasma LH, known as the LH surge, which triggers ovulation. What type of feedback is this?
absorption
The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood
simple and stratified
The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are:
set point
The ultimate goal of homeostasis is the maintenance of equilibrium around the:
intracellular fluid (ICF)
The water contained inside the cells; normally accounts for 45% of body weight.
20, plasma, ISF
Total ECF volume -- ______% is in blood while the remainder is outside of blood. The portion present in blood is _________ while the other portion is __________
true
True or false: Bones are an example of connective tissue.
true
True or false: Differences in ICF and ECF composition support the proper functioning of cells and are made possible by the relatively low permeability of cell membranes to many solutes, such that membranes permit the selective change of certain solutes.
true
True or false: Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease, yet the body is also capable of adapting to mild stressors that disrupt homeostasis
true
True or false: Epithelial cells join closely together to form a barrier that prevents material on one side of the epithelium from mixing freely with material on the other side
false
True or false: Epithelial tissue does not cover or line different structures.
true
True or false: ICF and ECF differ significantly in composition.
false
True or false: If something is inside the body, it is automatically part of the internal environment.
false
True or false: LH secretion continues after ovaries release an egg.
true
True or false: Most cells are not in direct contact with the blood, but instead are surrounded by a separate fluid that exchanges materials with the blood.
true
True or false: Organ systems often overlap because of shared organs
true
True or false: Physiology utilizes principles from other sciences (biochemistry, engineering, physics, etc)
true
True or false: Positive feedback doesn't correct anything, it just increases things.
true
True or false: Some cells can be epithelial and secretory.
false
True or false: TBW can act as a solvent for small molecules such as inorganic ions, sugars, and amino acids, but not for large molecules such as proteins.
true
True or false: The cardiovascular system and the GI tract are connected organs, while the endocrine system and immune system are disconnected and scattered.
true
True or false: The endocrine system exists in the internal environment.
true
True or false: The urinary system is mostly external environment.
true
True or false: There are over 200 types of cells.
true
True or false: There isn no real separation between the outer surface of the skin and the inside surfaces on the lungs, gastrointestinal system, and kidney tubules.
true
True or false: Water can act as a solvent for both small (inorganic ions, sugars, and amino acids) and large molecules (proteins).
proteins
Walls of smallest and most numerous blood vessels called capillaries are highly permeable to most solutes except ____________.
lungs, GI tract, kidneys
What 3 organs exchange between blood and the external environment?
heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, breathing rate, the amount of minerals (solutes) in the extracellular fluid
What are some regulated variables that are challenged during exercise?
endocrine, nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, GI tract, reproductive, immune, integumentary
What are the 10 main organ systems?
regulated variable, sensor(s), integration center, effector(s)
What are the 4 components of feedback loops?
extensibility, elasticity, contractility, excitability
What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?
pyramidal cell, purkinje cell, basket cell, stellate cell
What are the 4 types of neurons?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
What are the 6 main levels of hierarchical organization?
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the accessory digestive organs?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
What are the alimentary canal organs?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
What are the components of the GI tract?
heart, vessels, blood
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas
What are the components of the endocrine system?
white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids
What are the components of the immune system?
skeletal muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments
What are the components of the musculoskeletal system?
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
What are the components of the nervous system?
gonads, reproductive tracts and glands
What are the components of the reproductive system?
lungs, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
What are the components of the respiratory system?
kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
What are the components of the urinary system?
nervous, muscle, epithelium, connective
What are the four classes of tissue?
communication and control, sensory, integration, motor
What are the functions of nervous tissue?
smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, epithelial tissue
What are the three types of tissue that are found in the blood vessel organ?
heart, blood vessels
What are the two components of the cardiovascular system?
sweat and salivary glands
What are two examples of exocrine glands?
pituitary gland, adrenal gland
What are two types of endocrine glands?
LH surge
What causes ovulation?
skin
What comprises the integumentary system?
pituitary
What gland secretes LH?
thermoregulation
What is an example of a secondary function of muscle tissue?
ICF is water content in cells, while interstitial fluid is water in between cells.
What is the difference between ICF and interstitial fluid?
Exocrine secretes product into the lumen, endocrine secretes product (typically a chemical messenger) into the bloodstream.
What is the main difference between exocrine and endocrine?
water
What is the most abundant substance in the body?
connective tissue
What is the most diverse type of tissue?
movement
What is the overall function of muscle tissue?
external environment
What is the ultimate repository for cell waste
pancreas
What organ is considered to be part of both the digestive system and the endocrine system?
urethra
What organ is shared by the male urinary and reproductive systems?
cell membranes
What separates extracellular and intracellular compartments?
one layer of epithelial tissue
What separates internal from external environments?
negative
What type of feedback is more common: negative or positive?
connective tissue
What type of tissue is blood?
gas exchange, respiratory membrane
When _______ ______________ occurs, O2 goes from external to internal because it crosses the ________________ _________________.
external
When air enters the lungs or food enters the stomach, these materials are still actually in the ______________ environment because they are on the (same as first blank) side of this epithelial barrier.
pancreas
Where are beta cells located?
lungs, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys
Which bodily systems are continuous with the external environment?
plasma and interstitial fluid
Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
too many cells; not efficient
Why does the body regulate ECF and not ICF?
9
______ out of 10 organ systems function to maintain homeostasis
ICF, ECF
_______ contains many proteins and is relatively rich in potassium, while _________ contains few proteins and is rich in sodium.
