APUSH 1-5

seven years' war

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won., (1754-1763)- a war between England, France, and their Native American allies for control of North America. The English won the war and gained large area of North American from the French. The war did not affect Georgia directly but the Georgia colony gained land after the conclusion of the conflict., (1756-1763) war in which England and Prussia defeated France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony. Known as French and Indian War in American History.

battle of quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America., 1759 - James Wolfe lead and army to meet French troops near the Plains of Abraham. Both he and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, died. The French were ultimately defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered. It was considered to be one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.

boston massacre

(4.1) In 1770, British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed, including Crispus Attucks, a sailor of African and Native American ancestry.

adam smith

(Scottish economist) in The Wealth of Nations, he created the concept of laissez-faire ( government should leave economy alone) & applied natural law to means of production & exchange (supply & demand); saw mercantilism as government interference in economy or free trade; believed that enlightened self-interest would create the best production & exchange for market conditions; government should only have 3 roles: protect society from invasion (army); defend citizens from injustice (police); & keep up public works (roads, canals, bridges) that private individuals could not afford to provide but that society needed

lexington and concord

"The Shot Heard Round the World"- The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts., April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

anglican church

(current) Church of England established by Queen Elizabeth; combined Catholic and Protestant traditions; head of the church was the monarchical ruler

common sense

(1) Thomas Paine's 1776 pamphlet that argued that the colonists should free themselves from British rule and establish an independent government based on republican ideals; (2) the pamphlet became so popular that many historians credit it with garnering the necessary support for a declaration of (and fight for) independence

king william's war

(1690) Colonial war against the French that lasted from 1689 to 1697. An army from New England colonies attacked Quebec, but were forced to retreat because of the lack of strong colonial leadership and an outbreak of smallpox among colonial forces. Mainly a war between British and French, with Indians sometimes involved. Fighting for control of the new World. Fought mainly with basic guerrilla warfare, as neither side had many troops.

queen anne's war

(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe.

mercy otis warren

(1728 - 1814) was an American writer and playwright. She was known as the "Conscience of the American Revolution". Mercy Otis was America's first female playwright, having written unbylined anti-British and anti-Loyalist propaganda plays from 1772 to 1775, and was the first woman to create a Jeffersonian (anti-Federalist) interpretation of the Revolution,, ...

1st great awakening

(1730s-1740s) a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies. Led to the division of old congregations and the forming of new ones. Leaders included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

molasses act

(1733) A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies. It was intended to maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market by the West Indies sugarcane growers. It was the least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling.

george whitefield

(1739) Stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith in Christ Jesus. Taught that with sincere faith, ordinary people could understand scripture without ministers; strong orator

edmund andros

He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly., 1686, appointed governor of the Dominion of New England by James II; rigidly enforced Navigation Acts, dismissed colonists' claims to the "rights of Englishmen", tried to strengthen Anglican church in MA; 1689, overthrown

fundamental orders

It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised.

township system

Land distribution system in which the land is evenly divided, found mainly in the Northern Colonies.

slave codes

Law that made blacks and their children the property for life of their white masters. This was the law that made the distinction between slaves and indentured servants., In 1661 a set of "codes" was made. It denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.

townshend acts 1767

Levied taxes on imported items such as paper, glass, and tea; these taxes were designed to address colonial resistance to "internal taxation" like the Stamp Act, which had no connection to trade and was intended only to raise revenue. However, the colonials viewed the Townshend Acts as revenue-raising measures and refused to pay these taxes as well., Taxed luxury items imported into the colonies; colonists outraged and started another movement to stop importing Br. goods

chief little turtle and the western confederacy

Little Turtle was selected as the war chief of the Atchatchakangouen division of the Miami tribe through his demonstration of military prowess in battle. Little Turtle earned it during the American Revolutionary War in action against a French force allied with the Patriots. In the Treaty of Paris (1783) which ended the American Revolutionary War, the British abandoned their native allies and ceded the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States. The Americans considered the region to be theirs by right of conquest. Through the creation of the Northwest Territory in 1787, they began to divide the land north of the Ohio River for settlement. Native Americans living in the territory resisted and violence escalated; Native Americans formed the Western Confederacy with the goal of keeping the Ohio River as a boundary between Indian lands and the United States. Little Turtle emerged as one of the leaders of this confederacy, which included the Shawnee under Blue Jacket and the Delaware under Buckongahelas. The war which followed has become known by historians as the Northwest Indian War, but it was once known as "Little Turtle's War".

