APK2105C Exam 1

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cardiovascular system

function: deliver blood to all the body's tissues; includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood

reproductive system

generates offspring

connective tissue

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

anatomy

study/s science of body structures

physiology

study/science of body functions

LH (luteinizing hormone)

a hormone that causes the secretion of sex hormones by the testes and ovaries

effectors

cells, tissues, or organs that respond to neural or chemical signals; in homeostatic regulatory systems, cells, tissues, or organs that respond to output signals of the integrating center and bring about the final response; also called _____________ organs

ECF

denotes all body fluid outside cells

squamous epithelium

flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis

interstitial fluid

fluid in the spaces between cells

intracellular fluid (ICF)

fluid located inside cells, accounting for two-thirds of total body-water

homeostasis

maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment (ECF)

lymph

watery fluid; also considered connective tissue

secretion and excretion

A ___ is produced by a gland and serves a useful purpose, while ____ involves the removal of human waste materials.

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

exocrine gland

A gland (as a sweat gland, a salivary gland, or a kidney) that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal or duct.

epithelial tissue

A layer of ________ _________ separates the external environment from the interior of the body.

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones; has multiple nuclei -- tapered at the ends and sort of cylindrical

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

reproductive

All organ systems except _________________ function to maintain homeostasis.

permeable

Although fluid-filled compartments may be physically separated, they are still able to exchange materials with each other because the barriers that separate them are __________________.

external

As air comes into the lungs, it is part of the ______________ environment.

integrating center

Beta cells are part of the ____________ __________.

connective

Blood cells, bone cells, and fibroblasts (in skin and other tissues) are all types of _______________ tissue cells.

basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.

intestine

Cells in the lining of the _____________ transport nutrients and water from the lumen of the (same as first blank) into the bloodstream.

acid

Cells in the lining of the stomach transport ___________ into the lumen of the stomach to aid in the digestion of food.

ligaments

Connect bone to bone

extracellular

Connective tissue is less cellular & more _________________ (fibers, etc).

42, 28, 14, 3, 11

Distribution of TBW: - TBW ________ - ICF _________ - ECF ________ - Plasma _________ - ISF_________

internal environment

ECF makes up the _____________

interstitial fluid

ECF, in particular the ______________ __________ constitutes the body's internal environment that bathes all the cells in the body

muscular, three

Each artery is a muscular tube lined by ____________ tissue and has ___________ layers

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

internal environment

Extracellular fluid is synonymous with:

semipermeable membranes

Fluid compartments are separated from one another by ______. These serve as barriers by preventing movement of certain substances from one compartment to another; however, they do not completely isolate the compartments.

To elevate plasma volume to maintain homeostasis, fluids could be diverted from another source, such as interstitial fluids.

Hemorrhage is the loss of whole blood, which is approximately 55-60% plasma. Without new fluids entering the body, how can plasma volume be elevated toward normal levels to maintain homeostasis?

two

How many categories of ECF are there?

epithelial tissue

If it crosses a layer of _________________ ____________, we have moved from external to internal or vice versa (secretion or absorption).

simple, stratified

If there is only one layer of cells it is considered ______; if there is more than one layer it is ______.

maintaining homeostasis

If you are too warm/if you are exercising and your body temperature goes up, you sweat (this cools the body). If you are too cold you shiver (the rapidly contracting and relaxing of muscles produce heat). These processes are mechanisms that help your body get back to normal range.

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; 4 tapered ends

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart

tissue

Is blood an organ or a tissue?

voluntary

Muscle cells are found in the muscles of the arms, legs, and other body parts whose movements are under ______________ control (called skeletal muscle) but they are also found in structures not under (same as first blank) control, such as the heart (cardiac muscle) and blood vessels (smooth muscle).

electrical signals

Neurons transmit information in the form of:

proteins

Plasma is rich in __________, which are scarce in ISF

females

Positive feedback usually occurs in _____________.

thermoregulation

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range (homeostasis)

negative feedback

Regulatory mechanisms bring blood glucose back down to near 100 mg/dL after a meal. What type of feedback is this?

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

lumen

Secretory cells secrete their product into the ____________.

contracting

Shivering is an example of muscle ________________.

columnar epithelium

Single layer column shaped cells - lining stomach, small intestine - secrete and absorbs

composition, temperature, volume

Small fluctuations in ______________, _________________, and _____________ of ECF are normal.

hollow organs

Structures through which materials pass, such as the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, ureters, and bladder; epithelia are found in their linings

60

TBW accounts for approximately ______% of body weight.

