Applied A&P Exam 2, Mastering A&P chapter 12, Mastering A&P Chapter 12 - The Central Nervous System

The neural fibers connecting structure A to the cerebral cortex can be described by which of the following? lower motor neurons upper motor neurons first-order sensory neurons third-order sensory neurons

Third-order sensory neurons relay ascending information from the thalamus to specific sensory areas of the cortex.

Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?

Thoracic and lumbar Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division arise from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions (T1 to L2) of the spinal cord.

What is the function of white matter?

Transmits message

The diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum. (True or false)

True

All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain. False True

True Correct. All 3 regions of the brain stem, the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, can be observed on the ventral surface.

The ventricles are all interconnected. False True

True Correct. Narrow passageways connect the ventricles together, so that cerebrospinal fluid flows freely inside the ventricular system.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles. True False

True Correct. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid. It is found in each of the ventricles.

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. True False

True One cerebral hemisphere or the other "dominates" each of the brain's tasks, and the term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. In most people (about 90%), the left hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.

In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs. True False

True The primary sensory cortex receives sensory inputs in their cruder forms, while the association cortex helps you understand what the sensory input means.

The sympathetic division innervates targets with nerves that all originate from the thoracolumbar region. True False

True The sympathetic division is also called the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system because the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal segments contain the cell bodies of all preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs?

Vagus. The vagus nerve has many targets in the thoracic & abdominal cavities & innervates many of the visceral organs.

What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?

a two-neuron motor pathway Visceral reflex arcs have essentially the same components as somatic reflex arcs--receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector. A key difference is that a visceral reflex arc has two neurons in its (autonomic) motor component, whereas the somatic reflex arc has a single (somatic) motor neuron.

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information? optic abducens olfactory trigeminal

abducens The abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).

Symptoms of autonomic neuropathy could include any EXCEPT which of the following? diarrhea constipation abnormal stretch reflex responses hyposecretion by sudoriferous glands

abnormal stretch reflex responses The stretch reflex is controlled by afferent sensory stretch receptors and somatic efferent motor neurons.

Which of the following would not be an example of autonomic neuropathy?

abnormal stretch reflex responses. The stretch reflex is controlled by a somatic reflex arc which includes afferent input from stretch receptors and output along somatic motor neurons to skeletal muscle.

Which terms describe autonomic reflexes?

activation of glands, activation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. We are generally not aware of autonomic reflexes that regulate body functions such as digestion, elimination, blood pressure, salivation and sweating.

Neurons which have epinephrine as a neurotransmitter are....

adrenergic neurons

The meningeal layer resembling spider legs is the..

arachnoid mater

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus? membranous part of the dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater periosteal part of the dura mater

arachnoid mater The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF. Knoblike projections of the arachnoid mater, called arachnoid villi, protrude superiorly through the dura mater and into the superior sagittal sinus. These villi provide a passageway for CSF to leave the subarachnoid space and enter the venous blood of the sinus.

After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______. the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex the stroke caused damage to Joe's right premotor cortex based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions Review central nervous system control of voluntary skeletal muscle contractions and compare it to reflex arc activation.

The word root pre- means...

before/ in front of

The prefix somato- means..

body

The prefix cerebr- means..

brain or cerebrum

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system? cellular metabolism salivary glands lungs gallbladder

cellular metabolism Preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine into the bloodstream during "fight-or-flight" situations (such as exercise). In turn, epinephrine increases cellular metabolism (metabolic rate).

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?

cellular metabolism Preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine into the bloodstream during "fight-or-flight" situations (such as exercise). In turn, epinephrine increases cellular metabolism (metabolic rate).

Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles.

central canal

The groove indicated by C is the __________. longitudinal fissure lateral sulcus central sulcus transverse fissure

central sulcus The central sulcus is the shallow groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

Evolutionary development of a head and brain containing neural and sensory organs is a process called...

cephalization

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate balance, posture, and somatic movement problems? diencephalon cerebellum thalamus pons

cerebellum By processing and interpreting impulses from the motor cortex and brain stem nuclei, as well as sensory pathways, the cerebellum provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility needed for daily living (e.g., driving, typing, and tying our shoes). It also plays a poorly understood role in cognition. Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously (we are not aware of it).