social stratification

One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

the holy experiment

Penn wanted his new colony to provide a religious refuge for quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, generate income and profits, no taxation without representation, provide due process of law, and equal voicing amongst the classes

william penn

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

salvation by faith

Primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation. Luther believed that humans were not saved by their good works but through faith

puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

soil butchery

Rapid depletion of nutrients in soil from the growing of tobacco., Crops such as tobacco used all of the nutrients in the soil, so settlers were forced to move westward for more fertile land.

scotch-irish

Scottish Presbyterians that settled the province of Ulster. When Parliament disallowed Ulster from exporting woolens and other products to England and outlawed the practice of the Presbyterian religion, they traveled to America. They settled west of the English settlements.

salvation by works

Sinners could help improve their chances of salvation by receiving the sacraments and performing good works.

protestant work ethic

Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group, Term that characterizes the strong sense of purpose and discipline that Protestants had. Part of it also resulted from a belief that wealth and success were a sign of saintliness and that idleness was a sin.

praying towns

Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

iroquois confederation

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution.

proclamation act 1763

The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. Could not go to the western frontier, or west of the mountains of the US because there was much conflict because Indians resisted colonial expansion, thus causing much fighting btwn them and the british did not want to pay for any british soldiers to defend from indian attacks . Problems: people were interested in expansion, manifest destiny (to spread from east to west; the british do not enforce it; it angered a lot of land speculators because it was a way of making money

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.

beaver wars

Wars that resulted from furious trading and hunting of Beaver pelts by the Dutch, the French, and the New Netherlands. The Overhunting of Beavers sent prices so high in 1742 that the Dutch armed the Iroquois and what resulted was bloody battles against Pro-French tribes; Series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s during which the Iroquois fought the French and their Indians allies for control of the fur trade in eastern North America and the Great Lakes region.

letters from pennsylvania farmer

Written by John Dickenson, regulate commerce but colonists need to be represented in congress, Series of letters by John Dickinson denoucing the Townshend Duties. Inspired anti-British sentiment throughout the colonies.

roger williams

arrived in Massachusetts in 1631 and preached extreme separation, condemning the Puritans for their remaining Anglican traditions and their religious intolerance, as only God was fit to judge the beliefs of others (irony)

jean-jaques rousseau

believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property

intolerable acts 1774

closed Boston Harbor, canceled the Mass. Charter, moved trials of colonial officials to Britain,allowed quartering of British troops in all colonies. Colonists responded by boycotting and started First Continental Congress.

dutch colonial efforts

competition with Spain led to establishment of New Netherland and the trading posts there; directors of DWIC sponsored Fort Orange (Albany) and New Amsterdam (NYC); incredible diversity "...18 different languages...") including English, Finns, Germans, Swedes, Free Blacks, and Puritans; poor treatment of the colonists led to a lack of loyalty when the English came, and thus no fight when they took New York for themselves

"city on a hill"

exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs, John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives., Biblical ideal, invoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty (where people did only that which was just and good) that would be an example to the world

john smith

introduced work ethic and sanitation to Jamestown colony, saving it; diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks; mapped Virginian area; seized control of the council

trade and navigation acts

series of laws passed by england's parliament to regulate trade in colonies and ensured a favorable balance of trade for england

declaration of independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, Natural right of rebellion, social contract

house of burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.