Columnar, Cuboidal, Squamous

The 3 shapes of epithelial tissue are:

Regulatory mechanisms

The body has all sorts of ______________ _______________ that work to keep conditions in its internal environment constant despite changes in the external environment.

four

The brain contains billions of cells that are classified into _________ groups.

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands (it also controls LH secretion)

muscle

The flexing of an arm, the pumping of blood by the heart, and the mixing of food in the stomach are all examples of ______________ cells in action

muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

The heart is composed mostly of ___________ tissue. It also contains _____________ tissue (the endings of nerves that control the heartbeat), __________ tissue (which lines the heart's chambers), and _______________ tissue (which makes up the heart's valves and other tissues that hold the muscle fibers together.

epithelial tissues, cell membranes

The interior of the body is divided into separate compartments (which are filled with fluid) by barriers of different types, including ____________ ____________ and ____________ _____________, which separate the contents of cells from their surroundings.

support

The overall function of connective tissue is _____________.

positive feedback

The pituitary gland secretes a hormone called luteinizing hormone that stimulates the ovaries to secrete hormones called estrogens, which regulate reproductive function. Under certain conditions, a rise in plasma estrogen concentration can trigger an increase in the secretion of LH -- this effect stimulates estrogen secretion, and so on. The result is a rapid rise in plasma LH, known as the LH surge, which triggers ovulation. What type of feedback is this?

absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

simple and stratified

The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are:

set point

The ultimate goal of homeostasis is the maintenance of equilibrium around the:

intracellular fluid (ICF)

The water contained inside the cells; normally accounts for 45% of body weight.

20, plasma, ISF

Total ECF volume -- ______% is in blood while the remainder is outside of blood. The portion present in blood is _________ while the other portion is __________

true

True or false: Bones are an example of connective tissue.

true

True or false: Differences in ICF and ECF composition support the proper functioning of cells and are made possible by the relatively low permeability of cell membranes to many solutes, such that membranes permit the selective change of certain solutes.

true

True or false: Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease, yet the body is also capable of adapting to mild stressors that disrupt homeostasis

true

True or false: Epithelial cells join closely together to form a barrier that prevents material on one side of the epithelium from mixing freely with material on the other side

false

True or false: Epithelial tissue does not cover or line different structures.

true

True or false: ICF and ECF differ significantly in composition.

false

True or false: If something is inside the body, it is automatically part of the internal environment.

false

True or false: LH secretion continues after ovaries release an egg.

true

True or false: Most cells are not in direct contact with the blood, but instead are surrounded by a separate fluid that exchanges materials with the blood.

true

True or false: Organ systems often overlap because of shared organs

true

True or false: Physiology utilizes principles from other sciences (biochemistry, engineering, physics, etc)

true

True or false: Positive feedback doesn't correct anything, it just increases things.

true

True or false: Some cells can be epithelial and secretory.

false

True or false: TBW can act as a solvent for small molecules such as inorganic ions, sugars, and amino acids, but not for large molecules such as proteins.

true

True or false: The cardiovascular system and the GI tract are connected organs, while the endocrine system and immune system are disconnected and scattered.

true

True or false: The endocrine system exists in the internal environment.

true

True or false: The urinary system is mostly external environment.

true

True or false: There are over 200 types of cells.

true

True or false: There isn no real separation between the outer surface of the skin and the inside surfaces on the lungs, gastrointestinal system, and kidney tubules.

true

True or false: Water can act as a solvent for both small (inorganic ions, sugars, and amino acids) and large molecules (proteins).

proteins

Walls of smallest and most numerous blood vessels called capillaries are highly permeable to most solutes except ____________.

lungs, GI tract, kidneys

What 3 organs exchange between blood and the external environment?

heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, breathing rate, the amount of minerals (solutes) in the extracellular fluid

What are some regulated variables that are challenged during exercise?

endocrine, nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, GI tract, reproductive, immune, integumentary

What are the 10 main organ systems?

regulated variable, sensor(s), integration center, effector(s)

What are the 4 components of feedback loops?

extensibility, elasticity, contractility, excitability

What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?

pyramidal cell, purkinje cell, basket cell, stellate cell

What are the 4 types of neurons?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

What are the 6 main levels of hierarchical organization?