The fiber tracts indicated by the letter C will terminate in the __________. sensory cortex cerebellum thalamus medulla oblongata

cerebellum The letter C indicates the spinocerebellar pathways.

Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?

cerebral aqueduct

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls almost all brain activity? cerebellum diencephalon brain stem cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex The cerebral cortex is the "executive suite" of the nervous system, where most of our higher-level decision making occurs. It enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements.

Bleeding in the brain, known as a stroke, is more accurately called....

cerebrovascular accident.

What part of the spinal cord represents an increase in cell body mass for upper limb control? lumbar enlargement cervical enlargement cauda equina conus medullaris

cervical enlargement The spinal cord has an obvious enlargement in the cervical region, called the cervical enlargement, where the cell bodies controlling the upper limbs arise.

The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________. brachial plexus vagus nerve cervical plexus thoracic spinal cord

cervical plexus The phrenic nerve, which arises from the cervical plexus, supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm, the main breathing muscle.

The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________.

cervical plexus. The phrenic nerve, which arises from the cervical plexus, supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm, the main breathing muscle.

The prefix chem- means..

chemical

The sense of taste and smell use......... to detect and process taste and smell information.

chemoreceptors

What CNS-associated structure is illustrated in this figure? hypothalamus choroid plexus cerebral aqueduct arachnoid villus

choroid plexus Manufacture of fluid within brain ventricles.

What function is most closely associated with the spinal cord tract indicated by the letter C? What function is most closely associated with the spinal cord tract indicated by the letter C? Several examples of ascending spinal cord tracts. initiation of smooth muscle movements initiation of skeletal muscle movements response to skeletal muscle pain coordination of skeletal muscle movements

coordination of skeletal muscle movements These tracts carry appropriate sensory information, such as the degree of muscle stretch, to the brain such that it can calculate skeletal muscle movements that allow for coordinated responses and the maintenance of balance.

What structure(s) is/are indicated by B? association fibers lateral ventricles pyramidal tracts corpus callosum

corpus callosum The corpus callosum is the most prominent example of tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

You are removing a hot pan of cookies from the oven, using a pot holder. Suddenly, you feel a surge of heat through the pot holder. Why don't you react by dropping the baking pan and spilling cookies all over the floor?

cortical integration centers override the spinal reflex

Nerves that emerge from the base of the brain and pass through the skull are........

cranial nerves.

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm? crossed-extensor reflex plantar reflex tendon reflex stretch reflex

crossed-extensor reflex The grasped arm is withdrawn (via the flexor reflex) as the opposite arm pushes you away from the attacker (via crossed-extensor reflex). As in this scenario, the crossed-extensor reflex often accompanies the flexor reflex.

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm?

crossed-extensor reflex The grasped arm is withdrawn (via the flexor reflex) as the opposite arm pushes you away from the attacker (via crossed-extensor reflex). As in this scenario, the crossed-extensor reflex often accompanies the flexor reflex.

In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______. thumb muscles cutaneous branches of the median nerve muscular branches of the posterior cord that supply the median nerve None of the listed responses is correct.

cutaneous branches of the median nerve The median nerve cutaneous branch carries sensory input from the skin of the lateral 2/3rds of the hand, palm side and dorsum of fingers 2-3.

In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______.

cutaneous branches of the median nerve. The median nerve cutaneous branch carries sensory input from the skin of the lateral 2/3rds of the hand, palm side and dorsum of fingers 2-3.

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds every axon in a nerve? perineurium epineurium endomysium endoneurium

endoneurium Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's associated Schwann cells.

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual axons in a nerve?

endoneurium. Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's associated Schwann cells.