2/3, 1/3
_________ of TBW is in the ICF while ________ is in the ECF.
blood
__________ must obtain oxygen, nutrients, and other needed materials from the external environment and must release carbon dioxide and other unneeded materials into it.
epithelia
_____________ are found wherever body fluids must be kept separate from the external environment, such as the skin surface or lining of the lungs
tissues
_____________ are made up of different types of cells functioning together.
tissue
a group of similar cells that carry out a specific function
selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes and epithelial tissues that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
negative feedback
a type of feedback commonly employed in homeostatic regulatory systems in which the response of a system goes in a direction opposite to the change that set it in motion
positive feedback
a type of feedback in which the response of a system goes in the same direction as the change that set it in motion
regulated variable
a variable that the body has some control over
TBW
all the water that is contained in the body
neurons
allow us to perceive the world through our senses and relay signals to muscles, glands, and other organs, enabling the control of movement, hormone secretion, and other bodily functions; others, such as those in the brain, process info and enable us to remember things, experience emotion, etc
effector
an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus; responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus
organ systems
are formed from many organs functioning together
organs
are formed from many tissues functioning together
chemical level
atoms combine to form molecules
GI tract
breaks down food and absorbs it into the body
gastrointestinal system
breaks down food and transports molecules into bloodstream; comprised of mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
respiratory system
brings oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide from the body
expiration
carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream
hormones
chemical messengers released from endocrine cells or glands into the interstitial fluid, where they then diffuse into the blood and travel to target cells
epithelia
continuous, sheetlike layers of cells found in the skin and linings of hollow organs; specialized to regulate exchange
immune system
defends the body against pathogens and abnormal cells
cubodial epithelium
epithelial cells that look like small cubes; their function is secretion, protection and absorption
glands
epithelial tissues that are specialized to synthesize and secrete a product
tendons
example of connective tissue; anchor muscles to bones
interstitial fluid (IF)
extracellular fluid that is present outside the blood, and that bathes most of the cells of the body
plasma
extracellular fluid that is specific to the blood
urinary system
filters the blood to regulate acidity, blood volume, and ion concentrations; eliminate wastes
extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid located outside cells, accounting for one-third of the total body water; synonymous with internal environment
ICF
fluid that is found within cells
ECF
fluid that is located outside cells
plasma
fluid that is located outside cells and found in the blood
interstitial fluid
fluid that is located outside cells and found outside the blood
internal environment
fluid that surrounds the cells inside the body, including the fluid in the bloodstream that surrounds blood cells; synonymous with extracellular fluid
exocrine glands
glands that are specialized for the transport of materials from the body's internal environment to the external environment
endocrine glands
glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
glands that secrete hormones into interstitial fluid
integrating center
group of cells, usually in the central nervous system (CNS) or an endocrine gland, that use sensory information to determine a response and communicate commands to effectors
organ
group of different tissues put together to form a structure with a specific function
organ system
group of organs that work together to accomplish a task
sensor
in homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus
filtration
in kidneys, when fluid from the bloodstream first enters tubules
lumen
interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel
Erythopoietin
is in the bone marrow to stimulate RBC production and maturation and it prolongs the life of mature RBCs; secreted by the kidneys
plasma
liquid in the blood made up of water and dissolved solutes, including proteins; represents approximately 20% of the total volume of extracellular fluid
homeostasis
maintenance of relatively constant conditions within the body's internal environment
Osmolarity
measure of total concentration of solute particles
negative feedback
most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms follow the same pattern: if a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease; if it decreases, the system responds by making it increase
muscle fibers
muscle cells
negative feedback
often helps us return back to homeostasis
inspiration
oxygen enters bloodstream when air is breathed into lungs
permeable
penetrable; porous; allowing liquids or gas to pass through
LH
precedes ovulation and egg release, maturation of egg, release of testosterone in males
heart
primary function: pump blood
reabsorption
process in the kidney that puts useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids) back into the blood
integumentary system
protects the body from the external environment; skin
nervous system
provides communication between cells of the body through electrical signals and the release of neurotransmitters into small gaps between certain cells
endocrine system
provides communication between cells of the body through the release of hormones into the bloodstream
integrating center
receives and processes information from the receptor; generally a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, signals an effector (e.g. muscles or an organ ) to respond to the stimuli
erythocytes
red blood cells, carry oxygen and protein called hemoglobin
exocrine glands
secrete a product into a duct leading to external environment
endocrine glands
secrete hormones, chemicals that communicate a message to cells of the body, into the bloodstream
beta cells
secrete insulin to lower blood glucose
pancreas
secretes fluid and digestive enzymes into the intestines and secretes certain hormones
branches
send or receive signals (neuron)
epithelial tissue
sheet-like arrangement of cells with underlying basement membrane of CT
applied physiology
similar to functional anatomy in that we will look at how structure and function are integrally related
cells
smallest living units of the body
Semipermeable
some substances can pass directly through the cell membrane by passive or active transport
lumen
space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
neurons
specialized cells in the nervous system that communicate via electrical and chemical signals; also known as nerve cells
neurons
specialized to transmit information via electrical signals
GI tract
stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum *Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal *mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter
duct
structural hallway that something is going to go through
neuroglia
support cells for neurons
musculoskeletal system
supports the body; allows voluntary movement of the body; allows facial expressions
corrective action
the act of going back to normal levels
organismal level
the human organism is made up of many organ systems
lumen
the interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel
homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment; central organizing principle in physiology
set point
the normal or desired value of the regulated variable in a homeostatic regulatory system
positive feedback
the response of the system goes in the same direction as the change that sets it in motion
cells
the smallest living units; separated from the environment by a membrane
endothelium
the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
physiology
the study of the phenomena of living things
total body water (TBW)
the volume of water that is contained in all the body's compartments
organ level
these are made up of different types of tissues
cellular level
these are made up of molecules
organ system level
these consist of different organs that work together closely
tissue level
these consist of similar types of cells
connective tissue
tissue whose primary function is to provide physical support for other structures, to anchor them in place, or to link them together
cardiovascular system
transports molecules throughout the body into the bloodstream