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What are the accessory digestive organs?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What are the alimentary canal organs?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

What are the components of the GI tract?

heart, vessels, blood

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas

What are the components of the endocrine system?

white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids

What are the components of the immune system?

skeletal muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments

What are the components of the musculoskeletal system?

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

What are the components of the nervous system?

gonads, reproductive tracts and glands

What are the components of the reproductive system?

lungs, pharynx, trachea, bronchi

What are the components of the respiratory system?

kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra

What are the components of the urinary system?

nervous, muscle, epithelium, connective

What are the four classes of tissue?

communication and control, sensory, integration, motor

What are the functions of nervous tissue?

smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, epithelial tissue

What are the three types of tissue that are found in the blood vessel organ?

heart, blood vessels

What are the two components of the cardiovascular system?

sweat and salivary glands

What are two examples of exocrine glands?

pituitary gland, adrenal gland

What are two types of endocrine glands?

LH surge

What causes ovulation?

skin

What comprises the integumentary system?

pituitary

What gland secretes LH?

thermoregulation

What is an example of a secondary function of muscle tissue?

ICF is water content in cells, while interstitial fluid is water in between cells.

What is the difference between ICF and interstitial fluid?

Exocrine secretes product into the lumen, endocrine secretes product (typically a chemical messenger) into the bloodstream.

What is the main difference between exocrine and endocrine?

water

What is the most abundant substance in the body?

connective tissue

What is the most diverse type of tissue?

movement

What is the overall function of muscle tissue?

external environment

What is the ultimate repository for cell waste

pancreas

What organ is considered to be part of both the digestive system and the endocrine system?

urethra

What organ is shared by the male urinary and reproductive systems?

cell membranes

What separates extracellular and intracellular compartments?

one layer of epithelial tissue

What separates internal from external environments?

negative

What type of feedback is more common: negative or positive?

connective tissue

What type of tissue is blood?

gas exchange, respiratory membrane

When _______ ______________ occurs, O2 goes from external to internal because it crosses the ________________ _________________.

external

When air enters the lungs or food enters the stomach, these materials are still actually in the ______________ environment because they are on the (same as first blank) side of this epithelial barrier.

pancreas

Where are beta cells located?

lungs, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys

Which bodily systems are continuous with the external environment?

plasma and interstitial fluid

Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

too many cells; not efficient

Why does the body regulate ECF and not ICF?

9

______ out of 10 organ systems function to maintain homeostasis

ICF, ECF

_______ contains many proteins and is relatively rich in potassium, while _________ contains few proteins and is rich in sodium.

2/3, 1/3

_________ of TBW is in the ICF while ________ is in the ECF.

blood

__________ must obtain oxygen, nutrients, and other needed materials from the external environment and must release carbon dioxide and other unneeded materials into it.

epithelia

_____________ are found wherever body fluids must be kept separate from the external environment, such as the skin surface or lining of the lungs

tissues

_____________ are made up of different types of cells functioning together.

tissue

a group of similar cells that carry out a specific function

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes and epithelial tissues that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

negative feedback

a type of feedback commonly employed in homeostatic regulatory systems in which the response of a system goes in a direction opposite to the change that set it in motion

positive feedback

a type of feedback in which the response of a system goes in the same direction as the change that set it in motion

regulated variable

a variable that the body has some control over

TBW

all the water that is contained in the body

neurons

allow us to perceive the world through our senses and relay signals to muscles, glands, and other organs, enabling the control of movement, hormone secretion, and other bodily functions; others, such as those in the brain, process info and enable us to remember things, experience emotion, etc

effector

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus; responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus

organ systems

are formed from many organs functioning together

organs

are formed from many tissues functioning together

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

GI tract

breaks down food and absorbs it into the body

gastrointestinal system

breaks down food and transports molecules into bloodstream; comprised of mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

respiratory system

brings oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide from the body

expiration

carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream

hormones

chemical messengers released from endocrine cells or glands into the interstitial fluid, where they then diffuse into the blood and travel to target cells

epithelia

continuous, sheetlike layers of cells found in the skin and linings of hollow organs; specialized to regulate exchange

immune system

defends the body against pathogens and abnormal cells

cubodial epithelium

epithelial cells that look like small cubes; their function is secretion, protection and absorption

glands

epithelial tissues that are specialized to synthesize and secrete a product

tendons

example of connective tissue; anchor muscles to bones

interstitial fluid (IF)

extracellular fluid that is present outside the blood, and that bathes most of the cells of the body

plasma

extracellular fluid that is specific to the blood

urinary system

filters the blood to regulate acidity, blood volume, and ion concentrations; eliminate wastes

extracellular fluid (ECF)

fluid located outside cells, accounting for one-third of the total body water; synonymous with internal environment