Which type of glial cells are shown in this figure? astrocytes microglia oligodendrocytes ependymal cells

ependymal cells Specialized ependymal cells participate in the filtration, absorption, and secretory processes that create cerebrospinal fluid. Manufacture of fluid within brain ventricles.

The word root -ergic means.....

exhibiting/ stimulating activity

The brain is a solid organ that lacks cavities. True False

false

The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain. True False

false

Which of the following describes the nerve fibers indicated by the letter A? first-order sensory neurons second-order sensory neurons third-order sensory neurons

first-order sensory neurons First-order sensory neurons transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord.

Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______. supinate or pronate the forearm flex the wrist extend the forearm All of the listed responses are correct.

flex the wrist One action of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is wrist flexion. This muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______.

flex the wrist. One action of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is wrist flexion. This muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Which ventricle is located within the brain stem?

fourth ventricle

In which of the following structures would you expect to see afferent ganglia?

glossopharyngeal nerve

What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex?

gray matter

Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair? gray matter: location of brain nuclei spinal cord: inner gray matter gray matter: myelinated axons superficial in the brain: gray matter

gray matter: myelinated axons Gray matter is indicative of unmyelinated axons and cell bodies in the CNS.

The prefix cephal- means..

head

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? hypothalamus cerebral cortex brain stem peripheral ganglia

hypothalamus The hypothalamus stands at the top of the control hierarchy as the integrator of ANS activity.

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? brain stem frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex reticular formation hypothalamus

hypothalamus The hypothalamus stands at the top of the control hierarchy as the integrator of ANS activity. The limbic system communicates the hypothalamus, which is why emotions, like fear, affect the ANS. The reticular formation connects the hypothalamus to nuclei in the brainstem that cause the ANS outputs for some visceral organs as their output is regulated by the hypothalamus.

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

hypothalamus. The hypothalamus stands at the top of the control hierarchy as the integrator of ANS activity.

Where is the illustrated structure located? in each ventricle within the subarachnoid space in the central canal within the superior sagittal sinus

in each ventricle Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the choroid plexus located within each ventricle.

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons at A located? in the posterior horn of the spinal cord in the medulla oblongata in the thalamus in the dorsal root ganglion

in the dorsal root ganglion All sensory neurons, including those of the autonomic nervous system, are found in the dorsal root ganglion.

Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain? Optic chiasm Hypothalamus Infundibulum Pia mater

infundibulum

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc? receptors interneurons sensory neurons motor neurons

interneurons In many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc?

interneurons. In many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.

......are inborn and serve to protect the body.

intrinsic reflexes.. divided into two categories: Somatic (skeletal muscle) & autonomic(internal organs)

Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum? Fourth ventricle Fornix Lateral ventricles Third ventricle

lateral ventricle

Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?

lateral ventricles

Riding a bike and driving a care are examples of..........

learned/ acquired reflexes

The prefix photo- means..

light

Which of the following is correctly matched? gustatory cortex; sense of hearing vestibular cortex; pattern recognition posterior association area: understand balance limbic association area: sense of danger

limbic association area: sense of danger The limbic association area is part of the limbic system, which control our emotions and fears.

Most of the descending fibers indicated in this figure cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the body in which of the following? Most of the descending fibers indicated in this figure cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the body in which of the following? Pathways of motor neurons through the upper CNS. cerebellum peripheral nervous system medulla oblongata thalamus

medulla oblongata Many descending fibers cross over to the contralateral side of the nervous system within the decussation of pyramids in the medulla.

The part of a spinal nerve that innervates the meninges is the........

meningeal branch

The prefix mening-- means

meninges

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?

midbrain

The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure? cerebrum midbrain medulla oblongata diencephalon

midbrain The term mesencephalon means "midbrain." As it develops from a primary brain vesicle to a secondary brain vesicle and finally an adult brain structure, it retains its name--the midbrain. Each of the other two primary brain vesicles divides to give rise to new secondary brain vesicles and adult brain structures (with new names). Note that encephalo- means "brain."