trans-appalachian west

the land in between the Appalachians and the Mississippi, (1783) Obtained in the Treaty of Paris, To raise revenue, Congress asserted the Confederation's title to the land which was in demand by farmers and speculators. Congress began negotiating with Indian tribes to persuade them that the Treaty of Paris had extinguished their land rights. Feared those who settled there would form separate republics and ally with Spain.

john locke

-stated that it was the government's duty to protect life liberty and property, 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property., 17th century English philosopher. Wrote that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa"; that is, people are born without innate ideas. We are completely shaped by our environment .

john adams

..., America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained.", (1735-1826) John Adams' unequivocal belief in the importance of the rule of law led him to defend the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre; his defense demonstrated to the world that the colonists were civilized and could therefore govern themselves; played role in the peace treaty with england

american revolution

..., The war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775-83, by which the colonies won their independence.

king phillip's war

..., War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

cotton mather

..., minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

starving time

1609-1610 in Jamestown. The indians (antagonized by raids and other hostile actions) killed of the European's live stock in the woods and barricaded them in their palisade. Colonists lived on anything they could find (dogs, cats, rats, and even corpses of men) by the end of the starving time their were only 60 people left.

mayflower compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

powhatan wars

1622-1646, the Powhatan fought back as Virginia colony took more of their land, resulting in King James making Virginia a royal colony, were fought over land between the Indians and the English as the result of a failure to compromise. 1st war: bloody, ended with the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. 2nd war: even bloodier, peace treaty signed and the Indians were banished from Virginia.

john winthrop

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

half-way covenant

1662, arrangement in Puritan churches which modified the covenant to admit to baptism the unconverted children of existing members; weakened the distinction between the elect and others; led to widening of church membership; afterwords, women became majority in Puritan churches

bacon's rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

dominion of new england

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

glorious revolution

1688; the parliament deposed King James II, a Roman Catholic who had asserted royal rights over the rights of Parliament. Parliament gave the crown to the Protestant King William III, a Dutch prince, and his British wife, Queen Mary II (daughter of James II), as joint rulers. When the crown was offered to William and Mary, they agreed to a Bill of Rights that severely limited the king or queen's power. The British Bill of Rights is often regarded as a forerunner to the United States Bill of Rights.

leisler's rebellion

1689 - When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.

salem witch trials

1692 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress

george washington

1732-1799 led America's Continental Army to victory over Britain in the Revolutionary War and was the first President of the U.S, from 1789-1797. Because of his central role in the founding of the United States, he is often call the "Father of his Country.", ..., Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

king george's war

1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict., (1744-1748) North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government.

albany plan

1754 proposal by Benjamin Franklin for the creation of a grand council of representatives from Britain's American colonies. Military expenditures to be paid for by taxes. Rejected by colonial assemblies and the crown. That body would have the power to raise military and naval forces, make war and peace with the Native Americans, regulate trade with them, tax, and collect custom duties

pontiac's rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

first continental congress

1774; response to Intolerable Acts; 55 men from 12 colonies meet on Philadelphia; called for complete halt in trade with Britain; important step towards independence., 12 out of 13 colonies met in Philadelphia and created the Declaration of Rights and The Association. They intended to petition Parliament and encouraged colonies to peacefully strengthen their militias.

second continental congress

1775: They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

treaty of paris 1783

1783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to England, This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

john locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

jamestown

1st permanent English settlement in North America; 1607

william bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. Elected governor 30 times, about every year until he died.

congregational church

A Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing

buffer colony

A colony that lies between two rivals in order to keep fighting at bay. Georgia was a the buffer colony out of the original thirteen for the Carolinas to protect them from the Spanish Florida and French Louisiana. Georgia was also a penal colony for debtors. Georgia was a vital link in imperial defense for Britain.

cash crop

A crop grown by a farmer to be sold for money rather than for personal use. Chesapeake Bay: tobacco

virginia company

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights: 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.

stamp act congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

pilgrims

A member of a Puritan Separatist sect that left England in the early 1600s to settle in the Americas. Founded Plymouth in 1620. Very pious and anti-Catholic.

enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets., A concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion.

sons of liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

visible saints

A religious belief developed by John Calvin held that a certain number of people were predestined to go to heaven by God. This belief in the elect, or "visible saints," figured a major part in the doctrine of the Puritans who settled in New England during the 1600's., In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.

anne hutchinson

A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was later expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.)

plantation system

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

social contract theory

A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed, Enlightenment idea that government was created as an agreement between social groups as a way of structuring themselves in a mutually beneficial way, Contract between the state and the citizen, state protects citizen.

maryland toleration act

Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all. Maryland became a safe haven for Catholics.

loyalists

Also known as Tories, the term refers to those Americans who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution.

thomas paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809), A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

patriots

American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War

benjamin franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. Autobiography. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

jonathan edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) New England

battle of saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution., (1777) Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

hereditary privilege/primogeniture

An English law in colonial times that said only the eldest son of the parents could inherit a landed estate. This left the wealthy but landless younger sons to seek their fortune elsewhere. Many of the younger sons went to the New World, and they included Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake., A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought, A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country

pueblo revolt

An organized rebellion of Pueblo Indians against Spanish rule in New Mexico in 1680. Led by Popé, a Tewa medicine man of the San Juan Pueblo who had been imprisoned by the Spaniards, the Pueblo united to attack Spanish settlers on August 10., An uprising in which Pueblo Indians temporarily drove Spanish colonists out of present day New Mexico

general braddock

Blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early phase of the war, British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed and his army defeated in a battle at the intersection of the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers, known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers. After his death, his colonial second-in-command, Col. George Washington, temporarily lead the British forces.

admiralty courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

calvinism

Broadly influential Protestant theology emanating from the French theologian John Calvin, who fled to Switzerland, where he reordered life in the community of Geneva according to his conception of the Bible. Calvinism emphasized the power and omnipotence of God and the importance of seeking to earn saving grace and salvation, even though God had already determined (the concept of predestination) who would be eternally saved or damned.

founding of carolinas

Colleton organizes True and Absolute Lords Proprietors of Carolina and King Charles II provided them with a charter to everything between Virginia and Florida and running west as far as the "South Seas". Headrights set in place to speed up colonization. Anthony Ashley Cooper and John Locke made laws and regulations called Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina. Rice production here. Influx of affluent Barbadians leads (in part) to foundation of the slave-based American south.

headright system

Colonial system of awarding a tract of land, usually fifty acres, to a person for every paid passage of an indentured servant to the colonies. Some wealthy people in Virginia and other southern colonies accumulated huge tracts of land through this system.

indentured servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years. The younger the individual, the longer the sentence.

committees of correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress., A network of communicaiton set up in Massachusetts and Virginia to inform other colonies of ways that Britain threatened colonial rights

maroon communities

Communities of escaped slaves, and (in the Americas) these communities allowed the oppressed to be free, but not without fear of being caught, and much hiding from Europeans, and the struggle to survive in the wilderness. Common in the early modern Caribbean and coastal areas of Central and South America.

blue laws

Connecticut - death codes for disagreeing with parents or bible, Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.

pennsylvania dutch

Corruption of a German word used as a term for German immigrants in Pennsylvania, German immigrants who left Germany because of religious persecution, economic problems and war

stamp act 1765

Direct tax imposed on the colonists by Parliament which increased the money colonists paid on printed goods. Purpose was to pay for British soldiers stationed in North America after the French and Indian War. Protests against this tax often turned violent, intimidating the tax collectors, so it was never efficiently collected., Parliament's first direct tax on the Colonies; taxed newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, dice and playing cards

wool act

Enacted in 1699, it prohibited the export of colonial woolen cloth. This act only stifled a potential American industry., All wool produced in the colonies could only be exported to Britain, protected Britain at colonies' expense

quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equality in the eyes of God, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. Believers of extreme Antinomianism.

george iii

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

james oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator and were dissatisfied over not being allowed to own slaves or drink rum, as well as land acreage restrictions.

john rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.