ICF

fluid that is found within cells

ECF

fluid that is located outside cells

plasma

fluid that is located outside cells and found in the blood

interstitial fluid

fluid that is located outside cells and found outside the blood

internal environment

fluid that surrounds the cells inside the body, including the fluid in the bloodstream that surrounds blood cells; synonymous with extracellular fluid

exocrine glands

glands that are specialized for the transport of materials from the body's internal environment to the external environment

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

endocrine glands

glands that secrete hormones into interstitial fluid

integrating center

group of cells, usually in the central nervous system (CNS) or an endocrine gland, that use sensory information to determine a response and communicate commands to effectors

organ

group of different tissues put together to form a structure with a specific function

organ system

group of organs that work together to accomplish a task

sensor

in homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus

filtration

in kidneys, when fluid from the bloodstream first enters tubules

lumen

interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel

Erythopoietin

is in the bone marrow to stimulate RBC production and maturation and it prolongs the life of mature RBCs; secreted by the kidneys

plasma

liquid in the blood made up of water and dissolved solutes, including proteins; represents approximately 20% of the total volume of extracellular fluid

homeostasis

maintenance of relatively constant conditions within the body's internal environment

Osmolarity

measure of total concentration of solute particles

negative feedback

most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms follow the same pattern: if a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease; if it decreases, the system responds by making it increase

muscle fibers

muscle cells

negative feedback

often helps us return back to homeostasis

inspiration

oxygen enters bloodstream when air is breathed into lungs

permeable

penetrable; porous; allowing liquids or gas to pass through

LH

precedes ovulation and egg release, maturation of egg, release of testosterone in males

heart

primary function: pump blood

reabsorption

process in the kidney that puts useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids) back into the blood

integumentary system

protects the body from the external environment; skin

nervous system

provides communication between cells of the body through electrical signals and the release of neurotransmitters into small gaps between certain cells

endocrine system

provides communication between cells of the body through the release of hormones into the bloodstream

integrating center

receives and processes information from the receptor; generally a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, signals an effector (e.g. muscles or an organ ) to respond to the stimuli

erythocytes

red blood cells, carry oxygen and protein called hemoglobin

exocrine glands

secrete a product into a duct leading to external environment

endocrine glands

secrete hormones, chemicals that communicate a message to cells of the body, into the bloodstream

beta cells

secrete insulin to lower blood glucose

pancreas

secretes fluid and digestive enzymes into the intestines and secretes certain hormones

branches

send or receive signals (neuron)

epithelial tissue

sheet-like arrangement of cells with underlying basement membrane of CT

applied physiology

similar to functional anatomy in that we will look at how structure and function are integrally related

cells

smallest living units of the body

Semipermeable

some substances can pass directly through the cell membrane by passive or active transport

lumen

space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel

neurons

specialized cells in the nervous system that communicate via electrical and chemical signals; also known as nerve cells

neurons

specialized to transmit information via electrical signals

GI tract

stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum *Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal *mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter

duct

structural hallway that something is going to go through

neuroglia

support cells for neurons

musculoskeletal system

supports the body; allows voluntary movement of the body; allows facial expressions

corrective action

the act of going back to normal levels

organismal level

the human organism is made up of many organ systems

lumen

the interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel

homeostasis

the maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment; central organizing principle in physiology

set point

the normal or desired value of the regulated variable in a homeostatic regulatory system

positive feedback

the response of the system goes in the same direction as the change that sets it in motion

cells

the smallest living units; separated from the environment by a membrane

endothelium

the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

physiology

the study of the phenomena of living things

total body water (TBW)

the volume of water that is contained in all the body's compartments

organ level

these are made up of different types of tissues

cellular level

these are made up of molecules

organ system level

these consist of different organs that work together closely

tissue level

these consist of similar types of cells

connective tissue

tissue whose primary function is to provide physical support for other structures, to anchor them in place, or to link them together

cardiovascular system

transports molecules throughout the body into the bloodstream


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