When removing a hot sheet of cookies from the oven, you feel heat coming through the pot holder. What mechanism momentarily overrides your reflexive action to immediately drop the hot cookie sheet? modification of outgoing efferent signals by spinal cord gray matter interneurons modulation of descending motor pathways by brainstem and cortex temporary suppression of sensory input to the spinal reflex center intervention by the limbic system to inhibit the fear of being burned

modulation of descending motor pathways by brainstem and cortex

Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______. dorsal rami of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord afferent neurons of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord cutaneous branches of rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord

motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord The ventral rami of spinal nerves contain motor fibers that originate from neuron soma found in the spinal cord. These efferent pathways activate the contraction of skeletal muscle. The phrenic nerve branches from this region and innervates the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm.

Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______.

motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord The ventral rami of spinal nerves contain motor fibers that originate from neuron soma found in the spinal cord. These efferent pathways activate the contraction of skeletal muscle. The phrenic nerve branches from this region and innervates the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm.

Which receptor paring below is correct?

nicotinic; acetylcholine Nicotinic receptors are one of two acetylcholine receptors.

Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system? Optic chiasm Mammillary body Optic nerve Optic tract

optic nerve

Low BP resulting from standing up too quickly is...

orthostatic hypotension

Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?

parasympathetic. The parasympathetic division has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.

Receptors that respond to light are...

photoreceptors.

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain? pia mater arachnoid mater dura mater arachnoid villi

pia mater The pia mater is meningeal layer closest to the brain.

Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? arachnoid mater meningeal layer of the dura mater periosteal layer of the dura mater pia mater

pia mater The pia mater, meaning "gentle mother," is composed of delicate connective tissue and is richly invested with tiny blood vessels. It is the only meninx that clings tightly to the brain, like cellophane wrap, following its every convolution.

Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain? Olfactory bulb Pineal gland Mammillary body Pituitary gland

pituitary gland

Which of the following regions of the brain stem serves as a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum? midbrain thalamus pons medulla oblongata

pons The pons is the point at which all information entering or exiting the cerebellum is collected. Descending motor input and ascending sensory input that feed the cerebellum and all cerebellar output enter or exit the cerebellum through several cerebellar peduncles located in the pons.

Region A includes which of the following? prefrontal cortex primary motor cortex primary somatosensory cortex Broca's area

prefrontal cortex The prefrontal cortex is located in the anterior region of the frontal lobe.

The neuron just before a ganglion is the.....

preganglionic neuron

Which motor area both has a homunculus and has descending projection fibers? primary motor cortex Broca's area frontal eye fields premotor cortex

primary motor cortex The primary motor cortex has projections for the entire human body map, or homunculus. Axons from the primary motor cortex project from the frontal lobe to the spinal cord.

What is the designation of the area at D? primary olfactory cortex primary visual cortex visual association area multimodal association area

primary visual cortex The primary visual cortex receives sensory input from the eye via the optic nerves, thalamus, and optic radiations. Lateral view of left cerebrum with selected functional areas highlighted.

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

pyramidal and corticospinal

........are neural pathways composed of five basic components.

reflex arc

Which of the following is NOT an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function? increasing heart rate gland secretion reflex of skeletal muscle emptying the bladder

reflex of skeletal muscle The somatic nervous system stimulates skeletal muscle, whereas the ANS innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

......... are rapid, predictable, and involuntary motor responses to stimuli.

reflexes

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? regulate food intake regulate emotional responses regulate body temperature regulate the thalamus

regulate the thalamus The hypothalamus does not regulate the thalamus.

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation? sweating and dilating pupils fight-or-flight responses vigorous physical activity resting and digesting

resting and digesting The parasympathetic division, sometimes called the "rest and digest" system, keeps body energy use as low as possible, even as it directs vital housekeeping activities like digesting food and eliminating feces and urine.

Which functional area of the brain is responsible for our level of awareness and alertness? reticular activating system Broca's area frontal eye fields limbic system

reticular activating system The reticular activating system is responsive to our sensory input and controls alertness to these sensory inputs and our awareness and responsiveness to our external (and internal) environment.

Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control? segmental level, precommand level, projection level projection level, precommand level, segmental level segmental level, projection level, precommand level precommand level, projection level, segmental level

segmental level, projection level, precommand level The hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control is segmental level, projection level, and precommand level.

Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control?

segmental level, projection level, precommand level.

Which of the following is not an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function?

skeletal muscles reflux The somatic nervous system stimulates skeletal muscle, whereas the ANS innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

The prefix crani- means..

skull

The...... division of the NS controls skeletal movement.

somatic motor

The prefix arachn- means..

spider/ spider-like

The vessels serving abdominal organs are collectively called.....

splanchnic circulation

The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______. deltoid muscle biceps brachii muscle sternocleidomastoid muscle muscles that flex the wrist and fingers

sternocleidomastoid muscle The sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory cranial nerve and branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3.

The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______.

sternocleidomastoid muscle. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory cranial nerve and branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3.

The word root ortho means...

straight, upright, or vertrical

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? suprachiasmatic nucleus autonomic control center temperature control center thirst center

suprachiasmatic nucleus This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles.

Stretch reflexes are important for maintaining and adjusting muscle tone for posture, balance, and locomotion. Recall from the video that the patellar reflex is a specific example of a stretch reflex test. Which of the following components is the integration center of the patellar reflex arc?

synapses in the L2-L4 segments. Reflex testing is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the NS. Stretch reflexes tend to be hypoactive or absent in cases of peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn disease and hyperactive in corticospinal tract lesions. They are absent in deep sedation and coma.

Which of the following releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

terminus of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron In cases of dual innervation, release of norepinephrine at synapses within effector organs is characteristic of the sympathetic division (B). Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine in areas that receive only sympathetic fibers.

patellar reflex

tests nerves L2-L4

This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles. mesencephalon hypothalamus pons thalamus

thalamus Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus-- which sorts out and edits these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex. In summary, the thalamus plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory.

The letter A in the figure indicates which of the following structures? cerebral nuclei lateral ventricles thalamus hypothalamus

thalamus The letter A indicates the thalamus. Remember that the thalamus is composed of left and right bodies.

The fiber tracts indicated by the letter D will terminate in the __________. thalamus primary somatosensory cortex cerebral nuclei primary motor cortex

thalamus The spinothalamic tracts indicated by D carry somatosensory information and terminate in the thalamus. Specific information will then be relayed to the appropriate area of the somatosensory cortex by third-order sensory neurons.

The cortical regions indicated by E are involved in what functions? the storage of motor patterns for skilled movements of skeletal muscles the production and interpretation of language They are the control centers for homeostatic and endocrine functions. the generation of emotional responses

the production and interpretation of language Regions indicated by E include Broca's area in the frontal lobe and Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe.

Which set of details correctly identifies a series of events in a sympathetic pathway?

thoracolumbar origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector

All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain. (true or false)

true

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles. False True

true

The composition of gray matter includes neuron cell bodies. True False

true

The foramen magnum marks the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. (true or false)

true

The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina. (true or false)

true

The ventricles are all interconnected. False True

true

White matter has a fatty consistency. False True

true

The minimum number of neurons present in a reflex arc is....

two

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs? accessory vagus hypoglossal abducens

vagus The vagus nerve has many targets in the thoracic and abdominal cavities and innervates many of the visceral organs.

Which of the following is an effect of norepinephrine binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

vasodilation

The word root splanchn- means....

viscera

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus? somatic motor control center visceral control center of the body gateway to the cerebellum relay station for the special senses

visceral control center of the body The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center of the body and is vitally important to overall body homeostasis. Its chief homeostatic roles include controlling the autonomic nervous system; controlling endocrine system function; regulating the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, hunger, and thirst; and initiating physical responses to emotions.

The descending fibers in the figure provide for which of the following functions? The descending fibers in the figure provide for which of the following functions? Pathways of motor neurons through the upper CNS. conscious awareness of sensory information involuntary control of cardiac muscle voluntary control of skeletal muscle involuntary control of smooth muscle

voluntary control of skeletal muscle Motor pathways originating in the primary motor cortex allow for the conscious control of skeletal muscle.

Your patient is unhappy about the injection that you are preparing to administer into her buttock. "If you have to do it, give it right in the middle," she insists. How should you respond?

"I'm sorry, but I need to inject into the upper outer quadrant of your buttock to avoid damaging the sciatic nerve." Recall that the sciatic nerve, the longest and the thickest nerve in the body, courses from the sacrum through the buttock. Intramuscular injections properly given in the upper outer quadrant of the buttock avoid its course.

You have a patient experiencing an essential tremor, which makes it hard for him to dress and feed himself. Imaging has detected a lesion in the basal nuclei. How would you best explain the function of these cerebral structures to him?

"This group of cells monitors all of our outgoing motor signals and makes sure there isn't any excessive activity. Your injury is preventing them from doing their job." One of the primary roles of the basal nuclei is to prevent or inhibit unwanted muscle contraction. This is why the symptoms of Parkinson's and Huntington's disease are of such.

Reflex Arc process.

1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron (Monosynaptic reflex-fast- or polysynaptic 3. integration center 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector (muscle or gland depending on intrinsic reflex division.)

Visceral Reflex Arc

1. Stimulus 2. Receptor in viscera 3. visceral sensory neuron 4. integration center 5. motor neuron 6. visceral effector 7. response

How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?

3

How many regions make up the brain stem?

3

Which terms describe somatic reflexes?

Activation of skeletal muscle, pulling hand away from a hot stove, patellar reflex.

Hyporeflexia occurs when normal reflexes are weak but not absent. Damage to which of the following would result in hyporeflexia?

Any of these choices would result in hyporeflexia. A reflex arc consists of a sensory neuron, motor neuron, and skeletal muscle. Disrupting any part of this pathway would affect the response.

Classify a fiber tract that communicates between the left prefrontal lobe and the left parietal lobe. association commissural fibers projection

Association fibers communicate between gyri in the same cerebral hemisphere.

Assume that the triangular and circular molecules shown in the illustration represent specific neurotransmitters. Which of the following best describes the effect on the heart of neurotransmitters released from the postganglionic neurons of B and C?

B would increase heart rate, while C would decrease it. Sympathetic stimulation would increase heart rate when under stress, while parasympathetic stimulation would decrease heart rate during "rest and digest." Parasympathetic ganglia are within or near effector organs, while sympathetic ganglia lie nearer to the CNS. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete a different neurotransmitter than somatic and parasympathetic neurons.

Which statement is true of both poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Both conditions are caused by destruction of the ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord. Destruction of neurons in the ventral motor horns of spinal cord gray matter results in the paralysis in both conditions.

Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles. Central canal Cerebral aqueduct Choroid plexus Interventricular foramina

Central canal Correct. The central canal is the canal found in the spinal cord that originates off of the fourth ventricle.

Where is the arbor vitae located?

Cerebellum

Where is the arbor vitae located? Brain stem Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum

Cerebellum Correct. The white matter in the cerebellum has a branching arrangement that resembles a tree. This structure is named for its appearance. The term arbor vitae means "tree of life."

Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles? Central canal Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral aqueduct Correct. The cerebral aqueduct is the narrow passageway that connects the third and fourth ventricles. It can sometimes be observed on a midsagittal section.

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?

Cerebrum

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness? Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem

Cerebrum Correct. The cerebrum is involved in higher order functions such as consciousness, personality, and intellect.

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres? Intermediate mass Vermis Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum

Corpus callosum Correct. The corpus callosum is a large fiber tract of axons connecting the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.

Your patient's CT scan demonstrates a cerebral vascular accident causing damage to the inferior and posterior portions of her left cerebral hemisphere. Your patient is right-handed. What deficits should you expect?

Difficulty with movement on the right side of her body and difficulty with speech. Broca's area, which controls the production of speech is found on the left frontal lobe in 90% of right-handed people. Her primary motor cortex for the right side of her body is in the posterior portion of her left cerebral hemisphere.

Organophosphate insecticides work by blocking acetylcholinesterase. Which symptom would NOT be typical of poisoning with these agents?

Dilated pupils. If acetylcholinesterase is blocked, the patient should exhibit "too much" acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that relays information to skeletal muscles and parasympathetic receptors. In other words, the parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system would exert greater influence. Sympathetic activity dilates pupils, whereas parasympathetic activity constricts them.

What are type of glial cells can be found in the choroid plexus?

Ependymal cells. Specialized ependymal cells participate in the filtration, absorption, and secretory processes that create cerebrospinal fluid.

Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?

Epithalamus

Your patient is recovering after a severe allergic reaction to a bee sting. You are instructing him on the use of the epinephrine auto-injection device that has been prescribed for him. Which of the following groups of side effects would NOT be expected after self-injection with epinephrine?

Excessive salivation and pupillary constriction These effects are caused by activation of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system and are mediated by acetylcholine.

The pineal body secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). (True or False)

False

The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex. True False

False Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus (not the hypothalamus) and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus--which sorts out and "edits" these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex.

The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain. True False

False Correct. The cerebellum is not a ventral structure. It is located on the dorsal surface of the brain.

Unlike the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division synapses with the adrenal medulla. True False

False The sympathetic division synapses at the adrenal medulla which enhances the sympathetic responses.

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons. . First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. First-order neurons descend with motor commands. First-order neurons usually ascend directly to the thalamus. First-order neurons originate in the CNS.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. First-order neurons, whose cell bodies reside in a ganglion (dorsal root or cranial), conduct impulses from the cutaneous receptors of the skin and from proprioceptors to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse with second-order neurons.

Suppose a patient produced more fluid in the structure shown in the figure than could be distributed throughout the ventricles and extracellular fluid. What condition would result? anencephaly Alzheimer's disease hydrocephalus cerebral palsy

Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of fluid in the ventricles, which puts pressure on the brain.

Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain? Hypothalamus Infundibulum Optic chiasm Pia mater

Infundibulum Correct. The infundibulum attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. It contains axons that originate in the hypothalamus and end in the posterior pituitary.

With pathological tetanus (also known as "lockjaw"), the prime mover and antagonistic muscle groups contract at the same time because of the effect of the tetanus neurotoxin. Which portion of the stretch reflex arc is affected by the tetanus toxin?

Interneurons are unable to prevent contraction of the antagonist muscles. Interneurons normally use inhibitory neurotransmitters to prevent the transmission of action potentials to antagonist muscles. Loss of reciprocal inhibition allows both prime mover and antagonist muscles to contract at the same time.

Which of the following describes the type of reflex when you pull your hand away from a hot stove?

Intrinsic and somatic reflexes.

Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum? Third ventricle Lateral ventricles Fourth ventricle Fornix

Lateral ventricles Correct. The lateral ventricles lie side by side under the corpus callosum, separated by the septum pellucidum.

Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)? relay somatotopy decussation memory

Memory is a function of the brain (not the spinal cord).

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves? Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both. Nerves are analogous to tracts in the CNS. Nerves do not contain cell bodies. Nerves are covered by an outer sheath called the epineurium.

Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves?

Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both. Nerves can be mixed collections of both sensory and motor axons.

Which of the receptor types might function as a nociceptor?

Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli, such as noxious chemicals or extremes of temperature or pH. Nociceptors are generally associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.

Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar? Both systems share common effectors. Both systems share common efferent pathways. Both systems have ganglia in their motor pathways. Both systems elicit the same target organ responses to their neurotransmitters. None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct. Each of the factors is different in the somatic and autonomic efferent pathways, respectively.

A patient reports that she has become completely deaf—she can't hear anything. Thorough tests on her ears indicate that her ears have not been damaged. Additional tests reveal that her deafness has been caused by damage to her ______. primary somatosensory cortex auditory association area somatosensory association cortex None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct. Review the different sensory cortices of the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain.

Identify cranial nerve I.

Olfactory nerve

Identify cranial nerve I. Optic nerve Olfactory nerve Oculomotor nerve Optic tract

Olfactory nerve

Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?

Optic chiasm

Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side? Optic nerve Optic tract Optic chiasm Olfactory bulbs

Optic chiasm Correct. The optic chiasm is where the optic nerves cross midline, so that sensory information from one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain.

Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system? Optic tract Mammillary body Optic chiasm Optic nerve

Optic nerve Correct. Nerves are bundles of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. The optic nerve is an extension of the brain, not part of the brain.

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways. Parkinson's disease Huntington's disease Alzheimer's disease mad cow disease

Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra (of the midbrain). As those neurons deteriorate, the dopamine-deprived basal nuclei they target become overactive. Afflicted individuals have a persistent tremor at rest, a forward-bent walking posture and shuffling gait, and a stiff facial expression. They are slow with initiating and executing movement.

Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain? Pituitary gland Pineal gland Mammillary body Olfactory bulb

Pituitary gland Correct. The pituitary gland can be seen on the ventral surface of the brain. It can easily be removed with the meninges if care isn't taken to keep it attached.

Which of the receptor types shown here functions exclusively as a proprioceptor?

Proprioceptors are sensitive to stimuli associated with body movements. The muscle spindle shown in B is muscle stretch.

Which of the following is the effector in the patellar reflex?

Quadriceps femoris muscles

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation

Resting and digestion The parasympathetic division, sometimes called the "rest and digest" system, keeps body energy use as low as possible, even as it directs vital housekeeping activities like digesting food and eliminating feces and urine.

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the spinal cord? Damage to sensory tracts in the spinal cord leads to paralysis. Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function. Just like the cerebrum, the gray matter is found on the superficial surfaces. The white matter contains cell bodies for spinal nuclei.

Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function. The ventral roots carry motor commands out of the spinal cord. The dorsal roots carry sensory information into the spinal cord. The spinal nerves represent a fusion of these two elements.

Which reflex is important for maintaining muscle tone?

Stretch reflex

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?

Superior colliculus

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section? Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus Optic chiasm Corpus callosum

Superior colliculus Correct. The superior colliculus is clearly observed in the transverse fissure on the back of the midbrain. It is involved with directing eye movement.

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain?

Thalamus

Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain? Cerebellum Thalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus

Thalamus Correct. The thalamus is the central region of the diencephalon and forms the central core of the brain. The thalamus is enclosed by the cerebrum.

Which target organ is not affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

The adrenal medulla is not innervated (thus not affected) by the parasympathetic division of the ANS. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (hormones that contribute to the overall fight-or-flight response mediated by the sympathetic division of the ANS) into the bloodstream.

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things? The axon can pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk without synapsing. The axon can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion. The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment. The axon can ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion.

The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment. Preganglionic axons do not pass back into the spinal cord.

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things?

The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment. Preganglionic axons do not pass back into the spinal cord.

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci.

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. The cerebral hemispheres, which form the superior part of the brain, account for about 83% of total brain mass.

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______. parietal lobe frontal lobe temporal lobe premotor cortex

The frontal lobe has areas that control voluntary motor functions, mood, smell, and social judgment.

During meningitis, which of the following layers is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?

The pia mater because it is the meningeal layer closest to the brain.

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during sympathetic stimulation. Which of the following statements describes why epinephrine would increase the sympathetic response?

The same receptors that respond to norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, increasing the action of both. There is no separate receptor for epinephrine. It enhances the sympathetic pathways because it binds to the same receptors as norepinephrine.

Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component? thalamus superior colliculus hypothalamus pineal gland

The superior colliculus is at the inferior border of the diencephalon, located in the midbrain region of the brain stem.

Which of the letters in the figure indicates the vagus nerve?

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a component of the parasympathetic cranial outflow. It controls normal function of organs of the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities