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APUSH 2020 Exam Quizlet

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"Bronx cheer"

"Bronx cheer" was a slang word used in the 1920s meaning "blowing a raspberry" (making a noise by sticking one's tongue between one's lips and blowing).

"Giggle water"

"Giggle water" was a slang word for alcoholic beverages that arose during prohibition during the 1920s.

National Political Reform

-The Bull Moose Party was formed -Roosevelt's "Square Deal" -19th Amendment gave women the right to vote -Refoermers passed laws requiring the use of secret ballots in ellections and allowing voters to remove elected officials from office -The 17th Amendment allowed for direct election of senators -Teddy Roosevelt passed the Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and drug Act, and increased the government's power to regulate railroads -(Did not re-elect Taft due to his support of developing wild lands and of lowering tariffs, thus splitting the Republican Party)

Spanish Cession (1819)

1818: Florida, under Spanish control since Ponce de Leon's expedition in the 1500s, became a trouble spot for the US in the 1800s, with hundreds of runaway slaves and Seminole Indians of Florida crossing into Georgia; President James Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson to drive Indians out of Georgia, Jackson chased them into Florida and captured 2 Spanish forts 1819: Spain saw - unable to defend Florida against America, busy trying to put down revolutions in its Latin American countries, so they agreed to give up the area if the US would pay American citizens $5 million that was owed to them by Spain; land included Florida and parts of Alabama, Misissippi, and Louisiana

Oregon Country

1818: US and GB agreed to the "joint-occupation" (shared ownership) of the Oregon Country, with persons from either country being able to settle there. It included land that is today part of Canada, and for many years Indians and fur traders were the only people living in the region 1836: Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, as well as other American missionaries, went to the Oregon Country, wanting to help the Indians and spread Christianity to the North-west 1843: The Whitmans told people back east about the rich farmland in Oregon, and many pioneer families began moving there, travelling together in wagon trains for protection against the Indians, going along the 2,000 mile Oregon Trail from Independence, Missouri to the Willamette Valley of Oregon 1844: James K. Polk used the slogan "54=40 or Fight!" during his campaign for president.1846: The US and GB agreed to divide the Oregon Country into two parts; the US was given the southern half, and GB took the northern (boundary line = 49 degree latitude line)

Texas Annexation (1845) 122-1835

Texas Annexation (1845) 1836 - 1845

1836: Texas declared independence from Mexico; Santa Anna led Mexican army north into Texas, and several thousand Mexican soldiers surrounded 187 Americans at the Alamo (mission in San Antonio). William Travis, Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, and other Texans fought in 2-week battle before being killed; General Sam Houston was named commander of Texan army, with battle cry "Remember the Alamo." General Houston defeated Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto, and Texas Revolution came to an end. Initially asked to be admitted as state, but northern states opposed request due to many slave owners living in Texas, and others feared war with Mexico, so Texas remained an independent country known as the Lone Star Republic, with General Houston as the president. 1845: After lengthy debate in Congress, Texas admitted to Union as 28th state

Beginning in _____, only people who could pass a _______, which proved they could _______, were allowed to enter the United States

1917, literacy test, read and write

The quota system was done away with during the _____ and replaced by a new law which: ______

1960s, permitted 120,000 immigrants each year from the Western Hemisphere and 170,000 from other countries of the world, and gave preference to refugees, people with special skills and talents, and individuals with close relatives in the United States

During the 1840's and 1850's, more than ____ immigrants arrived, nearly all of them from countries located in ________ Europe

4 million, northern and western

"Sheik"

A "Sheik," an Arab leader, was the role played by the famous Rudolph Valentino in "The Sheik," carrying away beautiful women to his tent as both an abductor and seducer and furthering the American desire for romance and adventure while making women swoon and men imitate his pomaded hair and sideburns, exploiting the era's sexual liberalism/flirtation.

Temperance Movement

A campaign against alcohol during the 19th century, in which women, some of whom found solace in the Second Great Awakening as evangelicals and thus forsook alcohol as part of conversion, considering drinking sinful, and others who witnessed the destruction, poverty, and crime of alcoholism, were active. Many women, such as in Martha Washington societies in the early 1840s, raised children to be alcohol-free and to spread the temperance message, and popular culture was laced with domestic images of the damage alcohol left, with abandoned wives and children and drunken fathers. Its goal shifted from moderation to voluntary abstinence to prohibition, with the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance organizing in 1826 to promote pledges of abstinence, pressuring for state prohibition legislation. By the mid 1830s 5,000 state and local temperance societies touted teetotalism (no alcohol) and more than a million had taken the pledge, with several hundred thousand children enlisting in the Cold Water Army. This movement later resulted in the greatly unpopular prohibition.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 essays Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" Meant to promote ratification of the United States Constitution

Know Nothing Party

A fast-growing nativist movement that exploited nativist fear of foreigners and Catholics (as, between 1848 and 1860, nearly 3.5 million immigrants arrived), with many native-born Anglo-Saxon Protestants believing that Irish and German Catholics would owe primary allegiance to the pope in Rome and not to the American nation. They triumphed in Massachusetts as well as in other northern states, striving to reinforce Protestant morality and restrict voting and officeholding to the native-born, also promising to stamp out the evils associated with liquor and immigrants (a particularly anti-Irish campaign/temperance). They dissolved after 1856 over the lack of union between the North and South, with many nativists being swayed by Republicans.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls convention, where 300 women and men met and adopted a "Declaration of Sentiments" that urged laws to ensure the equal rights of women, including the right to vote. (wrote declaration)

Compromise of 1833

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 (lowering the tariff of 1828, the "tariff of abominations). This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

John Humphrey Noyes

A perfectionist (sinlessness) who created the utopian society of the Oneida community, in which the doctrine of "complex marriage" was established, creating free love (sexual intercourse with everyone who consented), as well as promoting sexual morality while believing that the Second Coming of Christ has passed.

Second Great Awakening

A renewal of religious fervor in the early 19th century in which preachers told their audiences that each person had the responsibility to seek salvation, saying that people could change themselves and society. Charles Finney, the traveling minister who believed Americans are far from God and must be faithful to go to heaven, started this movement and predicted the Second Coming of Christ, while also opposing slavery. based on Methodism and Baptism, the importance of good deeds (for salvation), and toleration (for all Protestant sects). It gave a religious grounds for many reform movements (e.g. abolitionists, women's rights, etc.)

Harriett Tubman

A slave frm Maryland who escaped in 1849 and became a leading abolitionist, as a conductor in the Underground Railroad freeing 300 slaves in 19 trips over 10 years

The economy and inflation:

Due to increases in Allied buying (demand exceeded supply), as well as liberal policies (setting prices at high levels), inflation greatly expanded, with the War Revenue Act of 1917 (in addition to excise taxes, a corporate income tax, and excess-profits tax) creating a more steeply graduated income tax, prompting companies to falsely inflate costs and pay high salaries/bonsues to executives.

How and why did the power of the federal government expand during the Great Depression

During the Great Depression, with Franklin D. Roosevelt suggesting that "it was the government's responsibility to guarantee every man a right to make a comfortable living," the power of the federal government expanded as a necessity to implement the 3 R's (the relief programs that gave help to the poor, the recovery programs that intended to fix the economy in the short run and allow people to get back jobs, and reform programs that sought to regulate the economy in the future to prevent future depressions) and fight against the depression, passing laws establishing the Civilian Conservation Corps to employ young people to build national parks, the Agricultural Adjustment Act to help farmers by reducing production, The Glass Stegall act (barred commercial banks from buying and selling stocks), and the National Industrial Recovery Act (established NRA, which was government planners and business leaders working together to coordinate industry standards for production, prices, and working conditions). In addition, since this public-private cooperation did not immediately help the many starving unemployed, the federal government's power expanded by necessity via the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, giving welfare payments to desperate people. However, as FDR did not want people to become dependent on these welfare payments, he expanded the power of the federal government through the NIRA, which created many programs such as the Public Works Administration, which appropriated $33 million to build various things, such as the Triborough Bridge, the CIvil Works Administration (launched in November 1933), which employed 4 million building bridges, schools, and airports, and the Tennessee Valley Authority, which built a series of dams in the Tennessee River Valley to control floods, prevent deforestation, and provide cheap electric power to people in rural counties in 7 southern states (thus also competing with private companies). The AAA also expanded the federal government's power, giving it the power to try to rise farm prices by setting production quotas and paying farmers to plant less food (to help farmers). Then, shortly after FDR's "court packing" attempt, after the Supreme Court had already struck down the AAA and NIRA, the Supreme Court began upholding New Deal laws, allowing the federal government's regulation of the economy. The federal government's power then further expanded through the Wagner Act, guaranteeing workers the right to unionize and creating a National Labor Relations Board to hear disputes/prevent unfair labor practices, as well as the Social Security Act, offering unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled, aid to poor families with children, and retirement benefits, thus giving the power to intervene in individual American's lives, helping them in times of economic distress with a more powerful government that expanded by necessity.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady, was significant in both being committed to racial equality, arranging for the acclaimed black contralto Marian Anderson to sing at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday, 1939 when she was barred from performing in Washington's Constitution Hall by its owners (the Daughters of the American Revolution), as well as in playing a crucial role in the Roosevelt administration, working tirelessly for social justice and human rights (bringing reformers, trade unionists, and advocates for the rights of women and African Americans to the White House) as the "conscience of the New Deal," taking public positions (e.g. on African American civil rights) far more progressive than those of her husband's administration, serving as a metaphorical lightning rod, deflecting conservative criticism from her husband to herself while simultaneously cementing the allegiance of other groups (e.g. African Americans) to the New Deal.

Immigration decreases from 6,347,000 in 1910-1919 to 4,296,000 in 1920-1929 due to

Emergency Quota Act; Immigration Quota Act

Fugitive Slave Law

Empowered slaveowners to present evidence that their slave had escaped, with Court Officials not adjudicating whether the described person was indeed a slave, while it became felony to harbor fugitives and the law stated for northern citizens to be summoned to hunt fugitives, thus violating American riots and undermining any safe havens for African Americans. This act helped spark violence culminating in the Civil War. Passed in the Compromise of 1850

French and Indian War End

Ended in 1763, with Great Britain, American colonists, and the Iroquois Indians defeating the France and taking control of French territory stretching to the Mississippi River

Famous Italian Immigrants

Enrico Fermi: Atomic physicist

Erie Canal/National Road

Erie Canal: The Erie Canal, a New York Canal completed in October 26, 1825, marked the beginning of the national government's interest in infrastructure, operated and financed by the government. It stimulated the American economy and facilitated east-west traffic, helping give Northern superiority in the Civil War. Linked Great Lakes with NYC and Atlantic Ocean, carrying easterners and immigrants to settle the Old Northwest and the frontier beyond, as well as transporting western grain to the large and growing eastern markets (railroads + telegraphs would then later strengthen these east-west links, with the Deep South having little to no links with the North besides the coastal cotton trade) (Built between Albany and Buffalo, New York, in an effort to create easy transportation between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River. The canal allowed people and goods to flow freely across the Appalachians, opening up the west for population and commercial expansion) National Road: First major highway in the United States built by the federal government; Was deemed a military necessity by James Madison, who otherwise opposed John C. Calhoun's internal improvements/public works bill as unconstitutional, thus extending the National Road to Ohio (originated in Cumberland, Maryland and reached Columbus, Ohio in 1833). It opened up east-west travel on its stone-based, gravel-topped highway, connecting the east and west (benefits with both trade, war, spread of ideas, and spread of people, isolating the South) built between 1811 and 1837; 620-mile (1,000 km) road that connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, as the main transport path to the West for thousands of settlers.

Ethnic ties:

Ethnic ties influenced the side Americans were on, with German and anti-British Irish Americans supporting the central powers while Americans with roots in ALlied nations supported the allied cause, supporting their belief with Germany's (archetype of unbridled militarism) attack on Belgium

Federalists and Antifederalists

Federalists, supporters of the Constitution who built upon classical republicanism and didn't fear tyranny in the carefully structured and power-separated government wherein good men were elected, and Antifederalists, who feared a too-powerful central government that prevented the states from protecting their rights (consisted of Real Whigs, small farmers against excessive taxation, ambitious men, backcountry Baptists and Presbyterians, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee), were significant in resulting in a Bill of Rights being established, with Federalists agreeing to add it once the remaining Antifederalist states ratify the Constitution (Rhode Island, the last to ratify, did so in May 1790).

Democratic-Republicans

France is also going through revolution: want to support republicanism/democracy -Only ally -Don't support means, but do support reasons American ships attacked, need to fulfill treaty and helping ally from our revolution

Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright, an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator who designed 1,000 structures, was significant in his belief in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, thereby founding "organic architecture" and influencing three generations of architects worldwide in projects such as Fallingwater, the "best all-time work of American architecture." He was the pioneer of the so-called Prairie School movement of architecture.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Democratic candidate in the 1932 election who was born into a world of old money and graduated from Harvard College and Columbia Law School, and was bedridden with polio from 1921 to 1923 (losing the use of his legs; became governor of New York in 1928), insisting that the federal government plays a much greater role, supporting direct relief payments as a "matter of social duty" in his "new deal for the American people," was significant in being overwhelmingly chosen over Hoover (22.8 million vs 15.8 million) in the November 1932 election (didn't take office until March 4, 1933, the 20th Amendment ratified in 1933 shifted future inaugurations to January 20th, as in this long interregnum, the banking system reached the verge of collapse (made many risky loans in the 1920s, and after real estate and stock market bubbles burst in 1929, while agricultural prices collapsed, many of these loans went bad, resulting in many depositors pulling money out of banks in fear of losing their savings; Hoover refused to take action without Roosevelt's support, who wouldn't endorse actions he couldn't control; by March 4th every state had either suspended banking or restricted depositors' access to their money)), in asking Congress for broad executive power to wage a war against the emergency, and in being unafraid to take bold action, introducing the Emergency Banking Relief Bill, which provided federal authority to reopen solvent banks and reorganize the rest, after shutting down the banks for 4 days and calling an emergency session of Congress, using his radio "Fireside Chats" to explain his actions and ask for support of these banks, needing Americans to again trust these banks and deposit money.

Alexis De Tocqueville

French diplomat and historian, in America writing "Democracy in America," commending us for fighting for equality but worried about the issue of slavery (must deal with it in order to not tear America apart).

Japanese Immigration was reduced by the "_________" between the U.S. and Japan in ______ and then ended entirely in ______

Gentlemen's Agreement, 1907, 1921

Democratic-Republicans

George Logan's independent mission to ease tensions w/ France is not bad Shouldn't ruin Deborah Logan's reputation Supported agriculture over industry, needing land and pushing out natives and using slaves For private citizens being able to help in foreign policies

Famous German immigrants

John Peter Zenger: Freedom of the press Albert Einstein: Scientist Carl Schurz: Civil Service Reform

The Navigation Acts

In Grenville's four-part plan, the Navigation Acts would be strictly enforced to end smuggling and raise profits for English traders and manufacturers. More taxe would also be collected.

Adams-Onis Treaty

John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State), who negotiated for expansion (e.g. the Rush-Bagot Treaty wherein Britain and the US would limit their naval forces on Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, and the Great Lakes), negotiated with Spain for the Florida territory in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (with the Spanish's preoccupation w/ domestic and colonial troubles (even though General Andrew Jackson occupied much of Florida on the pretext of suppressing Seminole raids against Americans), wherein Don Luis de Onis (the Spanish minister to the United States) agreed to cede Florida in exchange for the US renouncing its dubious claims to northern Mexico (Texas)and to assume $5 mil of claims by American citizens against Spain, and wherein the Southwestern boundary of the Louisiana purchase and the southern border of Oregon (at the 42nd parallel for latter) were set. This treaty is thus significant in expanding the US and in causing a few conflicts with Floridans (wary of gov Jackson, who led raids against Seminoles in 1814 and 1818).

WHat rationale for war rwas expressed in Wilson's war message?

In Wilson's war message, the rationale of Germany's violation of freedom of the seas, disruption of commerce, attempts to stir up trouble in Mexico, and breach of human rights by killing innocent Americans are expressed as reasons for the war (for principle, morality, honor, commerce, security, and reform).

Women's roles

In a trend that started after the First World War, women continued to stream into the labor force (by 1930, 10.8 million held paying jobs, 2 million more than at war's end), while the proportion of women working in agriculture shrank and proportions in categories of urban jobs grew/held steady (manufacturing grew very little). However, the sex segregation characterizing workplaces persisted, with women taking jobs that men rarely sought (teachers, nurses, typists, bookkeepers, filing clerks, store clerks, waitresses, and hairdressers), and wherever women were employed, their wages rarely exceeded half of those paid to men. Their families' economic needs were the primary reason for women working outside the home, with the consumerism of the 1920s tempting families to satisfy their wants/needs by living beyond their means or by sending women into the labor force (previously, most people whose earnings supplemented those of the primary breadwinner had been young and single; while only 12% of married women were employed in 1930, married women as a proportion of the work force rose by 30%, and the number of employed married women swelled from 1.9 to 3.1 million). The proportion of women of racial minorities in paid labor was then double that of white women, with unemployed/underemployed husbands necessitating these women to hold domestic jobs doing cooking, cleaning, and laundry (the few who held factory jobs held the least desirable, lowest-paying jobs), and the rare social work, teaching, and nursing (but they still faced discrimination/low incomes). Thousands of Mexican women were drawn into wage labor, and many Japanese American women worked as field hands and domestics. While advances in the workforce towards the near equality in a modern America were slim, simply allowing women to work for little pay, the image of femininity was remade in a more modern idea, with short skirts and bobbed hair symbolizing independence and sexual freedom in the "flapper life," asserting a new social equality and independence with men.

What policy did Sec. of State William Jennings Bryan recommend in response to the Lusitania sinking? What action did President Wilson take?

In response to the Lusitania sinking, William Jennings Bryan recommended the policy of coupling condemnation of Germany's action with a tough note toBritain protesting its blockage and to ban Americans from traveling on belligerent ships. Wilson refused to ban this travel and sent a second protest note to Germany, calling Bryan a traitor and feeling that honor was more important than peace.

What anti-immigrant bias was reflected in the Sacco-Vanzetti Case?

In the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, with, in 1921, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (two immigrant anarchists) being convicted of murdering a guard and paymaster during a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts, anti-immigration bias was reflected through their very conviction, with evidence failing to prove their guilt and thus their only offenses being their political beliefs and Italian origins, thus resulting in Judge Webster Thayer siding with the prosecution and calling the defendants "anarchist bastards." They were executed in 1927, which set off rallies and riots in Europe, Asia, and South America, doubting the United States' role as a land with freedom of belief.

I(ndustrial) W(orkers) (of the) W(orld)

In the West, Colorado miners engaged in several bitter struggles and violent strikes. In 1905 they helped form a new, radical labor organization, the IWW. Unlike the AFL, the IWW strove like the Knights of Labor to unite all laborers, with the motto "An injury to one is an injury to all," and its goal was "One Big Union," but these "Wobblies" (what they were called) exceeded the goals of the Knights by espousing tactics of violence and sabotage. As their "final aim is revolution," coupled with an ideology of socialism, Wobblies believed workers should seize and run the nation's industries, with Elizabeth Gurly Flynn (fiery orator: Joan of Arc of the labor movement) and William D. (Big Bill) Haywood (brawny one-eyed founder of Western Federation of Miners) leading a series of strife-torn strikes (in western lumber and mining camps, and in steel town of McKees Rocks, PA- 1907, in textile mills of Lawrence, MA- 1912). Their anticapitalist goals and aggressive tactics attracted great publicity, but its membership likely never exceeded 150,000, and the organization collapsed during WWI when federal prosecution sent many of its leaders to jail and local police forces and mobs violently harassed IWW members

Individual vs Virtual Representation (initially exposed by George Grenville's, who was elected by king George III, increased taxation of the colonies)

Individual representation, the belief by Americans that consent is derived by direct representation of a region (via elections), directly contrasts with virtual representation, Parliament's belief that colonists are virtually represented by Parliament, thus having consent to tax the colonists. These differences are significant in exposing the incompatibility of the American and British ideas of representation, and in showing how colonists prefer a less powerful government, while England's government was all-powerful, able to infringe on liberties.

Rise of Corporations

Industrilists, never questioning the capitalist system (unlike laborers) sought new ways to build on the base that had supported economic growth since the early 1800s, when states adopted incorporation laws to encourage commerce and industry. Under such laws, almost anyone could start a company and raise money by selling stock to investors. Stockholders shared in profits without personal risk because laws limited their liability for company debts to the amount of their own investment; the rest of their wealth was protected should the company fail. Nor did investors need to concern themselves with a firm's day-to-day operation (responsibility for administration = rested with managers. Thus, coporations = best instruments to raise capital for industrial expansion, and by 1900 2/3 of all goods manufactured in US were produced by coprporate firms (General Electric, American Tobacoco Company, etc.), with coprorations winning judicial protection in the 1880s and 1890s when Supreme Court ruled that they were protected by 14th Amendment (states = not deny corps equal protection under law + could not deprive them of rights/property without due process of law, thus insulating corps against gov interference in their operations).

Internal Improvements

Internal improvements, another area included in Madison's December 1815 message, consisted of improved transportation (stating that they require a Constitutional Amendment for the government to build local roads and canals), significant in allowing goods to move on roads and canals. However, strongly supported by the South, congressman Calhoun (of SC) promoted bills of internal improvements ("public works") (roads and canals for "binding the republic together") and his bill was vetoed as unconstitutional by Madison (March 3, 1817, day before he left office) (although he approved funds for extending the National Road to Ohio as a military necessity) (other internal improvement bills were vetoed by James Monroe, the next president).

Aimee Semple McPherson

Aimee Semple McPherson, a Canadian-American Pentecostal evangelist and media celebrity, was significant in founding the Foursquare Church (a Pentecostal Christian church), as well as in pioneering the use of modern media in religious service, using the radio to draw on the growing appeal of popular entertainment while incorporating stage techniques into her weekly sermons at Angelus Temple, as the most publicized Protestant evangelist who conducted public faith healing demonstrations with tens of thousands of participants.

Al Jolson

Al Jolson, a Russian-American singer, comedian and actor who was named the "World's Greatest Entertainer," was significant in having a brash and extroverted performing style, in popularizing many songs through a sentimental, melodramatic approach, in being America's most famous and highest-paid entertainer in the 1920s, and in being the star of The Jazz Singer (1927), the first talking picture.

Famish Scottish Immigrants

Alexander Graham Bell: Invented the telephone Andrew Carnegie: Steel manufacturer

Famous Danish immigrants

Jacob Riis: Social reformer

Gene Tunney

James Joseph "Gene" Tunney, an Irish American professional boxer known for his "scientific" boxing style (careful study of his opponents before he encountered them), was significant in only suffering one defeat in his career and in defeating Jack Dempsey in 1926 to become the world heavyweight boxing champion, named the Fighter of the Year in 1928 by The Ring magazine.

Election of 1896

Amid the tumults of social protest, it appeared that the presidential election of 1896 would be pivotal, with debates over money and power climaxing, democrats and rpeublicans continuing their battle over control of Congress and the presidency, tand the Populist party standing at the center of the political whirlwind (Populists + Democrats = William Jennings Bryan + free silver, while Republicans, guided by Ohio industrialist Marcus A. Hanna =, who had been maneuvering to win the nomination for Ohio's governor, William McKinley (only distress = rejecting prosilver stance proposed by Colorado senator Henry M. Teller, founder of Republicans). McKinley beat Bryan in most lopsided election since 1872 + signed GOld Standard Act of 1900, requiring all paper money backed by gold. He crafted protective tariffs, subsided domestic tensions, an creatied an upward swing of the business cycle and a money supply enlarged by gold discoveries in Alaska, Austalia, and South Afica helped restore prosperity; encouraged imperialistic ventures in Latin America and the Pacific.

David Walker

An African American abolitionist/anti-slavery who wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World," calling for a a bloody fight against the injustices of slavery, needing a physical rebellion. Moved from South to North, urging to fight for freedom

An End to "Big Government"

An End to "Big Government," started when Jefferson replaced treasury, judicial, and customs collector officers with Democratic-Republicans (Federalists only held 130/3166 president controlled offices by July 1803), was affirmed by the Democratic-Republican Congress (believed in limited government), in which Albert Gallatin (treasury secretary) and John Randolph (Jefferson's House of Representatives ally) created policies for this ideology, significant in Congress repealing all internal taxes (e.g. whiskey tax), Gallatin cutting the army budget in half and the navy's in 2/3, Gallatin attempting to reduce the national debt from $83 million $57 million (retiring it by 1817), Jefferson closing 2/5 of the nation's diplomatic missions abroad (at the Hague and Berlin) to save money, and ultimately in showing a contrast between Hamilton, who viewed the national debt as the "engine" of economic growth, and Jefferson, who saw it as a source of corruption.

Most of these people were from ________

Austria-Hungary, Poland, Russia, Greece, and Italy

Bessie Smith

Bessie Smith, a female African American blues singer nicknamed the Empress of the Blues, was significant in being the most popular female blues singers of the 1920s (and 1930s), regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era while simultaneously being a major influence on blues and jazz singers/vocalists who would follow. She also dealt with, in her music, important issues such as capital punishment, the convict lease (providing prisoner labor to private parties that primarily targetted frican Americans), and the chain gang (a group of prisoners chained together to perform menial/physically challenging work as a form of punishment, primarily used in the Southern US).

How did British anval policy and submarine warfare impede American neutrality? Why did submarine warfare present a problem for international law?

British naval policy and submarine warfare impeded American neutrality by severing neutral trade with Germany through a blockade, seizing cargoes, and defining a broad (including foodstuffs) list of contrabands that they prohibited neutrals from shipping to Germany, thus preventing/impeding American trae with Germany, as well as by, to counter Germany submarines (had to surface to allow citizens to leave), them arming their merchant ships with neutral, often American flags, thus forcing America to solely support the Allies and lose much of its neutrality.

Election of 1900

Candidates: William McKinley (Republican, 7,219,530 popular votes, 292 electoral votes) William Jennings Bryan (Democratic/Populist, 6,358,071 popular votes, 155 electoral votes) Eugene V. Deb (Social Democratic, 94,768 popular votes, 0 electoral votes)

Election of 1912

Candidates: Woodrow Wilson (Democratic, 6,286,214 popular votes, 435 electoral votes) Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive, 4,126,020 popular votes, 88 electoral votes) William H. Taft (Republican, 3,483,922 popular votes, 8 electoral votes) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist, 897,011 popular votes, 0 electoral votes)

Election of 1916

Candidates: Woodrow Wilson (Democratic, 9,129,606 popular votes, 277 electoral votes) Charles E. Hughes (Republican, 8,538,221 popular votes, 254 electoral votes) A. L. Benson (Socialist, 585,113 popular votes, 0 electoral votes)

The "It" Girl

Clara Bow, "The It Girl," an American actress who rose to fame in the 1920s' silent film (making the transition to talking film in 1929), was significant in, through her appearance as a "plucky shopgirl" in the film It, personifying the Roaring Twenties as its leading sex symbol, as well as in being immensely famous (so much so that her presence in a film ensured investors of a safe return).

Explain which picture/chart is most impactful from WWII.

The picture/chart that is most impactful from WWII is the picture of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on page 756. This picture, showing British soldiers, on April 1945, who had liberated the Bergen-Belsen conecentration camp near Hanover, Germany, shows thousands of victims who had been starved, gassed, and machine-gunned by their Nazi jailers, with dead, malnourished bodies scattered around. This is the most impactful for me because of how it shows the utter horrors committed by the Nazis during WWII, providing photographic proof of their utter inhumanity and of what was really happening in this war, allowing me to understand the incredibly inhumane atrocities committed and thus having a strong impact.

Treaty of Paris Provisions

The provisions of the 1783 Treaty of Paris, in which Article 4 (promise of payment of prewar debts) and Article 5 (recommendation for states to return confiscated loyalist property) generated opposition, were significant in state/local governments refusing to comply with Articles 4 and 5 (as the property funded the war and the Americans found it unfair to have to pay Britain), thus disclosing Congress' lack of power, diminishing its credibility and resulting in Britain maintaining military posts on the Great Lakes. In addition, the US assumed the treaty gave all land east of the Mississippi except for Spanish holdings to them, resulting in Congress negotiating for this land with the natives, with treaties at Fort Stanwix, New York, in 1784 (where chiefs falsely claimed to represent the Iroquois), Hopewell, South Carolina in late 1785-early 1786, and other treaties with emissaries from the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee. Although the Treaty of Fort Stanwix was repudiated by the Iroquois in 1786, they could not attack and thus the treaty stood by default, resulting in New York State purchasing large tracks of land from individual Iroquois nations, taking control of almost the entire confederacy by 1790 (in addition to lands in the South) and taking the treaties as confirmation of the US' sovereignty.

How did the war affect the role of government?

The war resulted in the US becomining a greater world power, as the world's economic power and leading baker, nudging Germand and the British out of foreign markets (40% of the world's coal, half of its pig iron, 70% of pretroleum, and 1st in world trade)

Abraham Lincoln

The would-be 16th president of the United States who declared that slavery cannot be planted in territories and that the Supreme Court must issue an end to state-by-state slavery, defended his ideals by the necessity of the territories as homes of free white people, reserved for immigrants, the founders of the US being dedicated to freedom and thinking slavery would die out, and by the necessity for the end of union division should it not be dissolved. Being perceived as having a more moderate view on slavery, he was elected in 1860 as a Republican (not winning the popular vote), and attempted to hold onto forts in the seceded states in order to avoid war, asserting federal sovereignty while waiting for a restoration.

His chances of winning a second term were ruined when ____ decided he wanted to return to the White House, running on the ____ Party ticket.

Theodore Roosevelt, Progressive/Bull Moose

His vice-president, ______, served the remaining 3/12 years of his 4-year _____.

Theodore Roosevelt, term

Boston Tea Party

These two reasons listed above are why 60 members of the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Mohawk Indians, boarded three ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea overboard (an enthusiastic crowd watching from shore was delighted by the "Boston Tea Party."

Results of Intolerable Acts

They backfired on King George and Parliament, with colonists, instead of accepting the punishments, uniting as never before in defense of their liberties, organizing "Committees of correspondence."

What tactics were used by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to fight socialism?

To fight soialism, Palmer appointed J. Edgar Haver to head the Radical Division of the Department of Justice, compiling the names of radicals and then jailing them, deporting the aliens. He had government agents break into meeting halls and homes without warrants, disregarding civil liberties while calling for a epacetime sedition act, blaming Communists for labor strife and racial violence and thus charging them on baseless grounds.

Democratic-Republicans

Unfair to NC, Georgia, Maryland, and Virginia who paid off debts by taxing citizens -Have to pay twice as much Pay own debts = "fair share" Aristocrats fund most of bank (only 2 mil from public) thus having more control/power -More control over these establishments -Like England's bank (which went into debt and used US for taxes) Isn't constitutional Excise taxes are only affecting those who make the luxury goods (e.g. whiskey), taxing poor farmers Protective tariffs encourage industry while agriculture is needed -Need agriculture to support industry -Farmers/common people pay tariffs

Why did union membership decline in the 1920's?

Union membership, with in Coronado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers (1922), Taft declaring that a striking union could be prosecuted for illegal restraint of trade (although this was overturned in Maple Floor Association v. U.S. (1929), declined in the 1920's due to fears of communism brought into the country by radical immigrants, while public opinion turned against workers who disrupted everyday life with strikes and both the Justice Department and Harding administration (in 1922) put down strikes (the court permitted businesses to sue unions for damages). In addition, corporations countered the appeal of unions by offering pensions, profit sharing (withholding wages for later distribution), and company-sponsored picnics and sporting events in "welfare capitalism," while state legislators prohibited closed shops (workplaces with mandatory union membership) and permitting open shops (could discriminate against unionized workers). Since many labor leaders tended to be conservative, they were reluctant to organize unskilled workers and thus, as a result of court action, welfare capitalism, and indifferent leadership, union membership decreased from 5.1 million (1920) to 3.6 million (1929).

Famous Irish Immigrants

Victor Herbert: Composer of operas

Democratic-Republicans

Violates first amendment, freedom of speech/press -False accusations should not be punished (as opinions are being published) -Officials can clear their reputation, don't need to ban slander Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: James Madison and Thomas Jefferson wrote against Sedition Act in secret

In order to win a state's electoral votes, a candidate must receive the most ____ in that state.

Votes

Presidents from War of 1812-1860

War of 1812- James Madison 1816- James Monroe 1820- James Monroe re-elected 1825- John Quincy Adams is elected by the House of Rep. 1828- Andrew Jackson 1832- Andrew Jackson re-elected 1836- Martin Van Buren 1840- William Henry Harrison 1844- James K. Polk 1848- Zachary Taylor 1850- Zachary Taylor dies, Millard Fillmore becomes 13th president 1852- Franklin Pierce 1856- James Buchanan 1860- Abraham Lincoln

The Sugar Act

Was passed by Parliament to raise tax monies for the military defense of the colonies, placing taxes on sugar and molasses being imported by colonial merchants from the West Indies. Additional taxes were placed on imported wine, coffee, silk, and linens. Iron, hides, and potash were added to a growing list of products that could be exported only to Great Britain.

Cheap labor-who

Were people that worked for companies for a cheap price to ensure they make full profit Irish (primarily before 1880)/Japanese/Chinese/Jews/Children/Young Immigrants (men/women) and other people from southern and eastern Europe after 1880. Central Pacific railroads = mostly Chinese workers who worked east from SF; Union Pacific = westward using Irish immigrant workers

King George III and Parliament

When word of the Tea Party reached Great Britain, King George III and Parliament realized that a critical point had been reached in British-colonial relations, with Great Britain either having to punish the colonies (especially Massachusetts) for the Boston Tea Party, or risk losing effective control over "her" colonies. King George and Parliament decided to punish and humiliate the colonists in the harsh Intolerable Acts

King George III and Parliament

Stock market crash

When, in the fall of 1929, stock market prices suddenly plunged (after soaring in 1928), and, although analysts explained the drop as temporary, on October 24 ("Black Thursday"), panic selling set in, prices of many stocks hit record lows, with bankers meeting outside of the headquarters of J.P. Morgan and Company and putting up $20 million to buy stocks in a somewhat successful effort to rally stocks being undermined by "Black Tuesday" (October 29), when another batch of panicked investors sold more stocks and thus prices plummeted even more, the Great Depression's formation was furthered, as this plunging of prices coupled with the popular assumptions that the market would right itself (thinking the crisis would soon be over) ultimately resulted in a depression, with panic selling of stocks crushing he economy.

Abolitionists/Garrison

Widespread abolition did not take off until the 1830s, when a small number of white reformers, driven by moral urgency, joined the black crusade for immediate, unconditional, emancipation, no longer believing in gradual emancipation (such as through the resettlement of former slaves in Liberia). Abolitionists spread this idea of anti-slavery, causing conflicts between northerners and southerners, and ultimately resulting in the Civil War and the abolishment of slavery. William Lloyd Garrison: Abolitionist: His newspaper "The Liberator," pushed for the abolishment of slavery, while he also pushed for women's rights. Changed goal from a gradual end of slavery to an immediate one.

Populist Party Purpose/Failure

With Alliances being drawn into politics (by 1890, farmers had elected several sympathetic officeholders, with Alliances, in the South, controlling 4 governorships, 8 state legislatures, and 47 seats in Congress; in the Midwest, Alliance candidates often ran on 3rd patry tickets and achieved some success in Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakotas), leaders crisscrossed the country organizing meetings to solidify support for a new party. During 1890 summer, the Kansas ALliance held a convention of the people and nominated candidates who swept the state's fall elections, with the formation of this people's (Populist) Party giving a title to Alliance Political activism, asserting the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the elite. Although a meeting in 1891 of northern and southern alliances in Cincinnati failed to convince Southeners to leave the Demoractic Party, by 1892 Southerners wer ready for independent action, meeting with Northerners in St. Louis and summoning a Pople's Party convention in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a platform and nominae a presidential candidate. Its platform, a sweeping reform document, charged that the nation had been brought to thev erge of moral, political, and material ruin in its preamble, claiming that corruption dominates voting, the legislature, congress, and touches the courts, charging that ineqquality between whites will splinter American society, accusing the few rich of stealing the fruits of those who toil. They thus advanced remedies in transportation, land, and money, demanding voernment ownership of railroad and telegraph lines (frustrated w/ weak state/federal regulation), urging the federal government ro reclaim all land owed for speculative purposes by rilroads and foreigns, and (the monetary plank) calling on the gov to expand the currency by making more money available for farm loans and by basing money on free and unlimited coinage of silver (as well as a graduated income tax, postal saving, banks, direct election of senators, and a shorter workday). Due to its unification with Democrats under William Jennings Bryan, and its focus on the free silver issue, urban workers shied away from them due to fear that free coinage would shrink the value of their wages, labor leaders would not commit themselves fully (viewing farmers and businessmen, not workers), and socialists denounced Populists because they believed in free enterprise, resulting in the Populist crusade collapsing.

100% Americanism:

With ultrapatriotic groups suh as the sedition slammers and the American Defense Society bullying "slackers" into purchasing bonds, these advocates of "100% Americanism" exploited the emotional atmosphere to extort immigrants to throw off their Old World Cultures, with companies mandating English to be spoken and offering naturalization classes. Even pushes for health insurance was victimized, descredited as "Made in Germany."

_____, with the opposition divided between Taft and Roosevelt, won a landslide victory in the ______.

Woodrow Wilson, Electoral College

After _____, the United States government decided that the country's population was growing fast enough without adding a million or more immigrants each year

World War I

Immigration decreases from 8,202,000 in 1900-1909 to 6,347,000 in 1910-1919 due to

World War I

Among the many requirements for becoming a "naturalized" citizen, a person must _______

live in the United States for 5 years, show knowledge of the United States history and government, and be able to read, write, and speak English

Loyalists

Loyalists (1/5 of population), members of the 13 colonies who could not endorse independence, were significant in wanting the remedy of imperial constitutional reform, fearing anarchy and consisting of tenant farmers, persecuted groups, back-country southerners, Scots, merchants, and many more. They opposed patriots and after the British's defeat, layed the groundwork for British Canada.

Beecher Family

Lyman Beecher = preacher against slavery and drinking, with son, Henry Beecher (a clergyman) Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin," helping start the Civil War.

Man O'War

Man O'War, an American Thoroughbred (horse breed, typically bred for racing) who is considered one of the greatest racehorses of all time, was significant in winning 20/21 of his races (and $249,465, equivalent to $3,184,000 today), being the unofficial 1920 American horse of the year, setting a world record in the Belmont Stakes after winning by 20 lengths and continuing to dominate his fellow horses, only losing to a Colt named Upset in 1919 in the Saratoga Race Course (Samuel Riddle, his owner, did not enter in the 1920 Kentucky Derby since he did not believe in racing 10 furlongs so early in a young horse's career).

Marathon Dancing

Marathon dances were events in which people danced/walked to music for an extended period of time, starting as dance contests in the 1920s when in 1923 a women (Alma Cummings) danced continuously for 27 hours with 6 different partners and becoming entertainment events during the Great Depression, blurring the line between theatre and reality. They also attracted people to compete as a way to achieve fame/win monetary prizes. They were significant in providing food, shelter, and the opportunity to earn cash prizes during the Great Depression, as well as entertainment through the sadistic pleasure felt watching the contestants compete in the grueling event.

Harlem Renaissance

Middle-class, educated, and proud African American writers rejected white culture and exalted the "New Negro" in the Harlem Renaissance, celebrating black culture in Harlem (started with the 1921 musical comedy Shuffle Along). It is significant in grappling with notions of identity and the realization that blacks had to come to terms with themselves as AMericans, as a participant in American civilization without shame in expressing themselves.

What role did Indians play in the American Revolution

Native Americans, having uncertain loyalties, with some hating the intruding colonists, and others not trusting the abandoning British, were significant in a few (e.g. the stockbridge Indians) supporting the American revolt, and in many hesitantly supporting the British, resulting in warfare in the backcountry that persisted for several decades. The Revolution divided the natives.

Immigration increased from 2,000,081 in 1860-1869 to 2,742,000 in 1870-1879 due to

Old Immigration from northern and western Europe nears end

Oligopolies

Oligopolies, a state of limited competition, in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or seller, contributed to the depression with businesses overloading themselves with dept, obtaining loans by manipulating or misrepresenting their assets and thus weakening their ability to repay if forced to do so, putting the banking system on precarious footing.

Mary E. Lease (1850-1933)

One of the founders of the Populist party in Kansas. Tall and intense, she had a deep, almost hypnotic voice that made her an effective publicist for the farmers' cause. She gave a seconding speech to the presidential nomination of James B. Weaver in 1892 (Populist candidate)

Intolerable Acts (1774, Tea Party was December 1773)

Passed by King George III and Parliament to punish and humiliate the colonists, these acts stated that: 1. Boston Harbor would remain closed until the colonists agreed to pay for the ruined tea. 2. Citizens of Massachusetts could not hold town meetings without written approval of the governor. The newly appointed governor was General Thomas Gage, commander of British troops in Boston. 3. British soldiers in all colonies could be housed in private homes, as well as in inn, public buildings, and warehouses without permission of their owners. 4. British officials accused of committing crimes in America could have their trial moved to England, where they had a better chance of being cleared of the charges.

Intolerable Acts (1774, Tea Party was December 1773)

Dawes Severalty Act

Passed in 1887, this act (achieved a goal recommended by reformers) authorized dissolution of community owned Indian property and granted land allotments to individual Indian families. The government held that land in trust for 25 years so that families could not sell their allotments, and this law also awarded citizenship to all those who accepted allotments (1906 act = delayed citizenship for those who had not taken their allotment). Indian policy, as carried out by the Interior Department, thus took on two main features assimilating Indians into white American forms of culture: the federal gov distributed reservation land to individual families in the belief that the American institution of private property would create useful citizens and integrate Indians, weakening and destroying Indians' tribal relations and individualizing them by giving each a separate home and having them subsist by industry, and officials believed that Indians would abandon their "barbaric" habits more quickly if their children were educated in boarding schools away from the reservations. It used the model of Hampton Institute (founded in Virginia 1869 for newly freed slaves) to establish the Carlisle School in PA 1879, the flagship of the government's Indian school system while imposing white-defined sex roles.

Patriots

Patriots (2/5 of population), members of the 13 colonies who supported resistance, were significant in consisting of people from all backgrounds, furthering the revolution in a variety of ways (pushing for limited reform, extensive change, etc.). They led and participated in protests, organizations, and revolts.

Pro-Allied Sympathies:

Pro-Allied sympathies, found in Wilson's administration's (honored Anglo-American rapprochement in belief that a German victory would destroy lawful government and free enterprise) belief that Germany's victory would lead to the US becoming a military nation, with diplomats/advisors such as Col. Edward House and Robert Lansing holding anti-German views, translated into pro-Allied Policies and thus support of the Allies, fearing Germany's militarism.

Why did progressives and conservatives unite against the Socialists?

Progressives and Conservatives, taking advantage of the war situation, united against the socialists due to their strong support of capitalism and of democracy, with conservatives not wanting change and progressives wanting to "progrss" democracy, thus both opposing socialism vehemently and uniting to eradicate it. They both feared the radcal menance.

How did progressivism live on in the 1920's? Leaders? Level of government? Concerns?

Progressivism lived on in the 1920's through the Progressive Party, with remnants of the Progressive movement along with farm, labor, and socialists groups uniting under their nominee Robert M. La Follette, the aging Wisconsin reformer. They stressed public ownership of utilities, aid to farmers, rights for organized labor, and regulation of business (although Follette was crushed by Coolidge prosperity in the presidential election of 1924). While, due to the triumph of business influence, political analysts claimed that Progressivism had died, much reform still occurred at state and local levels, albeit lacking the previous urgency. 34 states instituted/expanded workers' compensation laws, many states established employee-funded old-age pensions and welfare programs for the indigent, social workers strived for better housing and poverty relief, by 1926 every major city had planning and zoning commissions to harness physical growth to the common good, and the nation's statehouses, city halls, and universities trained a new generation of reformers who later influenced national affairs. In addition, the Indian Rights Association, Indian Defense Association, and General Federation of Women's Clubs worked to obtain justice and social services for Native americans (e.g. better education and return of tribal lands) (although Native Americans were now treated as a minority that needed to assimilate, with many reformers critical of native women who refused to adopt middle-class homemaking habits or send their children to boarding schools) (in 1924, COngress granted full citizenship to all Native Americans). Women then, in voluntary organizations, advanced the issues of birth control, peace, education, Indian affairs, and opposition to lynching, lobbying legislators and publicizing their causes (e.g. persuading Congress to pass the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 which allotted funds to states to create maternity and pediatric clinics).

Democratic-Republicans

Protect individual rights and underrepresented "common man" (e.g. right for speedy and fair trial, freedom of speech, religion, etc. so that they aren't persecuted by the rich elite) Without this, stuff like Alien and Sedition Acts will continue to appear

Alien and Naturalization Acts

Quasi War = France seizing ships Naturalization Act = resident aliens must register with federal government and have longer residency period for citizenship Two Alien Acts = allow for detention of enemy aliens during wartime and president has authority to deport any dangerous aliens

Role of radio and the movies

Radio and the movies, which broke down regional boundaries and fostered national connections during the 1930s, were significant in helping millions survive hard times, playing a critical role in the life of Americans throughout the 1930s, with the sound of the radio filling the days and nights of the depression era (Americans were buying 28 radios a minute, with 27.5 million households owning radios by the end of the decade, listening on average 5 hours a day), as well as in allowing Roosevelt to have "Fireside Chats," with the american people, understanding the importance of the radio. In addition, the radio offered citizens immediate access to the political news of the days and to the actual voices of their political leaders, while also offering escape (e.g. soap operas for housewives and stories for children, while families listened to comedy, and gave people a chance to participate in events they never could have before, such as NYC performances and the triumphal moment when African American boxer Joe Louis knocked out whive heavy-weight champion James Braddock in 1937). Likewise, movies added upon this shared popular culture of the 1930s, with (130 million population) 80-90 million movie tickets being sold each week by the mid-1930s, with popular comedies offering escape from a grim reality while many various movies offered Americans a shared set of vicarious experiences.

State Social Reform

Reformers managed to pass laws that banned child labor and limited the number of hours women could work

The millions of immigrants who poured into the United States between 1885 and 1914 were primarily from _______ Europe.

Southern and Eastern

Speakeasy

Speakeasies, secret, illicit establishments that sold alcoholic beverages during Prohibition, were significant in becoming an icon of the Roaring Twenties while also uniting people of all backgrounds.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Started transcendentalism (philosophical and literary movement that urged people to live simple lives and seek the simple truths found in nature rather than following an organized system of belief) (self-alliance) against slavery and complex machines/life, wrote "Nature," believed that the Industrial Revolution was selfish, relying on machines. He stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom.

Emma Willard

Supported women's education and facilities, opening up her own influential women's school (the Troy Female Seminary, opened in 1821, which prepared women for college) (also published the Plan for Improving Education of 1818, which became the basis for public education of women in NY)

Battle of Saratoga

The Battle of Saratoga (1777), part of the campaign in which General John Burgoyne planned to lead a force of redcoats and Indians down the Hudson River and another along the Mohawk River Valley, occurred when General John Burgoyne was surrounded near Saratoga, New York. IT was significant in (on October 17, 1777), resulting in the defeat of Burgoyne's force of over 6,000 men, helping turn the war in the colonist's favor (the previous battle in Oriskany divided the Iroquois over the American-British Conflict). It also helped win the war as it discouraged loyalists resulted in the British offering to return the colonies to their state in 1763, and got the French involved).

Declaratory Act

The Declaratory Act, passed by the new prime minister (Lord Rockingham) shortly after assuming office in 1765, is significant in (as well as being accompanied by the Stamp Act's repeal) giving Parliament the ultimate power/authority to tax and legislate the colonies, thus paving the way for further British taxation of the colonies.

Four Horsemen

The Four Horsemen of Notre Dame, a group of American football players at the University of Notre Dame under coach Knute Rockne, the backfield of Notre Dame's 1924 football team, with their nickname being given by sportswirter Grantland Rice, were significant in being one of the most noted groups of collegiate athletes in football history, with quarterback Harry Stuhldreher, left halfback Jim Crowley, right halfback Don Miller, and fullback Elmer Layden running rampant through Irish opponents' defenses during their three-year tenure, losing only two games.

The Hartford Convention

The Hartford Convention, in which (with the war in stalemate and the NE economy shattered by embargo/war) delegates from New England met in Hartford for 3 weeks in the winter of 1814-1815 to discuss revising the national compact/pulling out of the republic and condemned the war/embargo, endorsing radical changes to the constitution (e.g. 1 term presidency and requiring 2/3 congressional vote to admit new states), was significant in failing to preserve New England Federalist power due to its timing, as the peace treaty made it look ridiculously treasonous, making the Federalists "retreat before a rising tide of nationalism."

Old Immigration

The Irish, German, and others from northern and western Europe who came to the United States before 1885 made up Old Immigration (Northern and Western)

George Grenville

The Prime Minister while the country was greatly in debt, drawing up a four-part plan, with the Proclamation of 1763, enforcement of the Navigation Acts, the Sugar Act, and the Stamp Act

George Grenville

The Prime Minister while the country was greaty in debt, drawing up a four-part plan, with the Proclamation of 1763, enforcement of the Navigation Acts, the Sugar Act, and the Stamp Act

Scottsboro Trial

The Scottsboro Trial, in which, in March 1931, a fight broke out between groups of young black and white "hobos" on a Southern Railroad freight passing through Alabama, with the black youths winning and tosing the whites off the train prompting a posse to stop the train and throw them in the Scotssboro, Alabama jail, and this posse also discovering two white women "riding the rails" who claimed these young men had raped them; the boys nearly were killed by a lynch mob and, although medical evidence showed that the women were lying, 8/9 of the Scottsboro Boys were convicted of rape and sentenced to death (the 9th, a 13 year old, was saved from the death penalty by one vote), was significant in illustrating the power of racism in the conflict between local and national powers in 1930s America, with local custom undermining the New Deal's equal effectiveness while this case became a cause celebre (both in the nation and taround the world through the efforts of the Communist party), as well as in resulting in Supreme Court intervention, ruling that Alabama deprived black defendants of equal protection under the law by excluding African Americans from juries and that defendants had been denied counsel (ALabama then staged new trials, convicting 5 of the boys for 2 decades of prison, prevailing over federal action and thus illustrating the political realities of southern resistance (Roosevelt could not secure passage of his legislative program without the support of southern Democrats, which they were able to hold him hostage over)).

Second Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress, initially meant to consider the ministry's response to the Continental Association, was significant in organizing the colonies for war, laying the foundation of government and an economy (via printed money), and in creating the Continental Army, allowing for resources to be distributed and for America to function as a cohesive unit.

Seven Years War

The Seven Years War, ignited by George Washington's defeat at Fort Necessity, General Edward Braddock's death (who was ambushed while preparing for an assault on Fort Duquesne), and the repeated attacks on the Pennsylvania frontier by Ohio Native Americans, began in 1756 when England declared war on France. It is significant in initially causing Britain many disasters (and thus out of fear, deporting those in Nova Scotia), in spreading across the world (such as in Bengal), and in allowing the British, once William Pitt was elected, to drive the French almost completely out of North America. It also drove the British into debt, thus needing to tax the colonists.

Spirit of St. Louis

The Spirit of St. Louis, a custom-built (by Ryan Airlines in San Diego), single-engine, single-seat, high-wing monoplane (single main wing plane) plane, was significant in being flown by Charles Lindbergh on May 20-21, 1927 on his first solo nonstop transatlantic flight from Long Island to Paris, a feat for which Lindbergh earned immense fame and won the $25,000 Orteig Prize.

Imperialism

The USA justified imperialism at the start of the 20th century: Between Civil War + WWI, expansionist US joined ranks of great world powers; before Civil War had repeatedly extended frontier + developed lucrative foreign trade with most of world and promoted American culture wherever they trveled. After the Civil ar, they rekindled this expansionism through building, managing, and promoting an overseas empire, with Europe carving up Africa and large parts of Asia and Oceania. With engineering advances such as the Suez Canal, British Trans-Indian railroad, and Russian Trans-Siberian Railway, while steampshios, machine guns, malaria drugs, and telegraphs facilitated the imperialists' task, while European political discourse's optimism gve way to pessimism and a sense of impending warfare informed by notions of racial conflict and srurvival of the fittest. This transformation made Americans feaer being "left behind," with "civilization and the advancement of the Anglo-Saxon race" being at stake (Henry Cabot Lodge of MA). Theodore Roosevelet = leading spokesman for imperialist cause in 1890s, and as president sought to consolidate this newfound power. People like Lottie Moon, in the late 19th century, went to China in the goal of "civilizing" them with Christianity, displacining Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism (when a "storm of persecution" against foreigners swept China in the 1890s, missionaries conceded that in "believing Jesus," girls and women alarmed men who worried that "disobedient wives and daughters" would no longer "worship the idols when told" (converts = beaten + missionaries/"foreign devils" ordered to move out) (converted very small amount of people). They felt that they had a superior religion and culture, although some, such as Moon, also wanted to stir up a "mighty wave of enthusiasm for Woman's Work for Woman," lobbying to recruit a band of ardent, enthusiastic, and experienced Chinese women (she began to stop being as derogatory and questioned Chinese oppression of women: sexual segregation, foot binding, arranged marriages, confinement). In the late 19th-early 20th centuries, American culture and influence was spread abroad

From Isolationism to World Power #2

The United States had entered the war in order to help Cuba win its independence from Spain. Our country now was much more interested in events taking place in the Far East and Latin America (made up of all of the countries of the Western Hemisphere that are located South of the United States, including Mexico, the island nations in the Caribbean Sea, and all of the countries of Central and South America).

How did the United States defeat Japan?

The United States initially attacked Japan after it captured large parts of Asia and the Pacific, having an air raid on Tokyo and winning the battles of Coral Sea and Midway. It used the strategy of attacking less well-defended islands, taking Guadalcanal in 1943 and recapturing the Philippines in 1944. After a high casualty battle in Iwo Jima, and the death of Roosevelt/the rise of VP Harry S. Truman, while another costly battle was won in Okinawa, US leaders feared high casualties in an invasion of Japan. Thus, Truman decided to authorize the use of the atomic bomb, dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and on Nagasaki when Japan did not surrender, defeating Japan and prompting them to agree to end the war.

Volstead Act

The Volstead, or National Prohibition Act, was significant in carrying out the intent of the 18th Amendment through its definition of intoxicating liquor and power given to enforce the ban on liquor, with its failure to prevent the large-scale distribution of alcoholic beverages leading to the flourishing of organized crime and the underground alcohol trade during this era, creating a period of lawlessness while providing opportunities for immense riches to those such as Al Capone.

Wagner Act 1935

The Wagner (National Labor Relations) Act of 1935, which provided workers with their requested support (after management refused to recognize unions and hired thugs to intimidate workers, while police/the National Guard attacked striking employees), was significant in guaranteeing workers the right to organize unions and to bargain collectively, outlawing unfair labor practices such as firing workers who joined unions, prohibiting management from sponsoring company unions, and requiring employers to bargain with labor's elected union representatives to set wages, hours, and working conditions, creating a mechanism for enforcement through the National Labor Relations Board (which would play a key role in mediating disputes), thereby allowing union membership to grow while alienating business leaders from the New Deal.

Local Social Reform

The YMCA built libraries and exercise facilities The Salvation Army offered the urban poor food and nursery care The National Association of Colored omen created, for African Americans, nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens

In what respects were the actions of 1917-1920 undemocratic?

The actions of 1917-1920 were undemocratic in the Espionage and Sedition Acts suppressing freedom of speech, employers rescinding many of the few workers' rights, Palmer successfully jailing IWW members and deporting 249 alien radcials who had committed no cirimes, while calling for a peacetime sedition act, as well as the further epansion of segregation and the KKK, with lynching and violent conflicts occuring.

Bobbed Hair

The bobbed hairstyle of the 1920s, with women cutting their hair short in a trend started when Irene Castle, a famous ballroom dancer, cut her hair short in 1915 prior to having surgery for appendicitis (so that it would be easier to wash/comb her hair during her convalescence), was a form of social rebellion in the pursuit of gender equality, giving rise to a predominantly women-owned industry of hairdressing salons and thus being significant in giving rise to a bold class of women who forged a new identity in their pursuit of equality/freedom.

How did colonists react?

The colonists were unhappy about each part of Grenville's program, with families who wanted to settle in the Ohio region ignoring the Proclamation of 1763 and still going there. Colonial merchants and shipowners were angered by the strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts due to the huge profits that smuggling brought them. The passage of the Sugar and Stamp Act prompted cries of "no taxation without representation," as there were no colonial representatives in the British Parliament which had enacted these tax laws (if the colonists had to be taxed, they wanted it to be done by their own legislature).

What factors led to development and growth of the suburbs?

The development and growth of the suburbs due to the growth of urbanization, with prosperity and automobile transportation making suburbs accessible (with suburbs of Chicago and LA growing 5-10x faster than the nearby central cities, sparking an outburst of home constructions, with middle- and uppper class bedroom communities, as well as, such as Highland Park, some being industrial satellites. Suburbanites wanted to escape big-city crime, grime, and taxes, fighting to preserve control over their own police, schools, and water, and gas srervices, choking off expansion by the central city and preventing central ities from access to the resources and tax bases of wealthier suburban communities, with automobiles and the dispersal of population spreading the enviornmental problems of city life (trash, pollution, and noise). Their like of shops, movie houses, sporting arenas, and fads such as crossword puzzles, miniature golf, and marathon diancing convinced many to live around cities.

The 3 Varieties of Republicanism

The different definitions of republicanism, in which some believed in a homogeneous society in which rank is based on merit (Greece/Rome), some believed in an aggressive pursuit of private interests to make the nation benefit, and some believed in a large participation in politics, with the government responding directly to the needs of ordinary folk (wisdom of people vs talented aristocracy vs pronouncements of wealthy individuals), were significant in forming important ideas with the constitution, with the 1st giving ideas of frugality (leading to conflicts over literature/art which, as "fiction"/a lie itself tried to portray these frugal virtues) and self-sacrifice, the 2nd justifying self-interest (helping create the US' economic system), and the 3rd promoting equality, allowing all free men to vote. Since all 3 ideas believed in America's industrious virtue, they allowed for American ideals of working hard and electing leaders to be introduced.

Failure of federal policies

The failure of federal policies, with the federal government refraining from regulating wild speculation (simply occasionally scolding bankers and businesspeople), the Federal Reserve Board pursuing easy credit policies before the crash, charging low discount rates (interest rates on its loans to member banks) although easy money was financing the speculative mania, contributed to the depression by not managing any of the other contributing factors, regulating the economy, or recognizing that the era of expansion and frivolity had come to an end, necessitating a rebuilding of the economy (thinking the 1929 tailspin would ease).

Gibbens vs Ogden

The federal judiciary validating government promotion of the economy and encouraging business enterprise and risk taking helped determine the outcome of Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824), wherein the Supreme Court overturned the NY state law that gave Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a monopoly on the NY-NJ steamboat trade (Aaron Ogden, a successor, lost the money when Marshall ruled that the federal power to license new enterprises took precedence over NY's grant of monopoly rights, and that Congress has power over all commercial concourses). It is significant in creating competition (now w/ 43 steamboats running his route), discouraging monopolies in favor of new rivalries.

"Sheba"

"Sheba" was a slang word used in the 1920s meaning a woman with sex appeal (taken from the movie The Queen of Sheba, a sexually suggestive movie from 1921, starring Betty Blythe as the Queen).

Other issues

Aaron Burr and Jefferson = tied DRs - Hamilton convinced Federalists in House of Reps (which tied over vote 30 times) to elect Jefferson (less self-centered) - Aaron Burr later killed Hamilton in duel

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist. His newspaper "The Liberator," pushed for the abolishment of slavery, while he also pushed for women's rights. Changed goal from a gradual end of slavery to an immediate one.

Robert Owen

Advocate for socialism and a utopian society, with cooperative movement (against private ownership, and believed that people are shaped by their environment, so whatever they do is not their fault) Experimented in New Harmony, Indiana (how much work = money earned, equal rights for women and men)

Democratic-Republicans

Central gov should be weaker -States = own power + laws, not being overpowered by the constitution (individual taxes accordingly) Decide issue of slavery Already unified in independence, shouldn't be unfairly taxed (equally, as some have paid more) Constitution interpreted by state govs (strict interpretation of constitution, if it doesn't say something it's down to the states

Charlie Chaplin

Charlie Chaplin, an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film, initially rose to fame for his character "The Tramp," becoming a superstar and making many more perfectionist films while making political statements, such as The Great Dictator's ridicule of fasciscm.

Immigration decreased from 2,815,000 in 1850-1859 to 2,000,081 in 1860-1869 due to

Civil War

Civilian Conservation Corps

Civilian Conservation Corps, a segregated program that paid unmarried young men $1 a day, was significant in both bringing together young men from different backgrounds and in, by 1942, employing 2.5 million young men (including 80,000 Native Americans who worked on western Indian reservations).

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War. The Union, holding the South's forts in order to prevent war and assert federal sovereignty, noticed on April 12, 1861, at Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor that a federal garrison ran low on food, notifying the South Carolinians that he was sending a ship to resupply the fort. For the Montgomery government, the alternatives were to attack the fort or to acquiesce to Lincoln's authority. After the Confederate cabinet met, the secretary of war ordered local commanders to obtain a surrender or attack the fort. after two days of heavy bombardment, the federal garrison finally surrendered, beginning the Civil War.

Federalist Candidates (election of 1800)

John Adams for president Charles Pinckney for vice-president

John Copley

John Copley, a conservative Boston painter who was taught to paint by his stepfather, is significant in painting a portrait of Paul Revere (a leader of the resistance to Britain) that is regarded to be one of the greatest pieces of American art, capturing Revere as a hard-working artisan as well as delivering a message via the teapot Revere is shown working on.

Famous Swedish immigrants

John Ericsson: designed the "monitor

Rudolph Valentino

Rudolph Valentino, one of the decade's most ballyhooed personalities, whose suave manner made women swoon and men imitate his pomaded hairdo and slick sideburns, was significant in exploiting the era's sexual liberalism and flirtation with wickedness, playing a passionate sheik who carried away beautiful women to his tent (combining the roles of abductor and seducer) in his most famous film.

The Proclamation of 1763

Said that no colnists would settle in the Ohio region, with Grenville hoping this would ease tensions between pioneers and Indians. He proposed sending 10,000 soldiers to guard the frontier.

Mah-Jongg

Mah-Jongg, a Chinese tile game, was the craze in the early 1920s, significant in its role in Americans' embracement of commercial entertainment and expenditures on leisure/recreational activities, as one of the entertainments in this "Age of Play."

Other important Notes

Market Economy = Supply and demand; fires employees when demand decreases, creating depression (then when demand is up, hires many and increases production until eventually demand is down and crashes again) Robert Fulton = invented steamboat Democratic Republican Ideals: Expansion, like French, small government, Bill of Rights, agriculture, slavery is a necessary evil

This period of immigration from southern and eastern Europe after 1885 was called the "_______"

New Immigration

Immigration increased from 2,742,000 to in 1870-1879 to 5,249,000 in 1880-1889 due to

New Immigration from Southern and eastern Europe begins as workers are needed in U.S.

Famous French immigrants

Pierre L'Enfant: Planned Washington, D.C.

America became a "________" in which the people and cultures of many countries were blended together

melting pot

Hundreds of thousands of Irish moved here as a result of a _________ during the years 1845-1847

potato famine

Congress sharply reduced immigration by establishing a ______ that _________

quota system, listed the number of people from each foreign country that could enter the United States each year

Many people wanted to escape ____ and ____ persecution in Europe

religious, political

For a long time people were welcomed to the United States, but eventually many Americans thought that immigration should be _______

restricted

An unsuccessful _____ in Germany in 1848 forced large numbers of people to flee for their lives

revolution

Frances Willard

"The most famous woman of the nineteenth century;" ran the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) from 1878-97; campaigned for woman's suffrage, abstinence from alcohol, reformation of prison systems, abolition of prostitution, and elimination of wage system. Believed women could gain political power through the temperance crusade. As president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, she supported women's suffrage.

Roosevelt then won the Election of ____ and continued as president for ___ more years.

1904, 4

William H. Taft served as president from 1909 until ____.

1913.

There were 6 presidential elections between 1896 and ____

1916

Reconstruction governments were opposed by Southern whites pt1

3 groups in South combined to give Republican Party control of all of the Southern state govs: blacks formed largest group of Southern Republicans; "Carpetbaggers" = Northerners who came south seeking economic and political opportunities (many bought cotton lands or opened businesses; 60 carpetbaggers were elected to Congress + 9 became governors); and "Scalawags" were Southern whites who had either opposed secession or who now believed that it was best to co-operate w/ North Ulysses S. Grant (served as pres from 1869 - 1877) = supported Congress' tough Reconstruction policies Republican-controlled state governments = numerous successes (tax-supported public school systems, money given to develop railroads + various industires, blacks were given opportunity to hold political office, and racial discrimination outlawed)

"Cheaters"

A slang word used in the 1920s meaning eyeglasses.

Amelia Bloomer

A women's rights advocate who presented her views in The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. She wrote for the first woman's newspapers, and the baggy "bloomer" pants are named after her.

Some other important delegates in Constitution

Alexander Hamilton: Supporter of a strong central government that would have more power than the state governments George Washington: President of Convention Gouverneur Morris: skillful writer who gave the Constitution its final wording Benjamin Franklin: Wisdom & Timely Humor eased tensions between delegates involved in heated debate

Sarah Ingraham

Anti prostitution (eliminate it), believed that men place women in a broke system, wanted a safe home for women, and published men's names (that pay for prostitutes)

"Applesauce"

Applesauce was a slang expletive word used in the 1920s used to to express disagreement, disbelief, or frustration.

Babbitt

Babbitt, a satirical novel published in 1922 about American culture and society by Sinclair Lewis (who would later receive the Nobel Prize), is significant in critiquing the vacuity of middle class life and the social pressure toward conformity, thus making America more introspective/self-aware and thus helping reduce the conformity that was spreading across America.

Federalists

Better relations -Jay Treaty: Ease restrictions on trade; British leave America; avoid war; economic benefit (#1 trading partner) o France is weaker and less important (can't afford war w/ Britain)

Federalists

Can't afford to give support to France (new country, no money, troops, or resources) -Washington's farewell address -France doesn't support our ideals, beheading anyone against revolution When we tried to make tie w/ France, they refused without money/bribe King/Queen who made treaty are dead -We can't help everyone

Election of 1896

Candidates: William McKinley (Republican, 7,035,638 popular votes, 271 electoral votes) William Jennings Bryan (Democratic/Populist, 6,467,946 popular votes, 176 electoral votes) John M. Palmer (National Democratic, 133,148 popular votes, 0 electoral votes) Joshua Levering (Prohibition, 132,007 popular votes, 0 electoral votes)

Election of 1904

Candidates: Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, 7,628,834 popular votes, 336 electoral votes) Alton B. Parker (Democratic, 5,084,491 popular votes, 140 electoral votes) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist, 402,400 popular votes, 0 electoral votes)

Election of 1908

Candidates: William H. Taft (Republican, 7,679,006 popular votes, 321 electoral votes) William Jennings Bryan (Democratic, 6,409,106 popular votes, 162 electoral votes) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist, 402,820 popular votes, 0 electoral votes)

In 1908, Theodore Roosevelt decided not to run for another term. At the Republican national ____, he persuaded most of the delegates to support ____ for president.

Convention, William H. Taft

"Copacetic"

Copacetic was a word popularized in the 1920s referring to a feeling in the range of "just fine" to "excellent."

At the time of the Revolutionary War, three out of every four Americans were descendants of ______ and _____ settlers

English, Irish

(T/F) Irish and German immigrants came to America seeking religious freedom

False

(T/F) The Irish and Germans of the 1840's were part of the New Immigration

False

(T/F) This data shows the countries that all of the people living in the United States from

False

Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, spoke out against slavery, giving speeches, writing in journals and newspapers ("The North Star"), and wrote an autobiography (the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass) Escaped from slavery, lectured against slavery, and published his own anti-slavery newspaper

Land above Louisiana Purchase (1818)

GB currently owned Canada, with the British and American govs both claiming land along boundary between Louisiana Territory and Canada. Agreement reached in which US was given a small area just above Louisiana Territory and GB received small piece of land farther north in now Canada.

George Washington

George Washington, a Virginian chosen as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, was significant in his integrity, dignity, and respect, as well as his support of representation and his military service, bringing order to the army and allowing them to defeat the British.

The Irish, _____, and others from northern and western Europe who came to the United States before 1885 made up what was known a the "_________"

Germans, Old Immigration

Gertrude Ederle

Gertrude Erdele, an American competitive swimmer, was significant in being the first woman to swim across the English Channel (on August 6, 1926), as well as being an Olympic champion and world record-holder in five events, thus serve as a role model for American women.

Immigration increases from 3,694,000 in 1890-1899 to 8,202,000 in 1900-1909 due to

Great demand for industrial workers

Immigration decreases from 4,296,000 in 1920-1929 to 699,000 in 1930-1939 due to

Great Depression

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," published in 1852 and detailing the humanity and suffering of slaves, conveyed the agonies faced by slave families, a mother's dash to freedom, the institution's effect on slaveholders, and New England/Northern complicity. Her book touched millions of northerners, explaining the evils of slavery to the many ignorant, and, in addition to convincing northerners to refuse slavery, it caused terrified white southerners to publish 15-20 proslavery novels, attempting to protect the ideology of slavery.

Hoovervilles

Hoovervilles, or shantytowns, were significant in springing up in many cities for the many families who were evicted from their homes to live in, while simultaneously mocking in the once-popular President Hoover.

An ____ is a person who enters a foreign country after leaving his homeland

Immigrant

Immigration increased from 538,000 in 1830-1839 to 1,427,000 in 1840-1849 due to

Irish potato famine; German revolution fails

Famous Russian immigrants

Irving Berlin: Songwriter

How did the Zimmerman Telegram move the country closer to war?

It, a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico, created worries about German spies, fear of Mexico/Germany attacking the US, and thus this threat of security mandating an armed neutrality.

Knute Rockne

Knute Kenneth Rockne, a Norwegian-American football player and coach at the University of Notre Dame, was significant in, as one of the greatest coaches in college football histories, in popularizing the forward pass, in making the Notre Dame FIghting Irish a major factor in college football, and in devising the Four Horsemen lineup.

Famous Nordic Immigrants

Knute Rockne: Footbal coach

How did leisure activities reflect a changing society?

Leisure activities, in which $4.3 billion was spent on leisure activities by 1929, with spectator amusements (movies, music, and sports), accountigng for 21% of that years total, with the rest inlucind participatory recreation (games, hobbies, and travel). Entrepeneurs responded quickly to this appetitde for fads, fun and ballyhoo (blitz of publicity that lent exaggerated importance to some person or event, such as Charles Lindbergh's flight), with games and fancies particularly attracting newly affluent middle class familieies, such as mahjong, crossword puzzles, and miniature golf. Between 1922 and 1927, the Technicolor Coporation developed a means to produce movies in color, with this, as well as the introduction of sound in The Jazz Singer in 1927, making movies even more exciting and realistic. The movie industry produced more escapist entertainment than art, with spectaccles such as the King of Kings, in order to appeal to tastes of mass audiences, with only comedies carrying the most thought-provoking messages. Movie producers bowed to pressure from legislators and in 1927 foribd nudity, roguh languge,a and plots that dd not end with justice. hile this happened spectator sports boomed with millions packing stadiums and parks to cheer athletic events, providing theunpredictability and drama that people craved while magnifying it via newspapers and radio. After in the Black Sox scandal of 1919, 8 members of the Chicago White Sox allegedly theww the World Series to the CIncinnati Reds, the leagues redesigned the ball, making it liveleier and alloing for more home runs, with millions gatgering in the 1921 world series, while simultaneously creating sports heroes such as Georme Herman "Babe" Ruth. Movie idols were also admired, such as Rudp=olph Valentino, while many Americns refused to give up drinking, expressing the eras high level of lawlessness and desire to have fun.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, a response to the Townshend Acts by the lawyer John Dickinson, is significant in being printed by practically all colonial newspapers, expressing a broad consensus that Parliament can regulate Colonial trade but not raise revenue, obligating the Colonies to assess Parliament's motives in any trade law before deciding whether or not to obey it. This obligation would case many conflicts in the long run.

Louis Armstrong

Louis Armstrong, an African American trumpeter, was significant in being an incredibly influential figure in jazz, enjoying wide fame in phonograph records and radios while simultaneously giving African Americans a place in consumer culture, endowing America with an art form while spreading African American culture northward (as he moved to NYC), bringing awareness of black culture to Americans.

Local Economic Reform

Muckrker journalists published stories about business corruption and unfair practices, exposing them in their critique of the vast wealth amassed by industrialists and the poor treatment of workers

Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction

Offered generous terms to the South: All Southern white males, except high Confederate officials, could regain full rights by taking simple oath pledging loyalty to Union When 10% of a Confederate state's voters took oath, the state could form a new government and adopt a new constitution (had to prohibit slavery) Many Northerners believed plan was too mild, not holding South responsible for causing Civil War Was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in D.C. before putting plan into effect

The ________ halted Chinese immigration during the 1880's

Oriental Exclusion Acts

Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison

Operating under the cloud of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, Grant's scandals, and doubts about the legitimacy of the 1876 election, the proper and honest James Garfield (1881), Chester Arthur (1881-1885), Grover Cleveland (1885-1889 and 1893-1897), and Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893), tried to act as legislative as well as administrative leaders, using symbols. When Hayes (who had believed society should not ignore needs of Chinese and Indians, and later worked to aid former slaves) declined to run for reelection in 1880, Republicans nominated another Ohio congressman and Civil War Hero, James A. Garfield, who defeated Democrat Winfield Scott Hancok by a narrow 40,000 votes (comfortable in electoral college). He was solemn and cautious, trying to secure an independent position among party potentates, hoping to reduce the tariff and develop economic relations with Latin America and pleased civil service reformeres by rebuffing Senator Conkling's patronage demands. He was shot dead in 1881 by Charles Guiteau in a Washington railroad station, and his VP was Chester A Arthur (Conkling's protege, nominated simply to help Garfield win NY, thus making reformeres shudder), who became a dignified and temperate executive, signing the Pendleton Civil Service Act, uriging Congress to modify outdated tariff rates, and supporting federal regulation of railroads (wielding the veto aggressively, killing several bills that excessively benefited railroads and croporations (but congressional partisans frustrated his plans for reducing tariff + strenghtening navy; lost nomination to James G. Blaine for reelection)). Grover Cleveland, NY's governor, was named by Democrats to oppose Blaine (bachelor + tainted reputation by fathering illegitimate son). Mugwump Republicans supported Cleveland as they rejected the finacncial corrution associatied with Blaine. Partially due to Protestant minister who equated Democrats with "rum, Romanism, and rebellion," Cleveland won by a narrow margin (first Democrat since Buchanan in 1857-1861), and expanded civil service, vetoed hundreds of private pension bills, and urged COngress to cut tariff duties (also supporting labor unrest + addressed problems of currency) His Mills tariff bill of 1888 died in the Senate and businessmen in the party convinced him to moderate his attacks on high tariffs (Reps in 1888 nominated Harrison, former Indiana senator and grandson of Pres. William Henry Harrison; Republicans manipulated British iplomat into stating that Cleveland's reelection would be good for England + Irish Democrats took offense; this bribery and multiple voting gave Harrison NY and Indiana and Harrison, first pres since 1875 with party majority in both ouses, infleunced the course of legislation, passing much more bills in (supporting civil service + signing Depdendent's Pension Act + other appropriations, pushing the budget past 1 million

He did this despite failing to get a majority of the _____ in the election.

Poplar vote

Federalists

Prevents lies from being spread about leadership -Can't damage country's reputation/credibility -They are putting self interests before US' interests

Local Political Reform

Reform mayers routed corruption out of Detroit, Cleveland, and other cities Prohibitionists (e.g. members of the WOman's Christian Temeprance Union) attacked Saloons to further their cause

During most of these years, the _____ Party controlled the White House

Republican

Response to Townshend Acts

Resulted in angry protests being heard in the colonies, with another boycott being organized and Britain's colonial trade dropping off by almost 40%. Occasional incidents of mob violence occurred, such as the Boston Massacre in 1770.

Schenk v. U.S.:

Schenk v. US, a case occurring due to the Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts, was an endorsement of convictions ion the basis of "abusive" language, with the court upholding the conviction of a Socialist Party member who had mailed pamphlets urging resistance to the draft, thereby restricting/limiting free speech.

The number of electoral votes that each state has is equal to the total number of ___ and ____ that the state has in Congress.

Senators, Representatives

Shakers, Mormons, Brook Farm

Shakers: 1770's by Mother Ann Lee; Utopian group that separated from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives, and in the importance of self-contained communities; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships (practiced celibacy) Mormons: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (members known as Mormons) = most successful communitarian experiment, restructuring family life with, during the religious ferment of the 1820s in western NY, Joseph Smith reporting an angel called Moroni had given him divine engraved gold plates, publishing his revelations as the Book of Mormon and organizing a church in 1830. The next year the community moved west to Ohio to build a "New Jerusalem" and await the second coming of Jesus, creating antagonism (as they believed only Mormons saved and had political power, as well as later practicing polygamy in 1841) and being driven out from Ohio and Missouri, as well as in Illinois (wherein the state legislature gave a city charter that made them self-governing and authorized a local militia). John Smith and his brother were charged with treason and jailed, then murdered, and Brigham Young founded Salt Lake City, Utah, for religious freedom and political autonomy. Brook Farm: A Utopian community in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, near Boston, inspired by transcendentalism and rejecting materialism, combining spirituality, manual labor, intellectual life, and play. It was founded in 1841 by the Unitarian minister George Ripley, attracting farmers, craftsmen, and writers and its residents contributed regularly to the Dial, the leading transcendentalist journal. In 1845 its 100 members organized themselves into model phalanxes (working-living units), and with rigid regimentation replacing individualism, its membership dropped. After a disastrous fire in 1846, the experiment collapsed in 1847.

Slave Power/slavery

Slave power, a fear by abolitionists of a slaveholding oligarchy (further fed by fears of the Mexican War being for the extension of slavery) that intended to dominate its hold on federal power, showered the fear of slaveholders who had gained control of the South by persecuting critics of slavery and suppressing dissent, forcing the gag treaty in 1836, threatening northern cities, and ultimately limiting freedom of speech, while attempting to gain new slave territory, with the Mexican War thus terrifying abolitionists.

What happened to slavery during the Revolution?

Slaves during the Revolution, initially mainly revolutionary, were significant in, at the beginning, revolting against their loyalist owners, and later on in the revolution, in revolting against revolutionaries in exchange for freedom, resulting in British and American African armies,and in the further unity of the colonies, needing protection from slave revolts.

Federalists

States choose officials so have power Central gov protects rights Constitution unites states -Too much individuality = states break off; central gov too weak to function Constitution = interpreted broadly, not allowing states to interpret it

Stamp Act Congress

The Stamp Act Congress in New York City sent the message to Great Britain that if the colonists had to be taxed, they wanted it to be done by their own legislatures.

Imperialism #2

Three factors pushed the US to join the grab for land (also competing to gain a trade foothold in China): Economic competition for raw materials and markets for its manufactured goods. Political and military competition, based in pat of the creation of a powerful new navy. A belief in the racial and cultural superiority of the people of England and their descendants- which led many Americans to believe that the US had a mission to spread civilization and Christianity. They justified imperialism in the Philippines with gaining a foothold in Asia and building business ties with China.

Charles Finney

Traveling minister who believed Americans are far away from God, have lost faith. He spreads the message of God (people either go to hell or heaven) and starts/leads the Second Great Awakening (renewal of religious fervor in which preachers told their audiences that each person had the responsibility to seek salvation, saying that people could change themselves and society), predicting the Second Coming of Christ. He considered slavery a sin.

(T/F) Beginning in the 1880's, most of the immigrants who arrived in the United States were from southern and eastern Europe

True

(T/F) Immigration has slowed during periods of war

True

(T/F) Immigration reached a peak in the early 1900's

True

(T/F) Millions of immigrants came in search of jobs in the late 1800's and early 1900's

True

(T/F) Over half of the Americna people were of English origin

True

More immigrants have come to the _____ than to any other country in the world

United States

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who escaped from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women. She traveled throughout the country urging for the abolition of slavey, and is best-known for her speech on racial inequalities, "Ain't I a Woman?", delivered extemporaneously (little to no preparation) in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention.

Agrarian Discontent

While voting and racial segregation concerned those suffering frompolitical exclusion, economic inequities sparked a mass movement that would shake mericna society. The agrarian revolt (a mixture of strient rhetori, nostalgic dreams, and hard-headed egalitarianism) began in Grange organizations in the early 1870s, accelerating with Farmers' Alliances (which flourished in areas where tenancy, debt, weather, and insects denangered struggling farmers; this agrarian rebellion inspired visions of a truly cooperative and democratic society). With Southern agriculture not benefitting much from mechanization (tobacco + cotton = constant hoeing + weeding by hand), thus entangling millions of tenant farmers and sharecroppers in a web f debt and humiliation, with the center being the crop lien (farmers borrowed to buy necessities, offering as collateral what they could grow, dealing with a furnishing merchant who would exchange supplies for a lien or legal claim on the farme's forthcoming crop; after the crop was harvested and brought to market, the merchant collected his debt by claiming the portion of the crop that would statify the loan, but the debt often exceeded the crop's value, thus necessitating the farmer to sink deeper into debt and allowing merchants to take advantage of indeted farmers' powerlessness by inflating prices and charging interest ranging from 33 to 200 percent on their advances. In the Midwest, as growers cultivated more land, mecanization boosted productivity, and foreign competition increased, supplies of products exceeded demand, resulting in prices dropping steadily, while transportation + storage fees remained high (producing more to afford necessities, but then dropping prices even more; capitalists seized control of access to transportation and water and concentration of technology in the hands of large mining companies pushed out small firms, angered at monopolistic control by railroads, controlling transportation + storage rates).

An immigrant who has not yet become an American citizen is called an _____

alien

Instead of adopting American ways, many immigrants _______

continued to speak their own language and follow their own customs

The immigrants helped _______

dig canals, build railroads, and settle the West

In the United States, newcomers found ______

economic prosperity, democratic government, and cheap land

They also took jobs in __________

mills, mines, and factories

The process by which an alien becomes a U.S. citizen is called ______

naturalization

Immigrants often lived apart in neighborhoods that had __________

nicknames such as "Little Italy" and "Chinatown"

There were a growing resentment of the newcomers because _________

they kept wages down and took jobs away from American workers

"Ossified"

"Ossified" was a slang word in the 1920s meaning extremely drunk.

"23 skidoo"

"23 skidoo" was a slang word used in the 1920s meaning to "get out" or leave quickly, and was significant in being the first truly national fad expression, used even at shore resorts, parks, county fairs, and movies (such as 1935's "The Call of the Wild").

"Bee's knees"

"Bee's knees" was a slang word used in the 1920s meaning "the best" (it was also a Prohibition cocktail made with Gin, lemon juice, and honey, significant in being a way to hide the scent and flavor of poor quality homemade spirits, such as bathtub gin).

"Bump off"

"Bump off" was a slang word used in the 1920s meaning to murder or kill.

"Cat's meow"

"Cat's meow" was a slang word used in the 1920s meaning something splendid or stylish, appealing.

"Common Sense"

"Common Sense," a pamphlet published by Thomas Paine, was significant in convincing 10's of thousands to fight for independence, insisting on a republic and a powerful America, portraying an enraged tone against England, which leaving is "common sense." It had a crucial role in encouraging independence, and thus the Declaration of Independence. He wrote it in common speech, telling everyone how they must fight after the Battle of Lexington and Concord (as it is common sense that they must finish this war that has already ended any hope of reconciliation).

"Dogs"

"Dogs" was a slang word in the 1920s meaning feet.

"Dumb Dora"

"Dumb Dora," a slang term for a foolish woman popularized by a comic strip with the same name, was significant in being an antagonistic force against flappers, likening them to scatter-brained/stupid "dumb Doras."

Flapper

"Flappers," women with short skirts and bobbed hair (contrasting with the heavy, floor-length dresses and long hair of previous generations) in the 1920s, were significant in their symbolization of independence and sexual freedom as "new," independent women asserting equality with men.

"High hat"

"High hat" was a slang word used in the 1920s meaning to reject/ignore, to snub.

"Hooch"

"Hooch" was a slang word in the 1920s meaning alcohol, used primarily by men as a more masculine version of giggle water.

"Keen"

"Keen" is a slang word used in the 1920s meaning attractive or appealing.

"Kiddo"

"Kiddo" was a slang word used in the 1920s as a familiar form of address to another person.

"Lounge lizard"

"Lounge lizard" was a slang word created by flappers in the 1920s meaning a "ladies' man" who hung around in nightclubs and lounges.

The first emancipation

"The first emancipation," in which, inspired by revolutionary ideas of freedom, most Northern States abolished slavery and most others (other than the Carolinas and Georgia) altered slave laws (such as by relaxing restrictions on freeing slaves and NY freeing those born into slavery after July 4, 1799 once they reached their mid-twenties), was significant in leading to a gradual emancipation and thus a growing free black population. This population, reaching over 11% of the US population by 1800, was significant in moving to northern, free, states where they attempted to find jobs and choose surnames, and in having to unite together to make it through discrimination (e.g. the African Methodist Episcopal was a unifying society). Since so many were free and thus many began to become educated, slaveowners had to justify slavery, resulting in the formation of racism and thus the racist belief that Africans and all non-whites are less than human (which many began to believe, even Thomas Jefferson).

Yes, We Have No Bananas

"Yes! We Have No Bananas," a comic "novelty song" by Frank Silver and Irving Cohn published on July 19, 1923 about a Greek fruit store owner who says "yes we have no bananas", was significant in being a major hit (#1 for 5 weeks), as well as in being resurrected multiple times, such as, in 1932, outdoor relief protests in Belfast using it to unite Protestants and Catholics together.

Gilded Age

(Machine Age = 1877-1920) Gilded Age: 1877-1900 A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government (the era's venality seemed so widespread that, when in 1874, Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner satirized America as a land of shallow money grubbers in their novel The Gilded Age, the name stuck).

Sylvestor Graham

(Presbyterian) Minister who believed America was too far from God, and that Americans eat too unhealthy of a diet, inspiring/creating the Graham cracker as part of his American Vegetarian Movement, while inspiring wheat bread and healthy eating

National Economic Reform

.Scientific management and the adoption of the assemply line for the manufacture of goods made businesses more efficient and profitable -Teddy Roosevelt had the government sue business trusts to increase competition -Wilson's Federal Trade Commission investigated unfair business, his Clayton Anti-Trust Act strenghtened laws against trusts, workers' rights, tariffs were lowered while incomes were taxed, and the Federal Reserve system impired banking practices

Fewer than _____ people came to the United States between 1790 and 1840

1 million

Causes of the Spanish-American War

1. The Cuban War led to a loss of $300,000,000 in trade between America and Cuba, while AMerican industires in Cuba were destroyed. 2. The SPanish butchered Cubans, with blood everywhere (even on the elderly), necessitating someone to restore peace. 3. Enrique Depuy DeLome, the Spanish minister, expressed sharp criticisms of President McKinley, trying to keep on good terms with supporters of Cuban revolutionaries while not making advancements in the assistance of Cuba (not fully committing), thus escalating Spanish-American tensions. 4. Even though DeLome resigned after outrage over his statement against the US, the American public was already inflamed. 5. The "yellow press" promised promoted AMericna asympathy for Cuban revolutionaries and disgust for Spanish rule, while playing up every incident that might lead to a break with Spain (promoted international manifest destiny). 6. The overexaggerated calls for war in the press, greatly exaggerating incidents in Cuba, confused the "patient citizen," but with its sprinkle of truth allowed for its ideas to be considered. 7. General Stewart L. Woodford, the American minister in SPain, called for the freeing of Cuba from Spain (either with autonomy, independence, or cession), confident that the present government is going "as far as it can."

James Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee; pushed forward westward expansion; brought on the Mexican War, urging Texans to seize all land to the Rio Grande and claim the river as their southern and western border (while Mexico held that the Nueces River was the border), wanting to fulfill the nation's manifest destiny to rule the continent, wanting Mexico's territory all the way to the Pacific and all of Oregon Country. President with most land gained in US, and turned to diplomacy rather than war to fulfill his goals, such as by compromising at the 49th parallel for the Oregon Country (while being more aggressive in 1846, ordering American troops under Zachary Taylor to march south and defend the contested border of the Rio Grande, desiring California as the prize and trying to buy from Mexico a huge tract of land extending to the Pacific, waiting for war when this failed)

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

1801: France obtained New Orleans and Louisiana Territory from Spain Western Americans farmers can no longer ship goods through the city to the eastern US, with Napoleon denying the use of the Mississippi and New Orleans' port (concern: powerful empire) 1803: Jefferson sent representatives to France in attempt to get permission to use the river and port facilities at New Orleans; Napoleon offered to sell entire Louisiana Territory (+ New Orleans) for $15 million; purchase doubled size of US 1804-1806: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the Louisiana Territory, tracing the Missouri River to its source in the Rocky Mountains, and following the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean 1805-1807: Zebulon Pike explored the upper Mississippi alley and the Southwest

Oregon Country (1846)

1818: US and GB agreed to the "joint-occupation" (shared ownership) of the Oregon Country, with persons from either country being able to settle there. It included land that is today part of Canada, and for many years Indians and fur traders were the only people living in the region 1836: Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, as well as other American missionaries, went to the Oregon Country, wanting to help the Indians and spread Christianity to the North-west 1843: The Whitmans told people back east about the rich farmland in Oregon, and many pioneer families began moving there, travelling together in wagon trains for protection against the Indians, going along the 2,000 mile Oregon Trail from Independence, Missouri to the Willamette Valley of Oregon 1844: James K. Polk used the slogan "54=40 or Fight!" during his campaign for president. 1846: The US and GB agreed to divide the Oregon Country into two parts; the US was given the southern half, and GB took the northern (boundary line = 49 degree latitude line)

Texas Annexation

1822: Mexico opened Texas to American settlers; first families led by Stephen Austin 1830: Mexico worried about flood of immigrants, and banned further settlement (due to differences in language, religion and ways of living). Mexican government passed law saying American plantation owners could no longer own slaves, but the law was ignored 1835: Santa Anna became president of Mexico, warned that American settlers must obey Mexican laws 1836: Texas declared independence from Mexico; Santa Anna led Mexican army north into Texas, and several thousand Mexican soldiers surrounded 187 Americans at the Alamo (mission in San Antonio). William Travis, Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, and other Texans fought in 2-week battle before being killed; General Sam Houston was named commander of Texan army, with battle cry "Remember the Alamo." General Houston defeated Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto, and Texas Revolution came to an end. Initially asked to be admitted as state, but northern states opposed request due to many slave owners living in Texas, and others feared war with Mexico, so Texas remained an independent country known as the Lone Star Republic, with General Houston as the president. 1845: After lengthy debate in Congress, Texas admitted to Union as 28th state

Mexican Cession (1848)

1845: Texas admitted to the Union, angered Mexico (considered Texas to be its territory) 1846: Boundary dispute arose between US and Mexico; both claimed area of land between northern Mexico and southern Texas. The US said boundary line was the Rio Grande, Mexicans claimed it was the Nueces River; this dispute led to the Mexican War 1846-1848: General Zachary Taylor defeated Santa Anna at Battle of Buena Vista. Colonel Stephen Kearney marched to California and helped American settlers overthrow Mexicans in Bear Flag Revolt. General Winfield cott captured Veracruz and Mexico City, and Mexico surrendered. 1848: US won large land area that today makes up southwestern part of US, paid Mexico $15 million for this area, known as the Mexican Cession

Mexican War

Gasden Purchase (1853)

1853: Congress studying four possible routes for building transcontinental railroad to Pacific coast (southern route supporters = extend railroad at New Orleans westward to California, pressuring Congress into spending $10 million for small strip of land at southern end of Rocky Mountains for level route to West Coast) The Gadsden Purchase, as the land area was called, was obtained from Mexico by foreign minister James Gadsden (the Gadsden Purchase is now part of southern Arizona and New Mexico, completed acquisition of land that today makes up continental US)

Kansas Nebraska Act

1854: Congress passed a bill proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas which created the territories of Nebraska and Kansas. The people in these areas, by the principle of popular sovereignty, would decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. It replaced the Missouri Compromise which had closed the northern part of the Louisiana Territory to slavery (Douglas wanted to build a railroad from Chicago to California, thus needing defined territories for the railroad company). This opened up slavery in land that had been free for 34 years, betraying abolitionists/Free-Soilers (while Pierce gave the support of this law passed in May 1854). This resulted in opposition of Slave Power, creating personal-liberty laws throughought NE, the Whig party breaking into two, and Democrats losing 66/91 of their Congressional seats. It also caused Bleeding Kansas, wherein proslavery citizens of Missouri tried to skew the polls in their favor, resulting in a back and forth immigration and guerilla fights in Kansas.

Native American Policy

1860s to 1880s: federal government tried to force western Indians onto reservations to "civilize" them, consisting of a group's previous territory that were least desirable to whites; in the West whites' needs and economic power grew siproportionate to Indians' needs and powers, with them becoming more dependent, with whites dictating what was to be trading while reservation policy made Indians have no say over their own affairs on reservations (Supreme Court decisions = them as wards + denied right to be citizens, pressure from farmers, miners, and herders made difficulties to preserve reservations, and gov ignored native history, combining Indian tribes' lands. Some Natives tried to preserve their cultures (Pawnees resisted disadvantageous deals but eventulally left Nebraska for a resvation in the hope of buffalo and corn. In the 1870s and 1880s, officials and reformers sought more peaceful means of dealing with Native Americans in the west. Instead of trying to battle Indians, as if they were foreign powers they sought to "civilize" (assimilate) and "uplift" them through landholding/education. This is significant because this changed natives' identities and allowed the government to outlaw native customs that were perceived as "savage and barbarous". Two of the most active Indian reform were the Women's National Indian Association (WNIA) and the Indian Rights Association (IRA); most reformers thought natives were inferior and could only get by if they adopted white middle-class values (WNIA = white women seeking to use domestic skills to help people in need, urged gradual assimilation; IRA = more influential but numbered few Native Americans among memebers supported citizenship +landholding by indiviual Indians; most reformers believedd zIndians = culturally inferior + must embrace middle-class values of diligence and education, deploring Indians' sexual division of labor (women = most work))

On several occasions the US used the Monroe Doctrine to keep European countries out of the Western Hemisphere. What specific actions were taken in 1867, 1895, and 1903 to protect the Latin American countries?

1867: An American army forced France to withdraw its troops from Mexico in what came to be known as the "Maximilian Affair," named for Archduke Maximilian whom the French had made the Emperor of Mexico. 1895: The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine to force Great Britain to accept an American offer to settle a boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela. 1903: The United States protected Venezuela by persuading Italy, German, and Great Britain to peacefully settle the issue of overdue bank loans owed to them by Venezuela.

The first law to limit immigration, passed by Congress during the _______, kept out ______

1880's, criminals, insane people, and individuals who were unable to care for themselves

William McKinley (1897-1901) pt.1

1897: At the urging of President William McKinley, Congress passed a record high protective tariff. This pleased American manufacturers, but raised prices paid by consumers for various manufactured goods. 1897-1898: Prospectors rushed into Canada's Yukon territory following the discovery of rich deposits of gold in the Klondike region. Other miners later struck it rich at Nome, Alaska. 1898: The American battleship "Maine" blew up in the harbor at Havana, Cuba, and McKinley (under pressure from the American people, Congressmen, and the "yellow press" of primarily William Randolph Hearst) decided to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Spain, beginning the Spanish-American War. Commodore George Dewey quickly destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay, Philippines, and in Cuba, Theodore Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" became national heroes by capturing San Juan Hill. This four month war was thus an overwhelming victory for the United States, with Spain giving Cuba its freedom in the treaty which ended the conflict, as well as Spain ceding the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US (these new territories = greater involvement by US in world affairs) 1898-1901: The US Army remained in Cuba for several years after the war to help feed the people and build roads, railroads, hospitals, and schools; Major Walter Reed, an army doctor, proved that mosquitoes spread yellow fever, and Colonel William C. Gorgas led efforts to clean up the breeding grounds of the mosquitoes; Cuba permitted the US to establish a naval abase at Guantanamo Bay, as well as the right to intervene in Cuban affairs whenever law and order, or the country's independence was threatened. 1898: A rebellion led by American settlers in Hawaii overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893, and 5 years later, upon the request of Americans living in Hawaii, the islands were annexed to the US

William McKinley (1897-1901) pt.2

1899-1901: The US sent 70,000 troops to the Philippines to put down a bloody rebellion among angry Filipinos who resented the annexation of their country 1899: The United States became increasingly concerned about attempts by European countries, who wanted "spheres of influence where each would have trade rights and special privileges, to divide China amongst themselves, with in 1899 Secretary of State John Hay proposing the "Open door Policy" in order to keep China open to trade with all countries 1900-1901: The Chinese people were angered by foreign interference in their country; many joined secret societies and pledged themselves to drive out the "foreign devils"; violence erupted + many foreigners killed, necessitating troops from 8 countries, including the US, to come to China and put down the "Boxer Rebellion" 1900: population reached 76 million 1901: Number of business trusts reached new high under McKinley, as little was done to enforce Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Farmers, workers, + others demanded reform 1901: McKinley began serving his second term after defeating Bryan, but 6 months later at Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, he was shot by a man waiting in line to shake his hand, dying 8 days later and thus making VP Theodore Roosevelt become the 26th pres.

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) pt.1

1901:Began serving last 3 1/3 years of McKinley's second term, becoming a popular president known as "teddy" 1901: Roosevelt announced that evils of big business had to be brought under control, with the government suing 44 corps for violating Sherman Anti-Trust Act during his presidency, breaking up Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company and earning teddy the nickname "trust-buster" 1902: Members of the United Mine Workers union went on strike in PA, with the coal miners demanding higher pay + better working conditions; teddy used influence to help miners get improved contract, or what he called a "square deal;" he used "square deal" to refer to his policies for social reform 1902-1909: On foreign policy matters, Theodore Roosevelt believed that US should "Speak softly and carry a big stick" favoring peaceful solutions to problems but making it clear that America would use military power if necessary to protect its interests, with 10 new battleships + 4 new cruisers being built under "Big Stick Policy" 1903: The "Air Age" began when Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first successful airplane fight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) pt.2

1903: The US wanted to build canal through the Isthmus of Panama for ships to move between Atlantic and Pacific oceans in shorter amount of time (during war w/ Spain, US warships took 68 days to steam from California, around the southern end of South America, and north to Cuba; canal would have reduced trip to fewer than 25 days), so the US offered $10,000,000 to Colombia, which owned Panama for the right to construct a canal through the isthmus. When Colombia refused, Teddy sent fleet of warships to help Panama win its independence from Colombia; Panama + US signed agreement which led to construction of Panama Canal 1904: In the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, Teddy announced that the US could now intervene in any Latin American country guilty of "wrongdoing" and whose government was weak and inefficient; led to military intervention in Dominican Republic 1904: Delegates at the Republican national convention nominated Teddy for another term as president; during campaign he urged voters to support his "square deal" policies + he won an easy victory over his Democratic opponent 1905: Teddy helped Japan and Russia negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War; for his efforts, he was awarded Nobel Peace Prize, but victorious Japanese angered by treaty because didn't force Russians to pay Japan's war costs

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) pt.3

1906: Teddy called for investigation of meat-packing industry after reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle; also was concern for protecting consumers against harmful, impure, and falsely labeled foods + medicines; congress responded by passing Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug Acts, which gave gov power to take action against companies whose products = impure, unsafe, or wrongly labeled 1906: The San Francisco Earthquake killed 700 people, destroyed 28,000 buildings, and caused more than $400 million in damages 1907: Thousands of Japanese laborers had settled in CA where aroused local opposition by willingness to work as lower wages than American workers; Teddy negotiated "Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan to restrict further Japanese immigration 1907: Congress admitted Oklahoma to Union as state #46 1907: To demonstrate American naval power + under "big stick diplomacy," Teddy sent 16 new battleships + 4 new destroyers on round-the-world cruise; warships nicknamed the "Great White Fleet" because painted white 1908: Henry Ford developed first popular low-priced car, the Model T 1909: During his administration, Teddy did more for conservation movement than any other president, setting aside 150 million acres of forest land + mineral, water, and fuel resources; established extensive wildlife preserves, created US Park Service, and supported irrigation projects for dry Western lands

William H. Taft (1909-1913)

1909-1913: When Teddy decided not to seek another term, he urged Republican Party to support Taft; was given nomination + won Election of 1908, but differences of opinion soon arose + Republicans split into two groups, making it difficult for him to achieve significant results during his years in office. Some progressive measures taken: 90 lawsuits brought against trusts, more jobs filled through civil service examinations, and Department of Labor created. He favored, in foreign affairs, "dollar diplomacy," encouraging, instead of military force, American loans, investments, and trade w/ Asia, Latin America, and other parts of the world. During subsequent years, US gov took steps to protect investments in Latin America, but this angered several countries that resented US interference 1912: New Mexico + Arizona joined Union- 47th + 48th 1913: The 16th Amendment added to Constitution (giving Congress right to impose an income tax)

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) pt. 1

1913: Woodrow Wilson took office after winning easy victory in Election of 1912 (Republicans = failed to unite behind Taft, as Teddy, feeling that he had been cheated out of Republican nomination, formed a "third party" called the Progressive/"Bull Moose" Party (Teddy liked to say he was "as fit as a bull moose"); many Republicans voted for him, thus ruining Taft's chances for reelection) 1913: WW, like Teddy + Taft, supported progressive reform; his "New Freedom" program = put into effect through passage of numerous laws by Congress 1913: Congress passed Underwood Tariff Act (significantly lowered tariff rates for the first time since the Civil War) 1913: The Federal Reserve Act created central bank, called Federal Reserve, + 12 district banks to regulate credit + improve banking services; Federal Reserve Board established to control amount of money in circulation, set interest rates on loans, and help local banks that were short of money 1913: 17th Amendment said that Senators = directly elected by voters of each state (previously were chosen by state legislatures) 1914: The Panama Canal = completed at cost of $366 million; the man-made waterway ran through Canal Zone (10-mile wide strip of land that US acquired from Panama). George Goethals directed the construction project + William C. Gorgas conquered yellow fever and malaria (had taken the lives of many of the workers); More than 6,000 deaths due to landslides, accidents, and disease

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) pt. 2

1914: Federal Trade Commission established to gather facts about businesses + prevent them from forming monopolies 1914: Congress passed Clayton Anti-Trust Act; this law, unlike the earlier Sherman Anti-Trust Act, listed specific business practices that were considered unfair/monopolistic 1914: WW1 began in Europe w/ the Allied Powers fighting against the Central powers 1915: A German U-Boat sank the Lusitania 1917: WW asked Congress to declare war on Germany after it resumed unrestricted submarine warfare 1918: WW delivered special address to Congress near end of WWI in which he presented his "Fourteen Points" for drawing up a peace settlement; suggesting, to prevent future wars, that a League of Nations be organized in which countries would discuss problems and reach peaceful solutions 1918: WWI ended w/ the Allied Powers, helped by US, defeating the Central powers 1919-1920: Allies + Germany signed Treaty of Versailles; treaty included WW's plan for a League of Nations, but Senate opposed idea of a League because it feared that it might draw the country into another war, thus rejecting the Treaty of Versailles (Senate later approved separate treaty with Germany that did not include a provision for the League of Nations) 1919: 18th Amendment outlawed manufacture + sale of alcoholic beverages, beginning period known as "Prohibition" 1920: 19th Amendment gave women right to vote

Market Economy

A Market Economy, in which goods/services are provided under the laws of supply and demand, developed as a result of the War of 1812, in which prosperity stimulated demand for finished goods, leading to higher demand, production, prices, and thus to optimism/expectations of higher prices, leading to speculation of land (buying undeveloped areas that are expected to see a boom). Then, when production surpassed demand, prices and wages fell, with investment money leaving and a "boom and bust" cycle occurring, significant in changing the ecology of the US and furthering technology/industry, fostering both technology/industry for economic growth/creativity and farming for virtuous republicanism. It also resulted in many people being unable to find stable jobs, fired whenever facotories must do so during "busts" and then mass re-hired during "booms."

Brigham Young

A Mormon religious leader, believed that there's not enough religious freedom in America and founded Salt Lake City, Utah, for free practice of religion

"Tin Lizzie"

A nickname for Ford Motor Company's Ford Model T, a car first produced in 1908 significant in, through Ford's efficient fabrication (using assembly line production) being the first affordable automobile and thus making acar travel available to middle-class Americans.

"Darb"

A slang word used in the 1920s meaning remarkable or excellent.

Nat Turner

A slave who became a fiery preacher and led a bloody slave revolution/rebellion in 1831 in Virginia, in which 60 whites were killed. This rebellion led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives, as well as Virginia lawmakers proposing (not succeeding) the abolishment of slavery in the state, and Southerners tightening laws controlling blacks/decreasing their rights (e.g. cannot preach, testify in court, own property, or learn to read). He & his follower attacked 5 plantations, killing the inhabitants. In next attack, many of his band were killed, and Turner himself was later captured and hanged.

Pluralistic SOciety

A society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences. Pluralism and interest-group loyalties enhanced the importance of politics in the US (if America was not a melting pot, then different groups were competing for power, wealth, and status). Some people carried polarization to extremes and tried to suppress everything allegedly un-American. Efforts to enforce homogeneity generally failed, because the country's cultural diversity prevented domination by a single ethnic majority. By 1920, immigrants and their offspring outnumbered the native-born in many cities, and the national economy depended on these new workers and consumers. Migrants and immigrants transferred the US into an urban nation, giving American culture its rich and varied texture, while laying the foundation for the liberalism that characterized American politics in the 20th century.

First Census Taken in 1790, not taking slaves = :

English: 61% Irish: 4% Scotch: 8% Scotch-Irish: 6% German: 9% Dutch: 3% French: 2% Others: 7%

Bootleggers

Bootleggers, with in January 1920 the 18th Amendment banning the manufacture, transportation, importation, and sale of intoxicating liquors, were the people who illegally made, imported, or sold alcohol during this time, easily evading the few patrols that attempted to intercept them in the import of liquor/their making of mine and bathtub gin.They became involved in this business with willing customers, creating a high level of lawlessness while capitalizing on public demand in this corrupt, lawless era or prohibition.

African Americans:

African Americans, who had migrated north to work in railroad yards, packing houses, steel mills, shipyards, and coal mines, experienced great change from war mobilization (1910-1920: Cleveland black population increased 300%, Detroit 600%, Chicago 150%;much of the increase was from 1916 to 1919, with in total half a million migrating). Labor agents helped them find jobs, families pooled savings to send a family member, and some sold their household goods. Wartime Northern jobs provided an escape from low wages, sharecropping, tenancy, crop liens, debt patronage, floods, boll-weevil-stricken cotton crops, lynchings, and political disenfranchisement (lynching statistics exposed a wide gap between a wartime declaration of humanity and America's injustice with race riots, such as in the Red Summer of 1919, in which anti-black white supremacists were angered at the "intruders")

The Tea Act

After 3 years of relatively good relations between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies from 1770 to 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act, which permitted ships of the British East India Company to carry tea directly to the colonies without first stopping in Great Britain to pay the usual heavy taxes. This meant that the British East India Company could now sell tea in the colonies at very low prices, but the colonists resented this action, as this cheap tea cost less than tea sold by colonial merchants who were smuggling it into the colonies, thus threatening their business. In addition, the cheap British tea still included the hated tea tax imposed by the Townshend Acts.

Indian Resistance

After further and further encroachment by Americans expanding westward, Indians began to resist. In the early 1800s, two Shawnee brothers, Prophet (who was expelled to Ohio in the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, and after turning to whiskey tribal medicine was "reborn") and Tecumseh, led a revolt against American Encroachment by fostering a pan-Indian federation stretching from the Old Northwest to the South, with Prophet advocating for Indians returning to the old ways (and old religion), eradicating alcohol, guns, hats, and bred, thus resisting American encroachment, and with both of the brothers inviting Indians to pan-Indian towns in Indiana, thus denying the claims of the Miamis who were guaranteed the land in exchange for huge cessions, while the British further encouraged this defiance, with Tecumseh (who led political, not spiritual visions), in 1810, repudiating land cessions to the US under the Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809), wanting all Indians to claim their right to the land, which cannot be sold. This resistance was thus significant in attempting to unite all Indians into a confederation, ultimately being defeated in November 1811 in the battle of Tippecanoe by Harrison, crushing the dream of Indian unity.

Lucy Stone

After she graduated from Oberlin College in 1847, she began lecturing for the antislavery movement as a paid agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1850 the pioneering Stone convened the first national Women's Rights Convention. Held in Worcester, Massachusetts, the event was hailed as a significant moment for American women, and Stone was a celebrated leader. Her speech at the convention was reprinted in newspapers nationwide. For the next few years, Stone, who was paid well for her speeches, kept up a relentless schedule, traveling throughout North America to lecture about women's rights while continuing to hold her annual convention. In 1868 she co-founded and became president of the State Woman's Suffrage Association of New Jersey, which would later be succeeded by the League of Women Voters of New Jersey in 1920. She also launched a New England chapter of the association and had helped found the American Equal Rights Association the global expansion of women's rights.

Black Thursday

After stock market prices suddenly plunged in the fall of 1929, on October 24's "Black Thursday," stockholders started to panic sell, resulting in prices plummeting even further and, ultimately, after the soon-following "Black Tuesday," in the Great Depression.

Bank of the United States

After the surge of nationalism and even DRs promoting economic growth post-War of 1812, James Madison, in his December 1815 message to Congress, recommended economic development and military expansion, including a national bank (as the charter of the 1st bank expired in 1811) tat was significant in handling the nation's transactions. This Second Bank of the United States was charted by Congress in 1816, mixing public and private ownership (government provided 1/5 of capital and appointed 1/5 of its directors) while assisting the government and issuing currency.

Court packing scheme

After winning the election of 1936, Roosevelt sought to safeguard his progressive agenda, fearing the US Supreme Court (which had ruled unconstitutional the National Industrial Recovery act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act, thereby rejecting the expansion of presidential and federal power such legislation entailed, potentially invalidating most of the Second New Deal legislation, Roosevelt, citing the advanced age and heavy workload of the justices, asked Congress for authority to appoint up to 6 new justices to the Supreme Court (only 3 were consistently sympathetic to New Deal emergency measures), was significant in being Roosevelt's first major congressional defeat, with many fearing politicizing the Court after seeing the rise of Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin, as well as, during this debate over court packing, the ideological center of the Court shifting, with key swing-vote justices on the SUpreme Court beginning to vote in favor of liberal, pro-New Deal rulings (upholding the Wagner Act and the Social Security Act, while a new judicial pension program encouraged older judges to retire, and the president was able to appoint 7 new associate justices, achieving his goal with the only setback of lost political credibility).

Al Capone

Al Capone, a burly tough who seized control of illegal liquor and vice in Chicago, maintaining his grip on both politicians and the vice business through intimidation, bribery, and violence in the "business" of Prohibition, supplying liquor and beer in his criminal mob and thus being significant in furthering the lawlessness of prohibition.

Al Smith

Alfred E. Smith, the Democratic candidate in election of 1928 and an urbane, gregarious politician of immigrant stock with a career embedded in New York City's Tammany Hall political machine (contrasting steeply with Herbert Hoover's background) and a relish for the give-and-take of city streets, was significant in being the first Roman Catholic to run for president on a major party ticket, with his religion enhancing his appeal among urban ethnics but losing him southern and rural votes from intense anti-Catholic sentiments. He compiled a strong record on Progressive reform and civil rights, but his campaign failed to build a coalition of farmers and city dwellers due to his stress to issues unlikely to unite these groups (e.g. prohibition). In addition, he was significant in carrying the nation's twelve largest cities, which formerly had given majorities to Republican candidates, and he lured millions of foreign-stock voters to the polls for the first time, allowing the Democratic Party to later solidify this urban base.

Whig Party

American political party formed in the 1830s by opponents of the Democrats (including remnants of the National Republican Party), resentful of Jackson's domination of Congress and borrowing the nae of the British party that had opposed the tyranny of Hanoverian monarchs in the 18th century. Intense, well-organized, and equal party competition from 1834 through the 1840s. Whigs favored economic expansion through an activist government, supporting corporate charters, a national bank, and paper currency, as well as more humanitarian reforms (abolition of acapital punishment, public schools, prison and asylum reform, and temperance). They were more optimistic and enterprising, and their support for energetic government and humanitarian and moral reform won the favor of evangelical Protestants (especially those involved in religious revivals) (Methodists and Baptists were overwhelmingly Whigs, as were small number of black voters). They alienated other faiths, who thus voted Democratic (and these other faiths wanted to keep religion and politics separate).

Republican Party

Antislavery political party that formed in the 1850's. The founding issues of the Republican Party were "northern voters' wrath," at Douglas's legislature and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, concerned over the violation of the Missouri Compromise and the betrayal of "precious rights," that would make free territory a "dreary region of despotism." It was founded based on the issue of slavery, as a Northern Sectional Party against the Southerner who supported the "cancer" that is slavery, against the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which unjustly put slavery on "the high road to extension and perpetuity." It appealed to thousands of white northerners, encompassing antislavery Whigs and Democrats, Free-soilers, other reformers, and the American Party/Know-Nothings (splitting over the isssue of slavery, with Republican temperance ordinances and laws postponing suffrage for naturalized citizens wooing them in). Republicans thus identified with economic development, as well as being anti-slavery, promising internal improvements, land grants, and higher tariffs, supporting equality, liberty, and opportunity, with free labor/the American Dream. They resented Southern political power, were devoted to unionism, were antislavery based on free-labor arguments, and had moral revulsions to slavery and racism.

Committees of Correspondence

As a response to the Intolerable Acts, with the colonists uniting in defense of their liberties and forming these "Committees of Correspondence," first organized in Boston by Samuel Adams. They then sprung up throughout the Thirteen Colonies, as local groups that directed opposition to Great Britain. They kept in touch by writing letters to each other that told what was happening in their colony and what they thought should be done to guard their rights. At the request of the Committees of Correspondence, delegates from twelve of the colonies met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at what came to be known as the First Continental Congress. The delegates wanted to discuss British-imposed taxes, the Intolerable Acts, and the restoring of colonial rights.

Economic Troubles and Sectional Interests

As a result of the War of 1812, prosperity simulated demand for finished goods, leading to higher demand, production, prices, and thus to optimism/expectations of higher prices, leading to speculation in land. (financial activity that involves the purchase of real estate with the hope that the price will increase). Then, when production surpassed demand, prices and wages fell, with investment money leaving and a "boom and bust" cycle occurring, significant in changing the ecology of the US and furthering technology/industry, fostering both technology/industry for economic growth/creativity and farming for virtuous Republicanism. North = industrial; South = against tariffs

Sectionalism

As a result of westward expansion, a great amount of sectionalism emerged. Southern Democrats favored the Slaveholder Taylor over Cass, New York Democrats formed in support of Van Buren against slavery, with them, the Liberty Party, and Antislavery whigs forming the Free-Soil party, winning 300,000 northern votes for Van Buren. Even religions had South/North sectionalism, with Northern protestants believing God had an appointment with America to destroy the natural sin of slavery, and Southern Protestants believed he intended to help the South defend it as part of his divine order. For instance, this issue of sectionalism arose in California, with it attempting to be admitted as a free state and thus upsetting the 15:15 ratio, causing conflicts with the South asserting its right for another slave state. Likewise, Northern's objected to slavery in the US' capital, while Southerners pushed for the return of fugitive slaves. Southerners believed that only late in the territorial process could settlers (and only them) bar slavery, while Northerners insisted that settlers had self-government, able to outlaw slavery at any time.

social values

As people encountered new influences in their time aay from work and family, altered habits and values were inevitable, with new fabrics and chemical dyes alloing clothes to become a means of self-expression and personal freedom. Women and men wore more casual and gaily colred styles than their parents would have considered, with the line between acceptable and inappropriate behavior blurring as smoking, drinking, searing, and frankness about sex became fashionable (birth-control advocated Margaret Sanger, who a decade earlier had been accused of promoting race suicide, gained a large following in respectable circles, with newspapers, magazines, motion pictures, and popular songs such s Hot Lips making sure that Americans did not suffer from "sex starvation." A typical movie ad promised "brilliant men, beautiful jazz babies, champagne baths, midnight revels, petting parties in the pruple dawn, all ending in one terrific smashing climax that makes you gasp." In addition, othe trends weakened inherited customs, with child-labor laws and compulsory-attendance rules keeping children in school longer than never befre, thus allowng peer groups to play a more infleuntial role in socializing youngsters, separating children from the company and influence of their ethnic adults, while parents tended to rely on expert childcare advice rather than traditional childcare ideas.

"Jalopy"

As the Great Depression took over the country and the market for cheap transportation grew, with some car dealerships selling beat up cars for incredibly cheap, second hand cars were put onto ships and transported to Mexico's port in the state of Veracruz, then transported to the capital of the state, Jalapa, where these cars were repaired and sold into the Mexican market as the poor man's transport, called "Jalopies." Jalopies thus were significant in being the end result of the booming automobile production in the US in the 1920's, as a desperate means for car dealerships to make money during the Great Depression.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Asians encountered discrimination and isolated residential experience, with Chinese immigrants often preferring to live apart for ANglos in the Chinatowns of San Francisco, LA, and NYC, where they created their own business, government, and protective institutions, Anglos made every effort to keep them separated (e.g. in San Francisco, anti-Chinese hostility was fomented by Denis Kearny, and Irish immigrant who blamed Chinese for massive unemployment in CA in the late 1870s, using the slogan "The Chinese must go" to intimidate employers into refusing to hire Chinese, while SF's government prohibited Chinese laundries (csocial centers) from locating in white neighborhoods and banned the wearing of queues (traditional Chinese hair braid). Passed by Congress in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act suspended Chinese immigration and prohibited naturalization of those Chinese already residing in the United States (in 1892, Congress approved the Geary Act, which extended immigration restrictions and required Chinese Americans to carry certificates of residence issued by the Treasury Department; SF org called Chinese Six Companies attempted to fought the law but failed, while Japanese immigrants likewise were prevented from becoming citizens).

The Gospel of Wealth

Asserted by steel baron Andrew Carnegie, "the Gospel of Wealth" asserted that he and other industrialists were guardians of society's wealth and as such had a duty to serve society in humane ways (e.g. Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, schools, peace initiatives, and the arts), with this philanthropy implying a right for benefactors like Rockefeller and Carnegie to define what was good/necessary for society, not translating into paying workers decent wages. Social Darwinists helped justify their arguments with this belief, believing that wealth carried moral responsibilities to provide for those less fortunate or capable.

Latin American Countries Resent American Interference #1

At first the United State and the countries of Latin America were good friends. The Pan American Union was formed to promote friendship, trade, and understanding between the U.S. and the Latin American countries. Several events in the early 1900's led Latin America to distrust the United States: After building a great naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, the U.S. Navy built a second base on the island of Puerto Rico. When Colombia refused to accept an American offer of $10,000,000 for the right to build a canal through Panama, President Theodore Roosevelt sent a fleet of war-ships to help Panama win its independence from Colombia. Panama and the United States then signed an agreement which led to the construction of the Panama Canal.

What role did the USA assume at the end of WWII?

At the end of WWII, the USA assumed the role of "the greatest country in the world." The US, now with the most power, was the only nation that had the capital and economic resources to spur international recovery, and was the only nation that became more prosperous and secure than when the war began, holding a commanding position in the coming struggle to fashion a new world out of the ashes of the old, the Cold War. The USA thus assumed the role of the postwar order.

Bathtub gin

Bathtub gin, any style of homemade spirit made in poor conditions, referring to the poor-quality alcohol being made in the prohibition-era United States, in which many variations of gin were created by mixing cheap grain alcohol with water and flavorings and other agents (e.g. juniper berry juice and glycerin), and, since mixing grain alcohol, water, and flavorings in vessels large enough to supply commercial users had to be small enough for the operation to go undetected by the police, a bathtub would have been ideal (although distilled alcoholic products could not be produced in an open bathtub, as distillation requires closed distillation apparatus and thus cannot be accomplished in an open vessel), was significant in allowing thousands of people to make their own alcohol, while furthering the illegal alcohol trade, thereby furthering the lawlessness caused by prohibition.

Mother Ann Lee

Believed in celibacy (the state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations) and in self-contained communities, thus becoming a founding member of the Shakers (United Society of Believer in Christ's Second Appearing) (with them, for these two reasons, leaving the society of friends/Quakers) having a vision of God, with the Second Coming of Christ occurring soon She established the 1st Shaker church in the late 1770s in NY, establishing Shakerism in the eastern US.

Democratic-Republicans

Blasted Federalists for passing these acts, which took away individual freedoms and rights (not allowing aliens to become citizens as easily and being able to deport any "dangerous" alien, while enemy aliens can be put in detention in times of war) -Lack of freedom, rights, and equality Everyone is an immigrant, and immigration is needed for growth This gives too much power to government and president

John Brown

Born in CT in 1800, raised by religious and antislavery parents. Between 1820 and 1855, he engaged in twenty business ventures, such as farming, failing in all nearly all of them. He, having a distinct vision in abolitionism, relied on an Old Testament conception of justice, an eye for an eye, and had a puritanical obsession with the wickedness of others, and believed that violence in a righteous cause was a holy act. On October 16, 1859, Brown led a small band of whites and black (18 men total) in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, hoping to trigger a slave rebellion. He failed miserably and was captured, executed in December after a trial in November. He became a martyr while also striking fear into the South.

William Jennings Bryan

Bryan, age 36, arrived at the Democratic convention for the presidential election of 1896 as a member of a contested Nebraska delegation (a former congressman whose support for coinage of silver had annoyed President Cleveleand, Bryan found the depressions impact on midwestern farmers distressing; after being seated instead of a gold standard favoring faction, he joined the party's resolutions committee and helped write a platform calling for free coinage of silver, with, when the committee presented the platform to the full convention, Bryan rising to speak on its behealf: "you shall not cruify mankind upon a cross of gold." This magnetic "Boy Orator" proved irresistable, with delegates who backe dBryan having no trouble enlisting support, and with him, accepting the silverite goals of southerners and westerners and repudiating Cleveland's policies in its platform, making the Democratic Party more attractive to discontented farmers (while alienating the minority gold Democrats, who withdrew). His emotional speeches turned agrarian unrest and the issue of free silver into a moral crusade.

Civilian conservation Corps

Cloche hats

Cloche hats, a fitted- bell-shaped hat for women that was popular in the 1920s, was significant in shaping short hairstyles like the Eton crop, and thus in furthering the feminism/social rebellion movement of the 1920s.

Latin American Countries Resent American Interference #2

Colonel William C. Gorgas wiped out yellow fever and other tropical diseases in Panama which years earlier had helped ruin attempts by a French company to build a canal there. American army engineers under Colonel George W. Goethals completed the canal in 1913, and in the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, President Theodore Roosevelt announced that the U.S. could intervene in any Latin American country that was guilty of "wrongdoing" or whose government was weak and ineffective. Roosevelt's policy toward Latin America, popularly known as the "big stick policy," led to military intervention in the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Haiti, Honduras, Cuba, and Mexico. President Woodrow Wilson purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark in order to establish a naval base which would protect the Panama Canal.

Debate and DBQ

Congress of Industrial Organiztions led by John L. Lewis 1938 + merged with AFL in AFL-CIO in 1955. Included all skilled + unskilled workers in single industry, such as all utommobile workers in US. membership 6 million in 1955. Consisted of more than 30 industrial unions, including atomobile, steel, oil-refining, textile, and hipbuilding industries, wanted higher pay and more fringe benefits for woerkers. 1870-1899: Fuel and lighting prices + food prices decreased while cost of living stayed same

Congress Takes Control of Reconstruction pt2

Congress proposed 14th Amendment + said Southern states had to ratify it to be readmitted to the Union (made African Americans citizens, all federal + state laws would apply equally to blacks and whites, and officials who had been part of Confederate gov could not hold high political office again Pres Johnson + Southern supporters opposed Congressional Reconstruction ("unfair to the South") Congress responded by passing Reconstruction Acts: Southern state govs organized under Johnson's Plan done away with, 10 Southern states that had not yet approved 14th Amendment and been readmitted to the Union were divided into five military districts (major general commanded each area, federal troops stationed in each district helped enforce Reconstruction Acts) Reconstruction Acts listed requirements for state's readmission to Union: new state constitution had to be written that gave black men right to vote, all qualified voters (including blacks) would elect governor + state legislature, and state had to ratify 14th Amendment Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Acts, but Congress repassed with 2/3 of Senate + 2/3 of House Congress attempted to remove Johnson from office after violated Tenure of Office Act (president could not dismiss a member of the Cabinet without Senate's approval; Johnson claimed law was unconstitutional + fired Secretary of War + friend of Radical Republicans Edwin M. Stanton; HOR voted 126:47 to impeach, but 35:19 vote fell one short of removal from office in Senate All Confederate states rejoined Union by 1870 15th Amendment approved: illegal to deny men right to vote because of their race

Federalists

Constitution doesn't need Bill of Rights - Protections already in Constitution (separation of powers ensures that not just 1 group can oppress rights) - Have judicial branch to interpret law and make sure rights aren't violated

Constitutional Compromises

Constitutional Compromises, consisting of compromises between Edmund Randolph's Virginia Plan (two house legislature, lower house selected by people selects the upper house, and proportional representation in a strong, central government) and William Paterson's New Jersey Plan (unicameral Congress, equal votes per state, and otherwise the same as the Articles other than increased powers of taxation and trade regulation), compromises between large states (who wanted proportional representation in the upper and lower houses) and small states (who wanted equal representation in the Senate), and compromises between states with many slaves (who wanted African slaves to count towards their representation) and states with few slaves (who wanted only free people counted), were significant in establishing a government the majority could agree on, and in instating many important systems of government, with a separation of powers (president serves 4 years and is the commander of chief, judicial and executive branches can veto laws, states must follow national laws, etc.) and electoral college system (legislatures from each state elect members of the colleges to elect the president), equal representation in Senate (with each of a state's two Senators having individual votes, and appropriation bills originating from the House of Representatives), and 3/5 of slaves being counted in population totals (as they're "less efficient producers of wealth than free people").

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward of 1819, in which the sanctity of contracts was protected against interference by the states, was significant in allowing business to prosper, in giving the federal government more economic control, and, as determined in Charles River Bride v. Warren Bridge (1837), in being interpreted narrowly, not restricting new enterprises by old charters. Woodward wanted to turn Dartmouth college into a public school, not upholding its private contract, resulting in John Marshall ruling in favor of the sanctity of contracts

Social Darwinism

Developd by British philosopher Herbert Spencer and preached in the United States by Yale professor William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinism loosely grafted Charles Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest onto laissez faire, the doctrine that government should not interfere in private economic affairs. Social Darwinists reasoned that, in an uncontrained economy, power and wealth would flow naturally to the most capable people, with acquisition and possession of property thus being sacred and hard-earned rights. Sumner explained that civilization depended on this system, as if we do not like the survival of the fittest, we have the survival of the unfittest, with monopolies thereby representing the natural accumulation of economic power by those best suited for wielding it (bettering society)

Dorothy Dix

Dorothy Dix (the pen name of Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer), was an American journalist and columnist who was the highest paid and most widely read female journalist at the time of her death, giving advice on marriage and joining the campaign for women's suffrage. She is thus significant as she spoke at the 34th annual National American Suffrage Convention, wrote columns that brought attention to women (urging readers to regard domestic work highly, and encouraging women to work outside of the house), and gave rise to the Australian term "Dorothy Dixer" through her practice of framing questions herself to allow her to publish prepared answers.

Jane Addams

Driven to improve as well as manage society, social reformers (mostly young and middle class) embarked on campaigns to identify and solve urban problems (housing reformers pressed local governments for building codes to ensure safety in tenements, educational reformers sought to use public schools as a means of preparing immigrant children for citizenship by teaching them American values, and the settlement house, located in inner-city neighborhoods and run mostly by young, middle-class women who went to live and work among poor people in order to bridge the gulf between social classes, settlements sponsored programs for better education, jobs, and housing). The first American settlement, patterned after London's Toynbee Hall, opened in NYC in 1866, and others quickly appeared in cities across the country. Jane Addams, an early settlement leader and founder of Hull House in Chicago in 1889, was also one of the country's most influential women. Settlement workers undertook activities such as vocational classes, childcare, and ethnic pageants, broadening their scope to fight for school nurses, building and factory safety codes, and public playgrounds.

From Isolationism to World Power #1

During the 1790's, President George Washington warned the American people to remain neutral in wars and disputes between other countries. The policy suggested by President Washington came to be known as "isolationism" because the United States isolated itself (kept itself apart) from foreign countries. Isolationism remained the basis of American foreign policy during most of the 1800's. The United States became much more involved in world affairs as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898, as in the treaty that ended this war, the US acquired Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.

How did economic hard times during the 1930s affect Americans, and what differences were there in the experiences of specific groups and regions

Economic hard times during the 1930s affected Americans in creating "massive unemployment," with workers being laid off and unable to buy anything, in employers being unable to borrow money from banks (which were no longer able to lend money, with everyone withdrawing all of their money) and thus being unable to pay their workers and eventually their business going bankrupt, leaving more workers unemployed and thus furthering the cycle (with these now-unemployed unable to purchase the goods/services that would keep these businesses open), and in thousands of Americans taking to the road in search of work, with thousands standing in breadlines, many of the now-homeless living in Hooverville shantytowns, and many protests taking place, such as the Bonus March on Washington DC by veterans seeking an early payment of a bonus due to them in 1945. The Hawley Smoot tariff then led to Europe increasing its tariffs, thus leading to even less trade and jobs. By 1932, 10 million people were unemployed (20% of the labor force), while many Americans had to search trash cans for food and ask for relief (only for the president to call on private charities through the President's Organization on Unemployment Relief, which was not nearly enough to cover the wages of the massive number of people who were unemployed) and people in big cities and of non-white backgrounds suffered more severely, with African Americans making up 4% of the population in Chicago but making up more than 16% of the unemployed (farmers had already been suffering since the 1920s with inflated prices, and the middle-class was able to make do, unlike labor workers and poor discriminated-against non-white Americans).

What factors spurred economic recovery after 1922?

Economic recovery (from a drop in industrial output and employment as wartime orders dried up, consumer spending dwindled, and demobilized soldiers flooded the workforce) after 1922 was spurred by electrical energy, with factories using electric motors dominating industry and increasing productivity while sending thousands of steam engines to the scrap heap. This electric power then helped manufacturers produce new metal alloys (e.g. aluminum and synthetic materials such as rayon), while most urban households now had electric lighting and could utilize new appliances (e.g. refrigerators). As Americans acquired spending money and leisure times, service industries (e.g. restaurants) boomed, with installment (time-payment plans) driving this new consumerism (80% of 3.5 million aut automobiles sold in 1923 were bought on credit).

Educational Reform

Education reform, in which (in the goal of preparing young people for self-government, free of vice) education practices were changed in the 1780s and 1790s to ensure the survival of the nation, was significant in resulting in northern states using tax money to support public elementary schools (in 1789 Massachusetts became the first to make this required), and in resulting in the improvement of education for girls (as mothers should be educated to instruct their children), such as by Massachusetts opening its elementary schools to girls and boys and by private academies giving well-to-do teenage girls more advanced schooling (not college, but still math, history, rhetoric, geography, and needlework). These revolutionary ideas reflected Judith Sargent Murray's ideas, who stated how women are oppressed/limited, yet intellectually equal to men, and Abigail Adams' beliefs, which used the colonists' words against them, stating how women are not represented and thus cannot be bound by the law (reflecting her belief by giving more equality).

These newcomers from _______ regarded America as a "land of _______"

England, Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavian countries, opportunity

Laurel and Hardy

Englishman Stan Laurel and American Oliver Hardy, well known for their slapstick (exaggerated physical activity/violence) comedy in their Laurel and Hardy comedy duo act during the early Classical Hollywood era (1910-1960), in which Laurel played the childlike friend of the bully Hardy, were significant in influencing countless future performers as the "funniest duo of all time."

New South

Except for some modernized plants, the South, in the late 19th century, lacked technological innovations, such as in the machine-tool industry, that had enabled northern industries to compete with those of other industrializing nations. Nevertheless, southern boosters heralded the emergence of a New South, with Henry Grady (editor of the Atlanta Constitution and a passionate voice of southern progress) proclaiming that "We have sowed towns and cities in the place of theories, and put business in place of politics. We have challenged your spinners in Massachusetts and your iron-makers in Pennsylvania .... We have fallen in love with work." However, his optimism/a New South would not emerge until after WWI. (Idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South)

(T/F) Twice as many people were Irish than Scotch

False

Anti-Trust

Few people supported universal government ownership envisioned by Edward Bellamy (who proposed state - gov owned means of production), several states took steps to prohibit monopolies + regulate business. By 1900 15 states had constitutional provisions outlawing trusts + 27 forbid pools. Most = agricultural states responding to antimonopolistic pressure from farm organizations, but state govs lacked staff/judicial support for effective attack on big business, needing national legislation. Congress = in 1890 passed Sherman Anti-Trust Act (after hesitantly moving toward such legislation); introduced by Senator John Sherman of Ohio, made illegal every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in the trestraint of trade. Those found guilty = fines or jail terms, those wronged = triple damages. Law = watered down when rewritten by pro-business eastern senators + purposely vague (not defining restraint of trade + consigned interpretation of its provisions to the courts, which at time = strong business allies). Judges ethus used vagueness to blur distinctions between reasonable + unreasonable re straints; in 1895 federal gov preosecuted Sugar Trust for owning 98 percent nation's sugar-refining capacity, and 8/9 justices = control of manufacturing != cntrol of trade. Between 1890 and 1900 federal gov prosecuted only 18 cases under Sherman Anti-Trust Act; most successful = railroads directly involved in interstate commerce; courts that did not ocnsider monpolistic production restraint on trade willingly applied antitrust provisions to boycotts encouraged by striking unions).

"Flat tire"

Flat tire was a slang word used in the 1920s referring to a disappointing or dull-witted date.

Fletcher vs. Peck

Fletcher vs. Peck of 1810, in which the Supreme Court voided a Georgia law that violated individuals' rights to make contracts, was significant in allowing business to prosper (giving contract assurances), as well as in giving the federal government more control over the economy and limiting states' control over economic activity.

Florida land boom

Florida's land boom of the 1920s, Florida's first real estate bubble (bursted in 1925), was significant in leaving behind many new cities (Coral Gables, Hialeah, Miami Springs, Opa-locka, Miami Shores, and Hollywood), the remains of failed development projects such as Aladdin City, Fulford-by-the-Sea, Isola di Lolando, Okeelanta, and Palm Beach Ocean, thereby shaping Florida's future in the reshaping of these cities that were once part of the Everglades.

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation. South Carolina seceded from the union on December 20, 1860 due to the failure of Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky's peacemaking efforts in the winter of 1860-1861, using this most extreme proslavery state as an example for others to follow, to also secede. They believed independence to be the only way to preserve white racial security and the slave system against the hostile Republicans. Border states that were technically in the South did not join the Confederacy until after the Civil War began.

American Federation of Labor

Founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers, it was an alliance of national craft unions and pressed for concrete goals: higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain collectively. AFL member unions retained autonomy in their own areas of skills but tried to develop a general policy that would suit all members, requiring constituent unions to hire organizers to expand membership and collecting dues for a fund to aid members on strike (avoided party politics). It included only skilled, male workers belonging to particular crafts, reaching 8 million members of 1955. They favored settling disputes peacefully and aimed to achieve higher pay, shorter hours, better working conditions, end of child labor, and limits on immigration. Typically excluded immigrant and African American workers (other than in coal miners' union and trade such as construction, barbering, and dock work).

Taylorism

Frederick W. Taylor, the foreman and engineer for the Midvale Steel Company in the 1880s, concluded that the best way a ompany could reduce fixed costs and increase profits was to apply scientific studies of how quickly the various kinds of work ought to be done. The ought in his formulation signified producing more for lower cost per unit, usually by eliminating unnecessary workers, and how quickly signified that time and money were equivalent (efficiency = a science). In 1898 Taylor took his stopwatch to the Bethlehem Steel Company to illustrate how his principles of scientific management worked, with his experiments requiring studying workers and devising a series of motions which can be made quickest and bet. Applying this technique to the shoveling of ore, he designed 15 kinds of shovels and prescribed the proper motions for using each one, reducing a crew of 600 men to 140. Soon, other companies, e.g. the Watertown Aresnal, began applying his theories to their production lines. As a result, tmie, as much as quality, became the measure of acceptable work, and science rather than experience determined the ways of doing things. As integral elements of the assembly line, which divided work into specific time-determined tasks, employees like the Watertown molders feared that they were becoming another kind of interchangeable part.

Rise of Railroads- Why

From 1865-1890 railroad construction boomed, as the total track in the U.S. expanded from 35,000 to 200,000 miles from construction mostly west of the Mississippi River. Railroad expansion spawned related industries like coal production, passenger/freight car manufacturing, and depot construction (it also helped bolster the steel industry as steel tracks were used after 1880). Railroads accomplished these feats with some of the largest government subsidies in U.S. history where executives argued that the railroads were a public benefit, (and that the government should give them land to so they could sell it to help pay for the railroads). Millions of acres were granted to railroad companies over, 180 million. Central Pacific mostly Chinese workers who worked east from San Francisco Union Pacific went westward using Irish immigrant workers Promoted economic expansion/The main method of transportation that allowed access to distant markets. nation's largest business/everything is easier to move/Men who invest in them become very rich like Cornelius Vanderbilt (died 1877) Railroads would repeatedly give better rates/deals to big businesses/large corporations

Raccoon coat

Full-length fur coats made of raccoon hide that were a fad in the US during the 1920s, popular among male male college students in the middle/later years of the decade. WIth its popularity emerging due to stories of Davy Crockett and popular artist James Van Der Zee, with George Olsen and His Music releasing a record highlighting the fad in 1928, it is significant as a symbol of the Jazz Age and of college enthusiasm, as well as of the fads of the 1920s. Its flamboyance fit perfectly with the Roaring Twenties and its flashiness/extravagance, while it as also a symbol of wealth as warm clothing that those who could afford cars wore (although almost everyone wore them, including African Americans and women, enjoying new fashion freedom).

How did Germany begin WWII

Germany began WWII through Hitler's process of increasing its power, annexing Austria in 1937 and manipulating Great Britain and France into allowing him to take over an area of Czechoslovakia where he claimed Germans were being mistreated. After in 1938 Hitler claimed Germans were being persecuted in Poland, he began World War II on September 1, 1939, when Germany attacked Poland in a "blitzkrieg" attack of tanks and planes that overran Poland. Great Britain and France declared war, and Stalin seized Finland while Germany took Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, in this global, "world," war.

Gertrude Stein

Gertrude Stein, an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector who moved to Paris in 1903, was significant in hosting a Paris salon where the leading figures of modernism in literature and art (e.g. Ezra Pound and Ernest Hemingway) would meet, as well as, through various novels, her furthering the lesbian, feminist, pro-immigration, and democratic politics (although her statements on immigration woud now be considered racist).

Compromises

Great Compromise: Virginia vs New Jersey Plan, resulting in a Bicameral legislature in which two members of the Senate come from each state and the amount of members in the House of Representatives is based on population Three-Fifth Compromise: (Mainly Southern vs Northern, in which Southern states wanted slaves to count towards representative count and Northern States didn't) each slave counts as 3/5 of a person/every 5 slaves = 3 people Slave Trade Compromise: Slave States didn't want Congress to stop them from importing slaves, while Free States wanted limits of the number of slaves brought in, resulting in the slave trade stopping 20 years in later, in 1808 (the invention of the Cotton gin prevented slavery from dying out) Commerce Compromise: Agricultural States didn't want Congress to tax exports or imports, while Manufacturing states did (as they wanted foreign goods to not be cheaper than their manufactured products), resulting in imports, not exports being taxed (called tariffs) Election Compromise: Aristocrats didn't trust the common man to choose capable leaders, while Democrats don't want a rich man's government, so it resulted in: 1. Electoral college system (legislaturers vote for elite who then select president) 2. States vote for Senate 3. People of the States choose their representatives President selects judge and Congress approves/disapproves Congress passes law, president vetoes, congress, with majority, overturns, then goes to Supreme Court (constitutional or not)

Harry Houdini

Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz), a Hungarian-born American illusionist and stunt performer noted for his escape acts, was significant in his incredible escape acts, immense fame, and ultimately, his massive influence on illusionists and stunt acts.

H(elen) H(unt) Jackson

Helen Hunt Jackson was an American poet and writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the United States government. She described the adverse effects of government actions in her history A Century of Dishonor. With, in the 1870s and 80's officials and reformers seeking more peaceful means of dealing with western natives (rather than battling them, trying to "civilize" them through landholding and education, changing their identities and outlawing customs deemed "savage," while trying to encourage traditional American work ethic values of ambition, thrift, and materialism), other forces argued for sympathetic (and sometimes patronizing) treatment. Reform treatises, such as George Manypenny's Our Indian Wards (1880) and Helen Hunt Jackson's A Century of Dishonor (1881), and unfavorable comparison with Canada's management of Indian affairs aroused the American conscience (Canada had granted native peoples the rights of British subjects and proceeded more slowly than the US in efforts to accultural Indians, while a high rate of intermarriage promoted smoother relations).

H. George, E. Bellamy, L. Ward

Henry George (September 2, 1839 - October 29, 1897) was an American political economist and journalist. He promoted the "single tax" on land, though he avoided that term. His writing was immensely popular in 19th century America and sparked several reform movements of the Progressive Era. He inspired the economic philosophy known as Georgism, based on the belief that people should own the value they produce themselves, but that the economic value derived from land (including natural resources) should belong equally to all members of society. He argued that a single tax on land would itself reform society and economy". E. Bellamy: Wrote Looking Backward; said that capitalism supported the few and exploited the many. The character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end. Was an American author, journalist, and political activist most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward. Bellamy's vision of a harmonious future world inspired the formation of numerous "Nationalist Clubs" dedicated to the propagation of Bellamy's political ideas (Wikipedia). After working as a journalist and writing several unremarkable novels, Bellamy published Looking Backward in 1888. Looking Backward was one of the most commercially successful books published in the United States in the 19th century, and it especially appealed to a generation of intellectuals alienated from the dark side of the Gilded Age. In the early 1890s, Bellamy established a newspaper known as The New Nation and began to promote united action between the various Nationalist Clubs and the emerging Populist Party. He published Equality, a sequel to Looking Backward, in 1897, and died the following year L. Ward: "Ward promoted the introduction of sociology courses into American higher education. His belief that society could be scientifically controlled was especially attractive to intellectuals during the Progressive Era. His influence in certain circles (see: the Social Gospel) was affected by his opinions regarding organized priesthoods, which he believed had been responsible for more evil than good throughout human history. Ward emphasized the importance of social forces which could be guided at a macro level by the use of intelligence to achieve conscious progress, rather than allowing evolution to take its own erratic course as proposed by William Graham Sumner and Herbert Spencer. Ward emphasized universal and comprehensive public schooling to provide the public with the knowledge a democracy needs to successfully govern itself."

Herbert Hoover's basic economic policies

Herbert Hoover's basic economic policies consisted of looking to private enterprise while extending the federal government's role in managing an economic crisis further than any of his predecessors. These policies were significant in showing that he had no idea what to do, with experts and leaders disagreeing about the causes of the depression and Hoover believing that these crises are not inevitable, thus turning to "associationalism" (business organizations and professional groups, coordinated by the federal government, working together to solve the nation's problems, wherein the federal government gathered information and served as a clearinghouse for ideas and plans, and state/local governments and private industry could then choose, voluntarily, to implement these plans) and encouraging voluntary responses to mounting need (creating the President's Organization on Unemployment Relief to generate private contributions for relief of the destitute). However, the amount of charitable contributions were nowhere near adequate, with many private charities closing their doors and state/city officials finding their treasuries drying up, and, since Hoover feared that government relief would destroy the spirit of self-reliance among the poor, authorizing the use of federal funds to feed the drought-stricken livestock of Arkansas farmers but rejecting a smaller grant to provide food for the impoverished farm families, many Americans became furious at what seemed like his insensitivity, becoming the most hated man in the nation (he eventually endorsed limited and ultimately ineffective federal action, such as the Grand Coulee Dam that created jobs, the Federal Farm Board supporting crop prices by lending money to cooperatives to buy crops and keep them off the market, and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff (raised import duties on foreign goods to 40%, attempted to support farmers but this simply hampered international trade as other nations created their own protective tariffs, resulting on foreign nations having less money to repay their debt to the US, and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation providing federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, thus abandoning his idea of "voluntarism").

Horizontal/Vertical Integration

Horizontal Integration: Rockefeller's lawyer, Samuel Dodd = devised old devices called trusts (state laws = corp can't hold stock in another), legal arrangements wherein a responsible individual would manage the financial affairs of a person unwilling/unable to handle them alone, reasoning that one company could control an industry by luring or forcing stockholders of smaller companies in that industry to yield control of their stock in trust to the larger company's board of trustees (allowed Rockefeller's horizontal integration (acquiring several similar companies; Standard Oil Company w/ other refineries; when in 8188 NJ adopted new laws allowing corps chartered there to own property in other states and to own stock in other corps, the holding company was created, allowing Rockefeller's holding company, Standard Oil, to merge 40 refining companies (ownership of almost all oil production) Vertical Integration: Many holding companies sought control over all aspects of their operations to dominate their markets, incldding raw-materials extraction, product manufacture, and distribution (fused related business under unified management, with Gustavus Swift's meat-processing operation; he, in 1880s, invested in livestock, slaughterhouses, refrigerator cars, and marketing to ensure profits from the sale of his beef at prices he could control, allowing him to extend the economic tentacles of a single company that connected West to East, North to South) (cutting out middleman, like Carnegie Steel, which came to control not only steel mills but mines, railroads, and other enterprises. Between the late 1880s and early 1900s, an epidemic of busines consolidation swept the company, resulting in massive conglomerates. These alliances, at first tentative and informal, consisting mainly of cooperative agreements among firms thatmanufactured the same product of offered the same service (these arangements = pools), consisted of competing companies trying to vcontrol the market by agreeing how much each should produce and sharing profits (railroads, steel producers, and whiskey distillers; but depended on member's honesty; pools = outlawed among railroads in Interstate Commerce Act of 1887).

The ___________, __________, and ________ continued the quota system, but placed no limits on immigration from _________

Immigration Quota Act of 1924, National Origins Act of 1929, McCarran-Walter Act of 1952, Canada

Rudy Vallee

Hubert Prior "Rudy" Vallée, an American singer, actor, and radio host, was significant in being one of the first modern pop stars that became a teen idol, as one of the first radio crooners who set the mold for younger singers and one of the first modern pop stars, attracting college students and flappers.

Impressment

Impressment of American sailors involved, after the renewal of Napoleonic wars between France and Great Britain in May 1803 (2 weeks after the Louisiana Purchase), after the Royal Navy tightened its control of the oceans (after defeating French and Spanish in the Battle of Trafalgar, October 1805), and after France and Britain blockaded each other's trade, the Royal Navy stopping Americans and impressing (forcibly detaining) British deserters (British-born naturalized American seamen and sailors suspected of being British faced British courts-martial, due to Britain's shortage of soldiers (deserters due to harsh treatment and few enlistees)). It was significant in mocking American citizenship and in violating US citizenship and sovereignty ("once a British subject, always a British subject"). This, as well as Britain interfering with U.S. trade with the West Indies (and seizing US vessels, violating neutral rights) resulted in Congress passing the Non-Importation Act in 1806, barring British manufactured goods (other than needed cloth/metal articles) from entering American ports.

What ideas are reflected in "Wilsonianism"? In what ways do these attitudes reflect traditional American beliefs?

In "Wilsonianism," the ideas of traditional American principles (e.g. democracy and the Open Door) and of the US being a beacon of freedom to the world are reflected. This idea, that only the US could lead the world into a peaceful era of free commerce, capitalism, democratic politics, and open diplomacy, thus reflected traditional American beliefs through self-interest, neutrality, idealism, and ultaimately, the belief in the superiority of a Democratic Republic (as well as Anglo-Saxon moral superiority).

Eli Whitney/Interchangeable Parts

In 1793, Eli Whitney developed a system of interchangeable parts which greatly accelerated the process of assembly. He first promoted this idea in 1798 when he contracted with the federal government to make 10,000 rifles in 28 months, resulting in the United States Ordnance Department contracting with private firms to introduce machine-made interchangeable parts for firearms by the 1820s, as well as resulting in the production of the machine-tool industry, manufacturing machines for the purpose of mass production, exploding consumer goods (mass production, low cost; e.g. waltham watches, yale locks, and other goods). He also developed the cotton gin in 1793. This cotton gin separated the cotton from the seeds fifty times faster than by hand, making the expansion of cotton production possible while new textile mills in England and New England increased demand for cotton cloth, resulting in a revision and expanse of slavery (having a bigger use for it, as well as being able to keep them alive longer), while also transforming southern agriculture and boosting export of cotton and cloth.

Clay's American System

In 1824, the influential House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky was eliminated from the election of 1824 and then threw his support behind Adams, who became the president and appointed Clay as secretary of state. Adams used Henry Clay's "American System" as a strong nationalist policy, a program of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements,. It supported the federal government taking an active role in the economy, education, science and the arts. Its protection of manufacturers by imposing import duties on manufactured cloth and iron in 1824 and 1828 were disliked by Southerners, labeling this tariff the Tariff of Abominations in 1828.

W.E.B. DuBois

In 1905, a group of "anti-Bookerites" convening near Niagara Falls and pledging militant pursuit of such rights as unrestricted voting, economic opportunity, integration, and equality before the law. This Niagara movement was represented by DuBois, an outspoken critic of the Atlanta Compromise. A New Englander and first black to receive a PhD from Harvard, DuBois was both a progressive and member of the black elite, holdig an undergraduate degree from all-black Fisk University and studying in Germany (where he learned about scientific investigation). While a faculty member at Atlanta University, he compiled fact-filled sociological studies of black urban life and wrote poetically in support of civil rights, treating Washington politely but refusing to accept white domination (wanting blacks to agitate for what was rightfully theirs rather than voluntarily throwing their rights away). He believed that an intellectual vanguard of cultured, highly trained blacks the "Talented Tenth," could advance the race by using their skill to pursue racial equality. In 1909, he joined with white liberals who were also discontented with Washington's accommodations to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (in 1910), aiming to use the organization to end racial discrimination and obtain voting rights through legal redress in the courts (had 50 branch offices + 6,000 members by 1914).

Relations Improve Between the U.S. and Latin America

In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the Good Neighbor Policy which improved relations with Latin America by ending U.S. military intervention, promoting trade, and sending experts and economic aid to the region. In 1948 21 countries joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in order to provde for the defense of member nations, cooperate to solve problems between members, and work to achieve conomic, social, and cultural progress.

World War II General Information

In 1939 World War II began when Hitler invaded Poland. It would be two years before the USA entered WWII. However, war production for the Allies and the enactment of the Selective Service Act (draft) started to pull America out of the Great Depression that the New Deal and FDR had so desperately tried to solve with its programs of relief, recovery, and reform.

World War II general information

McCulloch vs. Maryland

In McCulloch v. Maryland (with Marshall as Chief justice), the Court struck down a Maryland law taxing banks within the state that were not chartered by the Maryland legislature (law intended to hinder Baltimore branch of federally chartered Second Bank of the United States). The Bank of the US refused to pay the tax and sued, significant in causing an issue of state vs federal jurisdiction that resulted in Marshall asserting the supremacy of the federal government, controlling the states with the constitution. In addition, it resulted in Marshall allowing Congress to issue a bank charter, as Congress can pass all laws necessary/proper "for carrying into execution," ruling that Congress can exercise "those great powers" on which the nation's welfare depends, ruling that if ends are legitimate and means are not prohibited, a law is constitutional, declaring the bank charter as legal and thus joining nationalism and economics, protecting the commercial and industrial interests that favored a national bank.

Plessy V. Ferguson

In a series of cases during the 1870s, the Supreme Court opened the door to discrimination by ruling that the 14th Amendment protected citizens' rights only against infringement by state governments. The federal government, according to the Court, lacked authority over what individuals or organizations might do. If blacks wanted legal protection from individual prejudice, the Court said, they must seek it from state laws because under the 10th Amendment states retained all powers not specifically assigned to Congress (these rulings climaxed in 1883 when in the Civil Rights cases the Court struck down the 1875 Civil Rights Act, which prohibited segregation in public facilities). The Court declared that the federal government could not regulate behavior of private individuals in matters of race relations; states, however, could still segregate on a "separate but equal" basis, upheld by the Supreme Court in the famous case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). This case began in 1892 when the Citizens Committee, a New Orleans organization of prominent African Americans, chose Homer Plessy, a dark-skinned Creole who was only one-eight black (but still considered black by Louisiana law), as a volunteer to violate a state law by sitting in a separate whites-only railroad car. The Citizens Committee hoped to challenge the law through Plessy's arrest, but the Court upheld Plessy's conviction, thereby stating that a state law providing for separate facilities for the two races was not unconstitutional because a "a distinction which is founded in the color of the two races, and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color - has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races."

What arguments were offered by Wilson in support of the League of Nations? Wht were the arguments in opposition to the League?

In support of the League of Nations, Wilson offered the arguments of international abolishment of child labor, the arbitration of disputes, it having a transformative effect on international relations, and it orpreserving against external aggression while maintaining existing politicla intelligence and territorial integrity. Arguments opposed to the League feared that the US, under Article 10, would be Obligated to use armed force to ensure collective security, that the League would feel compelled to crush colonial rebellions, and that it would undermine the US' independence/neutrality (collective security vs frail alliances/instability)

Women's Suffrage Failure

In the North, white women contended head-on with male power structures, aiming to achieve the vote (although their successes were limited). Prior to 1869, each state determined who was qualified to vote (the Fifteenth Amendment, adopted that year, forbade states to deny the vote on account of race, color, or previous condition, but omitted sex). For the next 20 years, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association crusaded for female suffrage; the NWSA (led by militants Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony) advocated women's rights in courts and workplaces in addition to the ballot box, while the AWSA (led by former abolitionists Lucy Stone and Thomas Wentworth Higginson) focused narrowly on suffrage. In 1878 Anthony (who had lost in courts when tried to vote in 1872) convinced Senator A. A. Sargent of CA to introduce an amendment stating that that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of sex; the Senate committee killed the bill, but the NWSA repeatedly reintroduced it over 18 years (Senators claimed that suffrage would interfere with women's family obligations). The AWSA worked to amend state constitutions (AWSA + NWSA = National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890), but only succeeded slightly, training female leaders while winning partial victories mostly in the west (on 19 states = vote on school issues, 3 on tax and bond issues).

The United States Becomes Involved in Other Parts of Latin America #1

In the late 1800's and early 1900's, many Americans believed that the US should not get involved in world affairs, that it should continue to follow a policy of isolationism. But several presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, favored an active role in the affairs of Latin America, the Far East, and other areas in order to protect U.S. interests. The U.S. Navy wanted bases in the Caribbean Sea, and Latin American nations sent sugar, bananas, coffee, and other products to the United States, while also providing American industries with war materials. American businessmen sold manufactured goods to the people of Latin America.

Irish immigration

In the mid 19th century, over 1.3 million Irish immigrated to the US, triggered initially due to various European reasons (Napoleonic wars, religious freedom, and the market economy's offering of jobs, convincing them to come to America to "work and prosper"), but once the potato famine of the late 1840s hit, 2/3 of the 1.5 Irish emigrants came to to the US, resulting in more Irish Americans than Irish by the end of the century. They blamed British misrule for the famine and thus were politically active, with men working in transportation/construction and women in textile mills/households, and having enclaves and organizations. However, these Irish immigrants were descended from the Celts (not Protestant Scots-Irish who were considered British), treated with racism as a non-British, non-Protestant people who are effectively nonwhite, with nativists holding Anti-Catholic riots. Many native-born considered Irish to be animals, as lesser/inferior.

Andrew Johnson's (new president) Plan for Reconstruction

Initially proposed to carry out Lincoln's ideas, and by 1865 fall, new state govs had been organized throughout the South Congress proposed 13th Amendment and went into effect after approval by 2/3 of Senate, 2/3 of HOR, and 3/4 of the state legislatures (abolition of slavery in all parts of country) Congress organized Freedmen's Bureau, which helped blacks find jobs, protected rights, and established hospitals + schools for them throughout South Southern whites tried to limit freedoms of ex-slaves, with newly formed white-controlled state governments in South passing "Black Codes" (e.g. required blacks to sign contracts forcing them to work at a job for a full year, allowing white employers to whip black workers, limited freedom of speech + travel, denied right to vote, allowed states to put unemployed blacks in jail, and prevented blacks from testifying against whites in court; used these codes to try and keep blacks in same position as slaves In first two years after war, whites murdered 5,000 blacks Southern whites founded the Ku Klux Klan, which attempted to maintain white supremacy in South by using threats violence to prevent blacks from voting, angry at seeing former selves in positions of power while they themselves were forbidden to hold public office Slaves were either frightened away from the polls by the klansmen's ghostly white robes, midnight rides by torchlight, and symbolic burning crosses, and those ho refused to be intimidated were tarred and feathered, beaten or lynched, or burned out of their homes

Jacksonian Democracy

Initially, with Henry Clay convincing the House of Representatives to back Adams (due to a tie, although Andrew Jackson led in popular and electoral, simply not having the majority), the Democratic party was formed, sabotaging Adams' administration. In this democratic party, the people's will was emphasized, fighting for the common man and seeking to restore republican virtues, declaring sovereignty to reside with the people. Jackson had a "kitchen cabinet" of unofficial advisors/friends, rejected state sovereignty (refusing to let South Carolina reject the Tariff of Abominations of 1828), and, although not nullifying this tariff, proposed to reduce the tariff over 9 years. He vetoed the rechartering of the Second Bank (due to his worry about its owners simply looking for profit) and supported the Deposit Act of 1836 (1 bank in ech state/territory). These democrats were committed to an agrarian society, against the central government (as an enemy of individual liberty) while fearing the concentration of economic and political power. They sought to restore the independence of the individual by ending federal support of banks/corporations and by restricting the use of paper currency, while also opposing reform (such as education reform, believing that public schools interfered with parent responsibility and replaced church schools; while also having no sympathy for Native Americans, instigating the Trail of Tears). Sought to restore republican virtues such as prudence and economy.

Eugune Debs

Inspired by Karl Marx, the German philosopher/father of communism who wrote that industrial capitalism generates profits by paying workers less than the value of their labor and that mechanization and mass production alienate workers from their labor, contending that capitalists and laborers engage in an inescapable conflict over how much workers will benefit from their efforts, necessitating the abolishment of the return on capital (profits), which would allow labor to receive its true value (possible only if workers owned the means of production), Eugune V. Debs was the American Railway Union's intense and animated president. He converted to this idea of socialism while serving a 6 month prison term for defying an injuction against the Pullman strike of 1894, and then became the leading spokesman for American socialism, combining Marxism with Jeffersonian and Populist antimonopolism, captivating audiences with passionate eloquence and attacks on the free-enterprise system (this idea of socialism promised independence, abundance, and end to class conflict and crude materialism).

International economic troubles

International economic conditions contributed to the depression in Americans loaning billions of dollars to European nations during the First World ar, with, by the late 1920s, American uninvestors keeping their money at home, investing instead in the more lucrative US stock market. Europeans, unable to borrow more funds, and unable to sell goos in the American market because of high tariffs, began to buy less from the US, while the Allied nations depended on German war reparations to pay their own war debts to the US, and the German government depended on American bank loans to pay war reparation to the Allies, so when the crash choked off Amercan loans, the Germans could not pay reparations debts to the Allies, and in turn the Allies were unable to pay war debts to the US, grounding the world economy toa halt.

Izzy and Moe

Isidor "Izzy" Einstein and Moe W. Smith, United States federal police officers and agents of the U.S. Prohibition Unit, were significant in achieving the most arrests and convictions during the first years (1920-1925) of the prohibition era, gaining national recognition for successfully exploding illegal speakeasies and for using disguises in their work, making 4,932 arrests and confiscating 5 million bottles of illegal liquor (in 1925 they were laid off in a reorganization of the bureau of enforcement, with reports suggesting that they had attracted more publicity than wanted by the new political appointee heading the bureau, even though the press and public loved the two; they then became insurance salesmen).

James Madison

James Madison, a Princeton graduate and Virginian Committee of Safety member, was the author of the constitution and, to the convention, through his friend Thomas Jefferson in Paris, brought over 200 books on history and government and analyzed their accounts on past republics and confederacies, detailing his findings in "Vices of the Political System of the United States" and listing the government's flaws, such as states encroaching on the federal authority and a lack of unity in matters where "common interest requires it." He declared that the government needs to be neutral between different interests/factions, yet also be controlled to the extent that it only pursues interests beneficial to the whole society, asserting the need for a large, diverse government. "Father of the Constitution" and kept detailed notes of the meetings, suggesting many of the ideas that led to the formation of a strong central government.

Evaluate the success of Jefferson's neutrality efforts

Jefferson's neutrality efforts absolutely failed, with his economic pressure failing to protect American ships and sailors, and the US failing to influence British policy due to the conflict being part of the ongoing wars between Britain and its continental allies, and France, exhausting all of his efforts to alter British policy and thus being significant in leading to war, with fear for the survival of American independence making the US drift towards war. Since his peaceful neutrality effort, the Embargo Act, did not harm the British/French (causing a depression in New England), with Britain refusing to not impress, interfere with neutral trading, revoke alliances with Western Indians, and reopen the seas to American shipping (in the spring of 1812 they would, but this was right as Congress declared war), and France seizing American ships and violating the US' neutrality, and resulted in the necessity of the War of 1812, his neutrality efforts failed.

Jefferson and Louisiana Purchase:

Jefferson, who wanted to expand westward beyond Louisiana, sent James Monroe to France once he learned it, under Napoleon, had acquired Louisiana, in the goal of purchasing the Mississippi valley and New Orleans. Once he arrived, he discovered that, after losing Haiti, France was willing to sell 827,000 sq. miles for $15 million, with Monroe, and Robert Livingston (in France, Monroe joined him) signing this treaty and, even though it increased debt and was potentially unconstitutional, it was significant in doubling the size of the US, expanding the nation. (Jefferson used federalist reasoning of Hamilton: not explicitly forbidden).

John Marshall: Creating a Federal Judiciary

John Marshall, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court most notable for starting the practice of Constitutional interpretation, was the Chief Justice under whom the Judiciary remained the last stronghold of Federalist power, with the Senate finding impeachment to require criminal, not political grounds (unable to impeach Justice Samuel Chase, who supported the Sedition Act). He, a distant cousin of Jefferson and part of his intellectual entourage, was viewed as a traitor once becoming a Federalist in the 1790s, as well as being both a simple, republican man and and an aristocrat, kept the Supreme Court Federalist even once the Democratic-Republicans achieved a majority, significant in protecting the interests of commerce and capital, and in making the court an equal branch, unifying the justices to issue joint majority opinions rather than individual judgements, writing 24/26 of the decisions from 1801 through 1805, such as by increasing the court's power in the Marbury v. Madison Case.

Judicial Review

Judicial Review, a theory fashioned by Marshall that gives the Supreme Court the power to determine the constitutionality of presidential and legislative acts, declaring that any act found contrary to the Constitution would be null and void, was significant in detailing the function of the Supreme Court, to say what the law is and determine if it is contradictory to the Constitution, giving the judiciary independence, power, and likewise making the Constitution "power."

KDKA

KDKA, an American radio station, was significant in being the first commercial radio station in America, making the nation's first commercial broadcast on November 2, 1920 (election day), allowing people to hear the results of the Harding-Cox presidential election.

Langston Hughes

Langston Hughes, a black American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri, was significant as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance, furthering the celebration of black life and culture as well as detailing the realities of black life in America, drawing the attention of whites to black culture.

Lucrieta Mott

Leading female abolitionist striving for women's rights. In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls convention, where 300 women and men met and adopted a "Declaration of Sentiments" that urged laws to ensure the equal rights of women, including the right to vote. As an ardent abolitionist, she helped found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. She also co-wrote the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 for the first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, which ignited the fight for women's suffrage.

Horace Mann

Leading supporter of public education Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; Went to Prussia and pushed for educational reform based on their system

Why was literature labeled, "The literature of alienation"?

Literature was labeled, "The literature of alienation" because of how intellectuals were able to point out the era's hypocrisy (e.g. the push for prohibition yet the strong desire to drink) as well as because of serious writers and artists feeling at odds with society, bitingly/bitterly rejecting materialism and conformity and thus being isolated. Writers of this Lost Generation, such as Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, and T.S. Eliot, thus abandoned the US for Europe, while others (e.g. William Faulkner and Sinclair Lewis) remained in America but (like the expatriates) expressed disillusionment with the materialism that they witnessed, with authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Eugene O'Neill exposing and deriding Americans' preoccupation with memory, while Edith Wharton explored the clash of old and new moralities, Ellen Glasgow expressed her lament for the trend toward impersonality, and Hemingway interwove anti-war sentiment with critiques of the emptiness in modern relationships, with literature thus expressing feelings of isolation and alienation, both through the authors and their works.

Rise of skyscrapers

Made possible by the development of mass iron and steel production. Dangerous to work on as there was minimal protective gear. Elisha Otis introduced elevators to reach the top of buildings. (steel-frame construction, which supports a building with a metal skeleton rather than with masonry walls, made skyscrapers possible, with electric elevators and steam-heating systems servicing these buildings (Andrew Carnegie's steel furnaces (inspired by those in Sheffield) = ready in August 1875 + allows first mass production of steel in Pittsburgh)

Period of Reconstruction had both positive and negative effects on South

Major achievements realized: seceded states restored + rebuilding of the South was begun; public school systems established; and 14th + 15th Amendments (while violated often by Southern whites) became basis of civil rights movement (1950s: helped blacks in struggle for equality) Failed to solve problems of the blacks and the South as a whole: Majority of former slaves could not afford own land, continued to work for cotton planters South = slow to expand economy + long remained poorest section of country Whites held political power and blacks eventually lost all of the rights they had gained under the Republicans: blacks prevented from voting because they could not pay "poll taxes," or because of "grandfather clauses" (which said that people whose ancestors could not vote on January 1, 1867, could not vote either; no blacks had been able to vote on that day) Jim Crow Laws = passed and kept the races apart/segregated in housing, transportation facilities, public accommodations, and schools Since Reconstruction had been carried out by the Republican Party, white Southerners overwhelmingly voted for Democratic candidates, thus creating the "Solid South"

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny, the belief that American expansion westward and southward was inevitable, just, and divinely ordained (needed to promote liberty), was first labeled in 1845 by John L. Sullivan, who promoted this idea of expansionism. This idea resulted in both democrats, wanting agriculture, and Whigs, pursuing commercial opportunities, calling for expansion and extending patriotism, while also spreading the US' racism. It created the Oregon Trail while also sewing conflicts with foreign countries, intruding on Mexican and British land. It even resulted in Polk, who supported expansionism, becoming president, while also sewing further conflicts between Northern abolitionists and Southern slaveholders, with the now-constant question of slavery.

Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican immigrant who believed blacks should separate from corrupt white society, was significant in heading the Universal Negro Improvement Association, the most influential mvement that glorified racial independence in his proclamation that he is "the equal of any white man," cultivating racial pride with mass meetings and parades while promoting black-owned businesses and his newspaper, Negro World refusing to publish ads for products foreign to black culture (e.g. hair striaghteing and skin-lightening cosmetics), as well as in founding the Black Star shipping line to help blacks emigrate to Africa (wwhile he was later deported for mail fraud involving the bankrup Black Star line, with unscrupulous dealers selling it dilapidated ships, his speeches still instilled many African Americans with a heightened sense of racial pride).

Urbanization/Industrialization Relationship

Mass transit launched urban dwellers into remote neighborhoods + created commuting public (for middle-class); thousands of small investors bought land in anticipation of settlement + businesses followed consumers westward, sprouting at trolley-line intersections + near elevated-railway stations; department stores + banks joined groceries, theaters, taverns, and shops to create neighborhood shopping centers; urban core = work zone; between 1870 and 1920, Americans in cities 10 million to 54 million. Urban- A population shift from rural to urban areas resulted in more densely populated areas with more people requiring jobs and products. Industrial- When more people are living in an area and need more products and jobs areas to become industrialized to meet these demands resulting in the development of factories that employ people to make products that are needed by the urban populations.

How and why did materialism spread during the 1920's?

Materialism spread during the 1920s due to people gaining purchasing power through the stable cost of iving while their wages and salaries grew, coupled with technology reaching more Americans than ever before, with vacuum cleaners, toasters, radios, ashing machines, and movie tickets, loving these items so much that sometimes second jobs would be taken just for this materialism. The vanguard of this was the automobile, with automobile registrations soaring from 8 to 23 million, with 1/5 Americans oning a car by 1929 due to the mass production and competition, with a Ford Model T costing less than $400, with city streets becoming cleaner and women achieving independence through their ability to drive. In addition, goods, services, and automobile advertising as created,, furthering this materialism in its promotion of cosmetics such as Max Factor, while radio simultaneously offered entertainment, with the private enterprise offering public spectacle and entertanment, convincing many to buy one (over 10 million by 1929).

Immigration increased from 857,000 in 1940-1949 to 2,499,000 in 1950-1959 due to

McCarran-Walter Act

These two political parties had joined forces in an attempt to defeat ____

McKinley

What literary and musical contributions were part of the Harlem Renaissance?

Middle-class, educated, and proud of their African heritage, black writers rejected white culture and exalted the militantly assertie New Negro in this Renaissance, in which many gifted writers (such as Langston Hughes) and singers (such as Florence Mills), as well as visual artists (e.g. Aaron Douglas) grappled with notions of identity, cherihing their African heritage and realizing that blacks had to come to terms with themselves as Americans. Jazz, evolving from African and black American folk music, communicated exubereance, humor, and authoirty that African Americans seldom experienced in their public and political lives, with emotional rythms and emphasis of improvisation thereby blurrng the distinction between composer and performer and creating intimacy between performer and audience, with trumpeter Louis Armstrong, as well as many others, enjoying widespread fame while spreaing African American culture, gaining a place in consumer culture, as well as gaining a popular art form. Painters such as Aaron Douglas forged a new style of painting, composers such as Henry cowell pioneered electronic music, and Aaron Copland built orchestral works around native folk motifs.

Reconstruction Governments were opposed by Southern whites pt2

Most Southern whites = refused to support Reconstruction governments (complained 14th Amendment kept many Southern leaders from holding political office, many had land + property taken since could not pay taxes, many carpetbaggers + scalawags in Reconstruction govs accepted money in exchange for political favors, couldn't accept idea of ex-slaves voting + holding office, and thus many whites attacked blacks and their white supporters) Reconstruction came to an end when the Republican Party lost power in Southern states (Southern Democrats defeated Republicans + took control of most state governments between 1869 and 1876: use of violence kept large numbers of blacks away from polls, helping Democrats win, and federal troops that were backing the Republican-controlled governments were gradually withdrawn because many Northerners were losing interest in Reconstruction Reconstruction Period officially ended when President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered last federal troops out of South in 1877 (a Republican who didn't win electoral majority + compromised w/ Democrats to get their House votes for withdrawing troops)

Federalists

Most of war was in the North -Can't afford to pay if debts aren't assumed -Consolidating debt = efficient and credible Adds to reputation of country, able to split & pay debt Bank needed to collect money, tax, and regulate/create national currency -Stabilizes economy, gives credibility, and allows for army to be paid -Aristocrats needed as poor can't afford it (so make up $3/5 mil) -Not unconstitutional Promotes self-sufficiency (farmers buy little, weren't taxed as much) -Alcohol is over consumed and declining nation's health (need to be sober for virtuous republic) -Farmers elected representatives so excise taxes are fair Central gov supported by protective tariffs -Need local industries- self-sufficiency (agriculture already strong)

Nativist opposition

Nativists were quick to blame immigrants for urban crime (homicides rose from 25 murders per million in 1881 to 107 by 1898, with pickpockets, swindlers, and burglars roaming every city and urban outlaws such as Rufus Minor acquiring as much notoriety as western desperadoes; howwever urban crime and violence may have simply become more conspicious and sensational rather than prevalent, although concentrations of wealth + mingling of different peoples did provide opportunities for larceny, vice, and assault)Nativists were people who favored those born in the U.S. and are opposed to immigrants/immigration, specifically, a native-born American who wants to limit immigration (and outside influence). They hated minorities, immigrants and Catholics. Criminal rogues' gallery included native-born Americans as well as foreigners.

How did Nazis treat their enemies

Nazis treated their enemies incredibly inhumanely, starting out by firing all non-Aryan government officials in 1933, in 1935 stripping Jews of civil rights and property, terrorizing Jews in a night of attacks in 1938, and ultimately adopting a "final solution" in 1939. They sent healthy Jews to concentration camps where they suffered hunger, illness, overwork, and death, and systematically killed the rest, with, in 1941, the Nazis building death camps in which prisoners were gassed, shot, or experimented on, killing 6 million Jews along with countless Soviets, Poles, gypsies, homosexuals, and disabled.

Federalists

Need to include and educate Native Americans Against slavery (want African Americans to be free and educated) Deborah = married woman, shouldn't have left Jefferson in home for 3 days (possible affair)

Collective Bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions (Many employers believed in the "iron law of wages," which dictated that wage rates be set by the laws of supply and demand; theory = because laborers were free to make their own choices and because employers competed for labor, workers would receive the highest wages an employer could afford, but in reality under this iron law employeres could play as little as workers were willing to accept, justifying the system by invoking individual freedom: a worker who did not like the wages being paid was free to quit and find a job elsewhere; Courts regularly denied labor the right to organize and bargain collectively on grounds that wages should be individually negotiated between employee and employer, while wage earners believed the system trapped them).

Neolin and Chief Pontiac

Neolin, a shaman who urged natives to oppose the British infringing on their land and culture (even though he was influenced by European monotheism) united peaceful and armed resistance by those west of the Appalachians, and Pontiac, the Ottawan war chief who united 6 tribes against the English, were significant in killing thousands of settlers and in laying siege to many forts, and after their defeat in securing a proclamation line (theoretically allowing Natives to control the land west of the Appalachians (pioneers didn't listen)).

Neutrals

Neutrals, approximately 2/5 of the population, consisted primarily of pacifists, individualists, and opportunists, were significant in harming both the British and Patriots (resisting/protesting militia and taxes), and in being persecuted by patriots who detested their apathy.

Congress Takes Control of Reconstruction pt1

Northern Republicans in Congress were convinced that Johnson's plans for Reconstructions had failed (new state govs in South using Black Codes to deny basic rights to ex-slaves, nothing being done to halt KKK, and newly elected Congressmen from South included many officials who served in Confederate gov) Most outspoken criticism of Johnson's Plan came from Republican group called "Radicals": Demanded new Reconstruction policy (determined to protect rights of blacks + loyal whites in South, wanted to give blacks right to vote to establish Southern govs loyal to the Union + controlled by Republican party, an wanted to punish South for causing Civil War - Leaders of Radical Republicans = Senator Charles Sumner (of Massachusetts) and Representative Thaddeus Stevens (Pennsylvania) Many Republicans distrusted Johnson, a former Southern Democrat (although he had opposed secession + remained loyal to Union 1866: Congress passed Civil Rights Act (guaranteed various legal rights to blacks)

Boston Massacre

On a night in 1770, a group of boys began throwing snowballs at a British soldier standing guard duty outside the Boston Customs House, and when more people gathered around, a squad of soldiers arrive don the scene. When the unruly crowd began throwing stones and calling the soldiers "lobsterbacks," as well as other insults, the redcoats opened fire, killing 5 in the crowd and wounding others. News of the "Boston Massacre" quickly spread through the Thirteen Colonies and provoked a new wave of anti-British feelings. A very tense situation was eased somewhat by the announcement a month later that the Townshend Acts had been repealed (parliament took this action not because of the Boston Massacre, but because of the effectiveness on the colonial boycott). While Parliament ended the taxes on lead, paint, glass, and paper, the tax on tea was continued, with the British keeping the tea tax as a symbol of their right to tax the colonies.

Responding to Alien, Sedition, and Naturalization Laws

Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, as well as to the Naturalization Act (in which 14 years of residency is required for citizenship), helped unite the Democratic-Republicans prior to the election, and thus, once they became in power, Jefferson declined to use the Alien and Sedition Acts against his opponents and pardoned all people imprisoned from these acts, with Congress letting the Sedition Act expire in 1801, the Alien Act in 1802, and repealing the Naturalization Act. This response is significant in, in 1802, an act being passed that replaced these acts (requiring registration of aliens, 5 years of residency, loyalty to the constitution, and the forsaking of foreign allegiances/titles), which would "remain the basis of naturalized American citizenship into the twentieth century."

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry, a 29 year old lawyer serving his first term in the House of Burgesses during the passage of the Stamp Act (he had little formal education as a Scottish immigrant, and turned to law to support his wife and 6 children when he failed at farming and store keeping), is significant in, unlike his fellow legislators, publicly opposing the Stamp Act. As a fiery speaker, he wrote and gave a speech of the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves, resulting in 5/7 bieing adopted by the burgesses (1 of which was soon repealed). His proposals claimed that colonists must consent to taxation, and that anyone who taxes Virginian residents and is not a Virginian legislative body is "an enemy to his Majesty's colony."

Paul Revere

Paul Revere, a Boston silver/goldsmith trained by his father, was significant in being a leader of the resistance to the British and in collaborating with Copley on his painting of Revere (which became famous and conveyed a message through a teapot). He is most known today for delivering the warning of the British invasion during the American Revolution.

Piggly Wiggley

Piggly Wiggley, an American supermarket chain in the SOuthern and Midwestern regions of the United States, with its first outlet (in 1916) being in Memphis, Tennessee, was significant in having been the first true self-service grocery store, and thus the originator of various familiar supermarket features such as checkout stands, individual item price marking, and shopping carts, thus effectively creating the supermarkets/grocery stores of today.

Popular Sovereignty

Popular Sovereignty, an idea devised in 1847 by Lewis Cass (Democratic nominee, Senator of Michigan, was member of Jackson's cabinet), let residents in Western territories decide the question of slavery for themselves, with Congress lacking the power to interfere with slavery's expansion. Caused conflicts such as bleeding kansas, with free-soilers and missourians flooding the state to skew the polls. In the compromise of 1850, it was perceived too ambiguously, with southerns insisting there'd be no prohibition during the territorial stage, and northerners declaring that settlers could bar slavery whenever they wanted.

How did President Truman justify dropping two atomic bombs on Japan? Do you think he was justified?

President Truman justified dropping two atomic bombs on Japan due to this ending the war quickly and thus saving the many American lives that would be lost in an invasion of Japan. Since wholesale bombing of civilian populations had already started, with the Japanese bombing Shanghai, Germans bombing Warsaw, Rotterdam, and London, British and American bombers creating firestorms in German cities, and America bombing Japan, President Truman saw atomic bombs as simply more efficient, more powerful bombs, so when, on July 26, 1945, Japan refused to surrender in the face of "'utter destruction,'" Truman allowed for an atomic bomb to be dropped (later dropping another one when they again refused). I do not think he was fully justified, as dropping these two atomic bombs killed many innocent civilians, but I do not think that launching an invasion into Japan would be justified either, as it would also result in many casualties, so, unless they could somehow negotiate an acceptable surrender, no action in this scenario could have been (fully) justified.

The Stamp Act

Prime Minister Grenville urged Parliament to pass the Stamp Act in 1764, which required the colonists to buy stamps from the Britih government and place them on such articles as business and legal papers, licenses, newspaper, pamphlets, calendars, almanacs, dice, and playing cards.

The Republican Party and Democratic Party dominated the elections during this period of American history. There were numerous "third parties," but none came close to winning the presidencies. The only third party that received any electoral votes was the ____.

Progressive Party

Protective Tariffs

Protective tariffs, another call by Madison in his message, were taxes on imported goods designed to protect manufacturers, raise government revenues, and foster manufacturing. DR John C. Calhoun (of SC) and House speaker Henry Clay (of Kentucky) believed these would stimulate industry, with the agricultural South/West selling cotton to the churning mills of NE and food to its mill workers, and canals/roads being built with the money from tariffs. While the latter did not come to pass, the Tariff of 1816 is significant in levying taxes on imported woolens and cottons, as well as on iron, leather, hats, paper, and sugar, supporting industries threatened by the resumption of overseas trade (New England and Western and Middle Atlantic States supported it and benefited, unlike the South).

What consequences did renewed nativism have for immigration legislation?

Reviewd nativis, with labor leaders warning that floods of aliens would depress wages and raise unemployment, and business executives having realized that they could keep wages low by mechanizing and by bhiring black workers, resulted in COngress setting yearly immigration quotas for each nationality, favoring northern and western Europeans, stipulating that annual immigration of a given nationality could not exceed 3% of the number of immigrants from that nation residing in the United States in 1910 (this act, the Ermegency Quota Act of 1921, thus discriminated against south/eastern euEuropean immigrants, whose numbers were small in 1910 relative to northern eEuropeans). In 1924, Congress replaced this act with the national Origins Act, resitricting the influx to 150,000 people by setting quotas at 2% of each nationality resisiding in the US in 1890, except for Asians, who were banned completely (also thereby restricted southern and eastern Europeans). They alowed wives and children of US citizens to enter as nonquota immigrants. In 1927, a revised National Origins Act apportioned new uquotas to beegin in 1929, retaining the limit of 150,000 immigrants but redefining quotas to be distributed among European countries in proportion to the national-origins (country of birth or descent) of Ameriacan inhabitants in 1920, with Canada, Mexico, ad Puerto Rico being excluded from quotas. Spiritual purity imultaneously stirred religious fundamentalists, seeking certainty and salvation against the skepticism and irreverence of amaterialistic, hedonistic society, following denominations ofProtestanitmsm that accepted literal interpretation of the Bible, attacking modernists and Darwin's theory of evolution.

Booker T. Washington

Self-help, a strategy articulated by educator Booker T. Washington, offered one popular alternative: born into slavery in backcountry Virginia in 1856, Washington obtained an education and in 1881 founded Tuskegee INstitute in Alabama, an all-black vocational school. There he developed a philosophy that blacks' best hopes for assimilation lay in at least temporarily accomodating to whites. Rather than fighting for political rights, he counseled blacks to work hard, acquire property, and prove they were worthy of respect, voicing his views in a speech at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895. "Dignity and glorify common labor," he urged in what would become known as the Atlanta Compromise: "Agitation of questions or racial equality is the extremest folly." Envisioning a society where blacks + whites would remain apart but share similar goals, Washington observed that in all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all matters essential to mutual progress (thus, whites welcomed his accomodation policy because it advised patience and reminded black people to stay in their place, thus choosing to regard Washington as representative of all African Americans (although he did project a subtle racial pride that would find more direct expression in black nationalism in the 20th century, when some African Americans advocated control of their own businesses and schools; also never argued that blacks were inferiors, asserted that they could enhance their dignity through self-improvement). (African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality).

Shays' Rebellion

Shays' Rebellion, an armed rebellion by 1500 Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shays on January 25, 1787 in which they assaulted the federal armory in Springfield to capture the military stores housed there (and were defeated by the militiamen), was a violent revolt by those in western Massachusetts, who opposed the high taxes levied by the eastern-dominated legislature (in the goal of paying of war debts). Some of them even had their land, and thus right to vote, taken, as they could not pay taxes. This rebellion was significant in, after the Articles of Confederation resulted in a depression and the Revolutionary War resulted in more American industry, more trade with the West Indies, foodstuffs and grain production replacing tobacco, slaves being imported to South Carolina on a large scale, and the inability to find markets for indigo and rice, convincing doubters of the necessity of reforming the Articles of Confederation, which had an inability to deal with commercial matters. The revolters linked their rebellion to the independence struggle, with their liberties being encroached upon, thus convincing leaders to attend the Constitutional Convention (called 9 months prior by the few attendees of the Annapolis, Maryland convention on trade policy).

1. Commitee on Public Information

Shortly after the declaration of war (1917), Wilson appointed George Creel (progressive jouranlist) to head the CPI, which, employing some of the nation's most talented writers/scholars, sought out to shape and mobialize public opinion, using anti-German tracts and films while its "four minute men" spoke at schools and churches, urging the press to self-regulate and for people to spy on their (primarily) foreign neighbors, using exaggeration, fear-mongering, distortion, and half-truths in its "mind mobilization."

Townshend Acts

Since the British still felt that they needed to raise money to govern and protect the Thirteen Colonies, they passed the Townshend Acts in 1767 to provide money to pay the salary of royal officials (governors, judges, and other employees of the king). The Townshend Acts levied duties on lead, painters' colors, glass, paper, and tea, as well as giving British customs officials the right to use "writs of assistance" to search warehouses and private homes, and to seize smuggled goods. The number of courts was increased to handle the cases of those colonists accused of smuggling. Defendants appeared before British-appointed judges, and were denied the right to a trial by jury.

Britain's Debt

Since they sent soldiers to America to defend the colonies during the war, spending large sums of money on weapons, ammunition, and other supplies, when the war ended, they were deep in debt, with its citizens complaining about high taxes. In addition, colonists who had moved into the Ohio Valley came under attack by western tribes led by Chief Pontiac in the goal of driving the white men out of their land, thus resulting in the British government deciding that an army is needed to be kept in America to protect against trouble, which would result in great costs to maintain. Since they were benefiting from the war and from this protection, the British thought the colonies should help pay these expenses.

Westward Expansion and the Slavery Issue

Slavery, which divided Americans, instilled a great conflict when Missouri, established through Westward expansion, wanted to be admitted to the Union as a slave state in 1819 (other Northern States had general emancipation laws). This conflict is significant in potentially thrusting slavery northward, at the same latitude as free Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, potentially tilting the Senate balance toward slave states (currently is 11-11 states), and in causing moral/political issues, with James Tallmade Jr of NY proposing general emancipation of this evil institution, while Thomas W. Cobb warned of the Union dissolving (Senate rejected Tallmadge Amendment passed by House of Representatives). This conflict resulted in the Missouri compromise.

Puerto Rico Becomes a U.S. Territory

Spain ceded Puerto Rico, a beautiful island located in the Caribbean Sea to the east of Cuba, to the US at the end of the Spanish-American War. When the US acquired the island, most of the people were poor and could not read or write, causing the American government to spend large sums of money on roads, schools, hospitals, and sanitary facilities, giving Puerto Rico all of the rights of an American territory (e.g. the right of its people to become U.S. Citizens). The "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" today governs itself but still remains a part of the US, electing its own governor and legislature while sending a delegate to the House in D.C. (many have favored complete independence while others have wanted to become the 51st state; overpopulation has forced many Puerto Ricans to come to the US in search of jobs).

Relations with Cuba

Spain gave Cuba its independence in the treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, but the U.S. Army remained in Cuba for several years after the war to help feed the people and build roads, railroads, hospitals, and schools. Major Walter Reed, an army doctor, proved that mosquitoes spread yellow fever (which took the lives of many Cubans), and Colonel William C. Gorgas led efforts to clean up the breeding grounds of the mosquitoes, while eliminating unsanitary conditions that caused disease and death. Cuba signed a treaty with the US which permitted the Americans to establish a naval base at Guantanamo Bay, as well as giving the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs whenever law and order or the country's independence was threatened (with the US later interfering in Cuban affairs and causing Cuban people to resent them, with Cuba becoming more like an American "protectorate" than an independent country)

Specific historical evidence to support A (not mentioned in passage):

Specific historical evidence to support A is that the New Deal created the New Deal coalition, consisting of "the urban masses-especially immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and their sons and daughters-organized labor, the eleven states of the Confederacy (the "Solid South"), and northern blacks" (A People A Nation 697), thus unifying African Americans, immigrants, and the many poor farmers in the South into this one coalition, promoting an equal interest for all. In addition, the New Deal's many laws directly supported all of the low status groups, with programs such as the Civil Works Administration providing millions of Americans with jobs and thus better opportunities, as well as through acts such as the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act, which "guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and to bargain collectively" (A People A Nation 697) (also created a National Labor Relations Board to hear disputes/prevent unfair labor practices) and the Social Security Act, which offered unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled and poor families with children, and retirement benefits, thus greatly supporting and giving power to the many low status groups of the US.

Specific historical evidence to support B (not mentioned in passage):

Specific historical evidence to support B is that the New Deal's National Industrial Recovery Act, that authorized competing businesses to cooperate in crafting industry wide codes (e.g. automobile manufacturers would cooperate to limit production, establish industry wide prices for their goods, and set workers' wages, with competition among these manufacturers no longer driving down prices and wages and thus increasing consumer spending and allowing industries to rehire workers), with businesses that adhered to these codes being able to display the "Blue Eagle," and the government urging consumers to boycott businesses that did not have this symbol, resulted in big business domination, with NRA staff not standing up to corporate representatives and, for instance, "the twenty-six-year-old NRA staffer who oversaw the creation of the petroleum industry code was "helped" in his work by twenty highly paid oil industry lawyers (this act also did not further economic recovery whatsoever, simply helping big businesses). The majority of the 541 codes ... reflected the interests of major corporations, not small-business owners, labor, or consumers" (A People A Nation 689). In addition to the New Deal directly supporting big businesses, it harmed Americans of a lower social status, further creating inequality, through the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which threw away goods that could have gone to millions of malnourished Americans in order to give back buying power to land-owning farmers, who then dispossessed many tenant farmers and sharecroppers, creating a large homeless population of "dispossessed Americans-many of them African American" (A People A Nation 690). In fact, "Roosevelt ... had no strong commitment to the cause of civil rights" (A People A Nation 706), not wanting to risk his political career and thus allowing Southern legislative officials to locally administer laws, thus ensuring that the AAA and the NLRA would exclude African Americans, further increasing the power of those in power in this capitalist society.

Speculation in the Stock market

Speculation in the stock market, with not only corporations investing huge sums in stocks, but also individuals, who bought heavily on margin (they purchased stock by placing a down payment of only a faction of the stock's actual price and then used stocks they had bought, but not fully paid for, as collateral for more stock purchases), and, when stock prices stopped rising, tried to sell holdings they had bought on margin to minimize their losses, thus resulting in prices dropping and brokers demanding full payment for stocks bought on margin (investors attempted to comply by withdrawing savings from banks/selling stocks at a loss for whatever they could get, causing bankers, who in turn needed cash, to pressure businesses to pay back their loans, tightening the vise further), contributed to the onset of depression through a series of obligations that went unmet once the stock market crashed, causing the system to toter and thus for banks and investment companies to collapse, depressing the economy.

"Spifflicated"

Splifficated was a slang word used in the 1920s meaning extremely intoxicated.

St. Valentine's Day Massacre

St. Valentine's Day Massacre, the February 14, 1929 murder of 7 members and associates of Chicago's North Side Gang, in which the 7 men, gathered at a Lincoln Park garage, were lined up against a wall and shot by four assailants dressed like police officer, was significant in exposing the struggle to control organized crime in the city during Prohibition between the Irish North Siders (led by George "Bugs" Moran) and the Italian South Side Gang (led by Al Capone).

Mary Lyons

Started the first institution of higher education for women in 1837, Mount Holyoke College. Felt that women's education was extremely important. Through her lifelong work for education she became one of the most famous women in nineteenth century America. She believed that women were teachers both in the home and in the classroom.

State Constitutions

State Constitutions, drafted by conventions in the goal of outlining the distribution of and limitations on government power (initially increasing the legislature's power and decreasing the governor's), were significant in giving citizens a bill of rights (even though full religious freedom was not yet widely included) and in setting lower property qualifications for voting (helping inspire/set the groundwork for the constitution). In addition, in the mid-1780s (constitutions were written around 1776-1777), states began to rewrite many constitutions, which limited the government far too much, resulting in the development of checks and balances as the primary method for controlling government power, thus further developing the ideas of an American government.

WHat individuals or groups opposed the war? Why?

Suffragists such as Jane Addams, pacifist progressives in the American Union Against Militarism, the Women's Peace Party, Socialists, and Henry Ford/Andrew Carnegie opposed the war, feeling that war drained the youth, resources, and reform impulses, fostering a repressive spirit while holding Christian morality and business barons reaping huge profits at the expense of the people.

Henry David Thoreau

Supported transcendentalism (philosophical and literary movement that urged people to live simple lives and seek the simple truths found in nature rather than following an organized system of belief) Friend of Emerson Wrote "A week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers" in 1849, drawing from a boating trip he took with his brother, John, 10 years prior, as well as "Walden" (also known as "Life in the Woods") in 1854, drawing on his Walden Pond experiment and his new lifestyle, espousing living a life close to nature (inspiring naturalists, environmentalists, and writers) After refusing to pay a poll tax, he spent a night in jail, inspiring him to write "Civil Disobedience," (1849), an influential essay opposing slavery and the Mexican-American War, and making a case for acting on your conscience rather than blindly following laws -Inspired Gandhi and MLK

The United States in 1783

Territory: Land area not yet divided into states 1783: US received a huge territory from GB as part of the peace treaty ending Revolutionary War; region stretched from Appalachian Mountains to Mississippi River, and from Canada to Spanish Florida No additional land acquired by gov during next 20 years, but from 1803 to 1853, 7 more territories were added, fulfilling the "manifest destiny" of the US, the belief that the nation could expand to the Pacific coast

New Deal Coalition

The "New Deal coalition," a new alliance forged by Roosevelt and the Democrats that consisted of the urban masses, organized labor, the eleven states of the Confederacy, and northern blacks (there were sufficient numbers of African Americans in northern cities to constitute voting blocks, and New Deal benefits drew them away from the Republican Party), was significant in both creating fear that the two-party system was about to collapse, as well as in allowing the Democratic Party to dominate the two-party system, occupying the White House for most of the next thirty years.

What did the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine say?

The "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine said that the US could intervene in any Latin American country that was guilty of "wrongdoing" or whose government was weak and ineffective.

Homestead Steel Strike

The AFL and the labor movement suffered a series of setbacks in the early 1890s when once again labor violence stirred public fears. In July 1892, the AFL-affiliated Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers refused to accept pay cuts (with Carnegie in Europe) and went on strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Henry C. Frick, president of Carnegie Steel Company, then closed the plant, and shortly thereafter tried to protect the plant by hiring 300 guards from the Pinkerton Detective Agency and floating them in by barge under cover of darkness. Lying in wait on the shore of the Monongahela River, angry workers attacked and routed the guards. State troops intervened, and after 5 months the strikers gave in (but by then public opinion had turned against the union, after a young anarchist who was not a striker attempted to assassinate Frick).

Agricultural Adjustment Act

The Agricultural Adjustment Act, under which farmers received government payments for not planting crops or for destroying crops they already had planted, offering subsidies to farmers who agreed to this limited production of specific crops, was significant in both providing farmers increased purchasing power, raising prices for agricultural goods, and providing ¾ of their income in places such as the Dakotas, as well as in angering many malnourished Americans and causing many landlords to kick their sharecroppers/tenant farmers off their land.

Albany Congress

The Albany Congress, consisting of delegates from 7 northern and middle colonies, was created in response to France's threat in the Ohio River Valley region with the goal of gaining the Iroquois' support and coordinating the defense of the colonies. It is significant in failing to prepare the colonies for the French and Indian War, with the Iroquois remaining neutral and colonial governments refusing to unite under one legislature.

How did the Allies defeat Germany and Italy?

The Allies defeated Germany through, as discussed between Roosevelt and Churchill in 1941, concentrating their effort on defeating Germany and achieving an unconditional surrender. They won the battle of the Atlantic by using convoys and radar to sink submarines as well as using the tremendous output of American shipyards. When the Germans attacked the Soviet Union in 1941 and moved to take Stalingrad, the Soviet army trapped the German force and defeated this army while the Americans and British pushed the Germans out of North Africa, reducing Germany's offensive capabilities. While the Allies captured Sicily and the Italian king overthrew Mussolini, Hitler seized Italy. They ultimately liberated Italy in their invasion of western Europe, when, starting on June 6, 1944, the Allies forced the Germans off the coast of northern France and advanced eastward, liberating Paris by August. This invasion then entered Germany, defeating them at the Battle of the Bulge while Soviets entered Germany from the East. A week after the Soviets reached Berlin in April 1945, Germany surrendered.

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation, the first national constitution, were drafted by Congress in late 1777 and wrote the unplanned arrangements of the Continental Congress into law. They were significant in creating a one-house legislature, giving each state 1 vote, lacking a judiciary and individual executive branch (as congress was legislative and executive), and in creating land conflicts, allowing all states to retain all land from their original charters but not instating limitations on those with landholdings west of the Appalachian Mountains (so states with definite western boundaries feared others could expand and overpower them). In addition, under the Articles, congress lacked countless powers, unable to enforce commercial policies, taxes, and ratification (Maryland didn't accept the Articles until 1781, and it required unanimous consent of state legislatures for ratification/amendment). They gave the states too much freedom (even allowing them to print their own money and raise their own militias), resulting in countless problems, such as a lack of unity and inflation (also caused by Congress simply printing money due to the lack of taxes), ultimately resulting in the necessitation for the drafting of the Constitution, with a strong central government with a balance of power (and a national commercial policy, as Britain, France, and Spain restricted their colonies' trade with England, and northerners were willing to abandon their claim to the Mississippi for commercial concessions in the West Indies, while Southerners and Westerners insisted on navigation rights on the Mississippi).

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The Battle of Lexington and Concord, started by Lord Dartmouth's letter encouraging General Thomas Gage to seize colonial military supplies at Concord in April, 1775 (the British encountered the militia at Lexington), is significant in starting the war in the first battle, killing over 70 redcoats. (April 19th, 1775 = "Shot Heard 'Round the World": British took gunpowder from Concord, couldn't find Sam Adams, and on return to Boston were attacked by colonists using Indian fighting style (Boston harbor under siege after arriving)

Battle of Yorktown

The Battle of Yorktown, starting after Lord Cornwallis retreated to Virginia from the Guilford Court House in 1781, occurred at the Peninsula between the York and James River, with a combined army of Cornwallis and the American traitor Benedict Arnold fortifying Yorktown while Washington prepared an attack with 7,000 men, and the French Admiral De Grasse defeated the Royal Navy relief vessels. It is significant in leading to the surrender of Cornwallis on October 19, 781, thus winning the war and ceasing offensive British operations.

How did the Bolshevik or communist revolution in Russia affect American policy?

The Bolshevik revolution in Russia in November 17, with Russia's liberal-democratic government being overthrown, led to, while disliking Russia's leader, V I. Lenin, America refusing to acknowledge Socialism, with Wilson's 14 Points reaffirming an international system governed by laws while renouncing Lenin's accusations of territorial gains being a war aim.

Great Migration

The Great Migration, in which, in the 1920s, African Americans, pushed from cotton farming by a boll weevil plague and lured by industrial jobs, migrated cityward, was significant in resulting in 1.5 million blacks moving to cities, doubling the African American populations of New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Houston, while also resulting in, forced by low wages and discrimination to seek the chepeest housing, black newcomers being squeezed into low-rent ghettos and thus attempting to expand theier neighborhoods while being met with fears of a black "invasion."

Bonus Expeditionary Force

The Bonus Expeditionary Force, 15 thousand unemployed WWI veterans and their families who converged on the capital in the summer of 1932 as Congress debated a bill authorizing immediate payment of cash "bonuses" that veterans had been scheduled to receive in 1945, setting up a sprawling "Hooverville" shantytown in Anacostia Flats (across the river from the Capitol), and, after President Hoover convinced the Senate to vote it down in fear of its potential impact on the federal budget, many staying (some left) to press their case or due to their destitute condition, was significant in, in July 28th, the US Army (4 infantry companies, four troops of cavalry, a machine gun squadron, and 6 tanks led by General Douglas MacArthur) converging on these families, tear-gassing children, chasing down men/women, and setting shacks afire, thus angering citizens and creating disillusionment in the very principle of democracy (Hoover was simply happy the government can deal with a mob), with a strong, dictatorial leader such as the rising-to-power Hitler becoming ideal (In February 1933, the Senate passed a resolution calling for Roosevelt to assume "unlimited power").

British strategy to win the war?

The British's strategy to win the war was to outnumber and outskill the Patriots, sending 32,000 skilled troops to capture major cities and retain the colonies' allegiance, which was significant in allowing the colonists to win the war, able to reroute trade across a massive area filled with many people (so the British wasted resources in capturing cities). In addition, they failed to see the Americans' goal for liberation, thinking they could win political victory through military victory.

Chesapeake Affair

The Chesapeake Affair, in which (in June 1807) the 40-gun frigate U.S.S. Chesapeake left Norfolk, Virginia to protect American ships in the Mediterranean and, 10 miles from shore (in American territorial waters), was met by the 50-gun British frigate Leopard and refused to be searched for deserters, resulting in the Leopard firing its cannon into the ship (killing 3 Americans and wounding 18, including the Captain, and then seizing four deserters, 3 of whom were American citizens, and one of whom, Jenkin Ratford, being hanged), was significant in uniting an outraged American and in exposing military weakness (as they may have declared war if they were better prepared, but couldn't defend their neutral rights with force against the British navy). It led to Jefferson choosing "peaceable coercion," closing American waters to British warships, increasing military and naval expenditures, and invoking (in December 1807) the Non-Importation and Embargo Acts.

Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850, was a "charm of ambiguity" passed by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas wherein settlers have time to regulate their own concerns before being granted statehood. California became a free state The Texas boundary was set at its present limits and the US paid $10 million to Texas in Compensation for the loss of New Mexico territory, allowing for this territory to be used to balance the Senate/Sectionalism The territories of New Mexico and Utah were organized on basis of Popular Sovereignty, allowing for them to choose their outlook on slavery, balancing the senate The Fugitive Slave Law was strengthened and the slave trade was abolished in DC, addressing both the desire for a free capital and the protection of "property" under the law. California was admitted as a free state. The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the Utah and New Mexico Territories, with the people of these territories, according to popular sovereignty, deciding for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. Congress passed a stronger fugitive slave act to force northerners to help return runaway slaves, while slaves could no longer be bought or sold in Washington D.C.

Constitutional Convention

The Constitutional Convention, endorsed by the Confederation Congress for the sole purpose of "revising the Articles of Confederation," consisted of 57 men, representing all states but Rhode Island in mid May 1787 in Philadelphia. Most of the men, of property and substance (merchants, planters, physicians, generals, governors, and 23 lawyers) and members of state legislatures, wanted to empower the national government, giving it more powers over foreign commerce and taxation. They were mainly congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Anglicans, and even though only a tiny portion of the population had advanced education, over half of the delegates had attended college, such as the Princeton graduate and Virginian Committee of Safety member, James Madison. This Convention was, inspired by the would-be constitution's "father", significant in reaching the conclusion that a new constitution is needed, and in establishing many aspects of the US' government, such as checks and balances.

Cotton Club

The Cotton Club, a New York City nightclub during Prohibition and Jim Crow laws located in Harlem, was significant in, although not initially allowing African Americans to patronize it, featuring prominent black entertainers and serving as the springboard to fame for many notable African American performers during the Harlem Renaissance/Black Arts movement (e.g. Duke Ellington and Cab Calloway).

Currency Act

The Currency Act of 1764, which outlawed most colonial issues of paper money in the goal of banning inflated local currencies, was one of the first oppressive measures passed by Parliament under Grenville and i significant in depriving the colonists of a useful medium of exchange, thus leading to many colonial protests (in an already depressed economy).

Ghost Dance

The Dawes Act of 1887 trying to promote the Native Americans' assimilation of white culture, breaking up reservations and giving some of the land to each adult family head for farming, although cheating Native Americans out of the best land (authorized dissolution of community owned Indian property and granted land allotments to individual Indian families, with the government holding that land in trust for 25 years and citizenship being granted to those who accepted allotments, attempting to assimilate natives through this reservation land while weakening and destroying Indians' tribal relations)). Thus, Sioux in the 1880s turned to the Ghost Dance ritual, which promised to bring the buffalo back and restore Sioux lands, while (after the Battle of Wounded Knee in 1890), other Native American groups such as the Lakotas also turned to the religion of the Ghost Dance as a spiritual means of preserving native culture. It was inspired by a Paiute prophet named Wovoka and involved movement in a circle until the dancers reached a trancelike state and envisioned dead ancestors, with dancers believing these ancestral visitors heralded a day when buffalo would return and white civilization would be buried. They forswore violence but donned sacred shirts that they believed would repel bullets, and many Ghost Dancers were arrested as being "anti-Christian"

Federalists

The Democratic-Republicans, as stated by one of Talleyrand's (the French foreign minister) agents, are quite literally a "French party in America," working against us in the Quasi War Thus, it is necessary for us to minimize the effect of this subversive foreign agency, protecting us and proactively and quickly responding to threats

Dred Scott Case

The Dred Scott Decision in 1857, in which a Missouri Slave (Dred Scott) sued his owner for freedom, as he had taken him to Illinois (a free state) for several years, was significant in the Supreme Court ruling on the Missouri Compromise and in dividing the Northern and Southern judges, ultimately resulting in Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Maryland declaring that Scott was not a citizen of the US and is still enslaved, and that Congress had no power to bar slavery from any territory, thereby invalidating ideas of popular sovereignty (Wilmot Proviso) and overturning a 37 year old sectional (Missouri) compromise. It shut the door on black justice, thus convincing many to attempt to leave the US, while exacerbating Sectional strife through Northern Whites noting its bias, with 5/9 justices being Southerners and 3 northern judges dissenting/refusing to concur (the last Justice, Robert Brier of Pennsylvania, was a friend of President Buchanan, who secretly brought to bear improper influence). It reinvigorated the anger at slave power, now as "one great homogeneous slaveholding community."

Embargo Act

The Embargo Act of 1807, thought of (by Jefferson) as a short-term measure to prevent confrontation between American merchant vessels and British/French warship,s and to put pressure on England and France by endying them American products, forbade all exports from the US (to any country), dropping US exports 80 percent but greatly increasing smuggling. It is significant in being strongly disliked (causing factional dissent) (DRs felt uneasy, Federalists claimed if England were to snk so would their liberties), with mercantile New England taking the brunt of the depression and talking, in port cities, of secession between 1808 and 1809, gretly increasing unemployment while promoting smuggling, merchants with ships abroad, and US manufactures (promoting industry/factories such as 20 cotton and woolen mills in New England , 1807, increasing to 200 by 1813). It hardly even impacted England (as West Indians/factory workers were the most severely hurt and had no voice), with English merchants taking over the Atlantic carrying trade, or France (due to a successful British blockade of Europe, the act simply gave France an excuse to set privateers against smuggling American ships (claimed they must be British in disguise due to embargo)). It was also passed due to intrusions on American's rights as both France + England want America to stop trade with the other.

Grange/Farmer's Alliance pt 2

The Farmeres' Alliances, two networks of organizations that by 1890 rural activism had shifted to (one in the Great Plains, one in the South) that consitituted a new mass movement (the West's Alliance groups were smaller and more closely linked to labor radicals and antimonopoly organizations), first arose in Texas, where hard-pressed small farmers rallied against crop liens, merchants, and particularly railroads, as well as against money power in general (thus representing farmers' interests)). Alliance leaders used traveling lecturers to recruit members and extended the movement into other Southern states (by 1889, Southern Alliance had 2 million members, and colored Farmers' Alliance had 1 million). A similar movement thrived in the plains, organizing 2 million members in Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas in the late 1880s. These Alliances fostered community lotaly through rallies, educational meetings, and cooperative buying/selling agreements (also allowing female participation, proposing a subtreasury plan to express an economic remedy in the interest of the farmer, relieving shortages of cash and credit by both having the federal government construct warehouses where farmers could store nonperishable crops while awaiting higher prices, with the government loaning farmers Treasury notes amounting to 80% of the market price the stored crops would bring, using these notes as legal tender to pay debts/make purchases and then repaying the loans plus small interest and storage fees once the crops were sold, avoiding the exploitative crop-lien system, and providing low-interest government loans to farmers who wanted to buy land, injecting cash into the economy and encouraging crop inflation just as the government subsidized business through tariffs).

The First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress, convened in Philadelphia in September 1774, was significant in defining American grievances, adopting a plan for resistance, and in articulating their constitutional relationship with Great Britain (which resulted in the decision that Americans would obey parliament, yet secretly resist taxes, call for the repeal of the Coercive Acts, and have an economic boycott and petition for the King's relief, as well as adopting the continental association (nonimportation, then nonconsumption, and then nonexportation)). It thus outlied America's plan, appealing to everyone (eg. banning the traffic of slaves from the West Indies under nonimportation allowed Virginians to gain more skilled European immigrants).

Flivver

The Ford Flivver, a single-seat aircraft that sought to be "everyman's aircraft," failed to ever reach consumers, with a fatal crash of a prototype in Melbourne Florida (Flivver was also a nickname for the Ford Model T, an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company that was significant in being affordable and thus bringing automobiles to middle-class Americans).

Grange/Farmer's Alliance

The Grange Movement, with aid from Oliver H. Kelly (clerk in the Dept of Agriculture), consisted of farmers in almost every state during the 1860s and 70s founding a network of local organizations (Granges) (by 1875, the Grange had 20,000 branches and 1 mil members, with constitutions, elected officers, and membership oaths). It (strongest in Midwest and South) initially served a solely social function, sponsoring meetings/education events to relieve the loneliness of farm life, as family-oriented (welcomed women), but as its membership grew, turned to economic and political action. Local branches formed cooperative associations to buy supplies and to market crops and livestock, operating farm implement factories and insurance companies (most enterprises failed due to lack of capital for large-scale buying and undercutting large manufacturers). While Granges declined in the late 70s, they did represent farmers' interests, convincing states to establish agricultural colleges, electing sympathetic legislators, and pressing state legislatures for "Granger laws" to regulate transportation and storage rates (however corporations won court support to overturn Granger laws in the Wabash Case of 1886, and Granges disavowed party politics and thus would not challenge the power of business interests within the two major parties, reverting to social clubs).

Great Depression

The Great Depression, with, between 1929 and 1933, the gross national product being cut in half, corporate profits falling from $10 billion to $1 billion, 100,000 businesses shutting their doors, thousands of men/women losing their jobs every day, was significant in causing devastating harm both via human suffering, with 4 million workers being unemployed in January 1930 and by November 6 million being unemployed (in 1933, 13 million workers, ¼ of the labor force, were unemployed, and millions more had solely part-time work), and economic ruin, with no welfare system, unemployment compensation, or Social Security, while banks failed by the thousands and families' saving disappeared. It was also significant in leaving tens of millions desperately poor, with people surviving on potatoes, crackers, or dandelion greens, the American Friends Service Committee, in West Virginia and Kentucky, distributing food only to those at least 10% below their normal weight, ⅙ of the population risking starvation in the winter of 1932, and people dying of starvation while families were evicted from their homes. The birth rate fell while prices for agricultural prices hit rock bottom and factories closed, and non-white marginal workers were discriminated against as white men demanded their jobs (middle-class families typically made-do with less, but still suffered the same psychological impact).

Iroquois Neutrality

The Iroquois' Neutrality, which allowed for the Confederacy to consolidate its power, for them to become middlemen for commerce and communication between the Atlantic coast and the West, and for them to not have to fight in European wars (still gaining bribes and the imprimatur for the Shawnees and Delawares), was significant in causing the French and Indian War, when Iroquois negotiators ceded land in the Ohio River Valley (a land of importance to the French as it had direct access by water to Mississippi French posts) to the English.

The Jungle

The Jungle is a 1906 novel by the American journalist and novelist Upton Sinclair. Sinclair wrote the novel to portray the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities, prompting reforms such as the Pure Food and Drug Act

Knights of Labor

The Knights of Labor, the only broad-based labor organization to survive the depression that followed the panic of 1873, was founded in 1869 by Philadelphia garment cutters (specifically Uriah S. Stephens), was led by Terence V. Powderly (mayor of Scranton, PA and a machinist) after his election as grand master in 1879, and its membership grew rapidly in the 1880s, building a workers' alliance that offered an alternative to profit-oriented industrial capitalism, believing they could eliminate conflict between labor and management by establishing a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked for themselves. Knights argued that strikes diverted attention from the long-term goal of this cooperative society and that workers tended to lose more by striking than they won, and it was open to all workers. It did take part in a few railroad strikes, but won only one, reached peak membership of 700,000 in 1885, and it declined after failing to win 8-hour work day, better pay, improved working conditions, and a limit on child labor, with Powderly calling off a strike after meeting with railroad magnate Jay Gould (hoping to reach a settlement).

KKK

The Ku Klux Klan, a hooded order that terrorized southern communities after the Civil War through intimidation (e.g. through burning crosses), vowing to protect female, racial, and ethnic purity, was significant in amassing frightening power and membership, and in menacing many communities (handing out vigilante "justice" while forcing schools to not teach evolution) (by 1925 this "Invisible Empire" was weakening, with an Indiana grand dragon, David Stephenson, being convicted of 2nd degree murder when he kidnapped and raped a woman who later died from eithe rtaking poison or from infection caused by bites on her body, and its exclusive brand of patriotism and purity being unable to compete in a pluralistic society).

Lost Generation

The Lost Generation is the generation that came of age during WWI, disillusioned, aimless, and disoriented in the confused post-war world, significant for birthing literature of alienation, rejecting materialism and conformity, being at odds at society, and ultimately in expressing disillusionment in society.

The Man Nobody Knows

The Man Nobody Knows, the second book, published in 1925, by Bruce Fairchild Barton (an advertising executive), in which Jesus is presented as "The founder of Modern Business," is significant in its effort to make the Christian story accessible to businessmen of the time, in topping the nonfiction bestseller list, and in being incredibly controversial through his depiction of a strong Jesus (not weak as told in church) who, as the "world's greatest business executive" (and the "Founder of Modern Business") created a world-conquering organization with a group of twelve men hand-picked from the bottom ranks of business.

Sacco and Vanzetti

The Sacco and Vanzetti case, in which, in 1921, a court convicted Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two immigrant anarchists, of murdering a guard and paymaster during a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts, executing them in 1927, was significant in, with Sacco and Vanzetti's main offenses being their political beliefs and Italian origins, with evidence failing to prove their guilt and Judge Webster Thayer calling them "anarchist bastards," exposing the lack of freedom of belief and of acceptance in the US, prompting rallies and riots in Europe, Asia, and South America.

Marbury vs. Madison/Significance for Judicial Branch

The Marbury v. Madison case of 1803, in which William Marbury (one of Adams' "midnight" appointees (right before end of term)) had been named a justice of the peace in DC, and James Madison (Jefferson's secretary of state) declined to certify this appointment so that Jefferson could appoint a Democratic-Republican, resulted in Marbury suing for a writ of mandamus (court order forcing the president to appoint him). However, if the court ruled in his favor, the president would not comply, and if they didn't, they'd be giving the Democratic-Republicans a victory, so Marshall ruled that the Constitution did not grant the Court the power to issue this writ (which was originally established in the Judiciary Act in the early 1790s), being significant in establishing the Supreme Court's power to judge the constitutionality of laws, declaring that the Supreme court would decide whether an act contradicts the Constitution.

Middletown

The Middletown studies, sociological case studies of the white residents of the City of Muncie, Indiana conducted by Robert Staughton Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd and detailed in Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture and Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts, was significant in providing an example of the adage "nothing really changes," with its idealized conceptual American life, concealing the city's true name name with the average American small city "middletown," showing that its description of America culture and attitudes has remained largely unchanged in its neutral set of observations (through the second study: if the Great Depression was unable to cause major changes in the town's social structure, nothing can).

Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise, proposed by House Speaker Henry Clay in 1820, solved the slavery conflict by carving the free state of Maine out of Massachusetts, significant in prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36° 30' (Missouri's Southern boundary). While it carried, in November, Missouri submitted a constitution barring free blacks from entering, resulting in Clay, in 1821, producing the compromise that Missouri's laws won't discriminate against citizens of other states.

The Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise, proposed by House Speaker Henry Clay in 1820, solved the slavery conflict by carving the free state of Maine out of Massachusetts, significant in prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36° 30' (Missouri's southern boundary). While it carried, in November, Missouri submitted a constitution barring free blacks from entering, resulting in Clay, in 1821, producing the compromise that Missouri's laws won't discriminate against citizens of other states.

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine, John Quincy Adam's greatest achievement (wanting to insulate the US from European conflict), brought on by the United Provinces of the Rio de La Plata breaking away from Spain, and Adams rejecting Britain's offer to join forces and prevent colonization in the Western atmosphere (as he followed Washington, avoiding foreign entanglements), was American's position that was brought to Congress by President-Monroe in December 1823. It is significant in calling for noncolonization of the Western Hemisphere by European nations, demanding non-intervention by Europe in the affairs of independent New World nations while pledging noninterference by the US in European affairs. This doctrine united Americans in nationalism and anti-European sentiments, founding American policy in the Western Hemisphere, but did not carry and force, relying on the British to keep other European nations out of the hemisphere to protect their dominance in the Atlantic trade.

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine, John Quincy Adams' greatest achievement (wanting to insulate the US from European conflict), brought on by the United Provinces of the Rio de La Plata breaking away from Spain, and Adams rejecting Britain's offer to join forces and prevent colonization in the Western atmosphere (as he followed Washington, avoiding foreign entanglements), was American's position that was brought to congress by President Monroe in December 1823. It is significant in calling for noncolonization of the Western Hemisphere by European nations, demanding non-intervention by Europe in the affairs of independent New World nations while pledging noninterference by the US in European affairs. This doctrine united Americans in nationalism and anti-European sentiments, founding American policy in the Western Hemisphere, but did not carry any force, relying on the British to keep other European nations out of the hemisphere to protect their dominance in the Atlantic trade.

National Industrial Recovery Act

The National Industrial Recovery Act, based on the belief that "destructive competition" had worsened industry's economic woes, was significant in authorizing competing businesses to cooperate in crafting industry wide codes (e.g. automobile manufacturers would cooperate to limit production, establish industry wide prices for their goods, and set workers' wages, with competition among these manufacturers no longer driving down prices and wages and thus increasing consumer spending and allowing industries to rehire workers), with businesses that adhered to these codes being able to display the "Blue Eagle," and the government urging consumers to boycott businesses that did not have this symbol. However, NRA staff lacked the training/experience to stand up to corporate representatives, with highly paid corporate lawyers "helping" NRA staffers create codes that reflected the interests of major corporations rather than consumers, small-business owners, or labor workers. It was deemed unconstitutional in 1935 and shut down.

Who are the Navajo Code talkers?

The Navajo Code talkers were Navajo recruits who trained as radio operators and helped devise a basic code based on Diné, a non-written language that less than 30 non-Navajos in the world could understand. They devised a code wherein Navajo words represented the first letter of their English translation, and created a dictionary of Navajo words that represented 413 basic military terms/concepts, using these codes to hide the US' messages from their enemies. Starting with the Battle of Guadalcanal, WIlliam Dean Wilson and others from the corps of 420 code talkers took part in every assault the marines conducted in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945, with 2 code walkers being assigned to a battalion (one going ashore with the assault forces and the other remaining on ship to receive messages), and while under hostile fire code talkers set up radio equipment and began transmitting, reporting sightings of enemy forces while directing shelling by American detachments, successfully directing the operation of Iwo Jima with 800 flawless messages (they got a glimpse outside of their traditional culture through the war).

What were the successes and the failures of the New Deal? Why did the Great Depression finally come to an end

The New Deal had many successes and failures. For instance, its public-private cooperation idea did not provide immediate help to many of the starving unemployed, but the Federal Emergency Relief Program gave crucial welfare payments to many destitute, and the Public Works Administration and Civil Works Administration provided many jobs, while the Tennessee Valley Authority created accessible energy for many Southern Americans. In addition, the AAA succeeded in helping property owning farmers, but sharecroppers and tenant farmers continued to suffer (with some of these farmers even firing them due to this lessened production), while many starving Americans were infuriated by this massive waste of food. The New Deal stagnated as the NIRA and AAA were shut down by the Supreme Court, but shortly after FDR's "court packing" attempt, the Second New Deal created the National Labor Relations/Wagner Act (succeeding in guaranteeing workers the right to unionize and thereby helping workers, able to join organizations such as the Congress of Industrial Organizations) and the Social Security Act (successfully created unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled, aid to poor families with children, and retirement benefits). The Works Progress Administration was the most successful government employment program, building post offices, paying painters to make them beautiful with murals, paying writers to put together plays, and ultimately employing more than 3 million Americans each year until it ended in 1943 (as well as many photographers to take photographs). In addition, the New Deal brought together urban progressives with unionized workers, as well as the Democratic party gaining the support of middle class homeowners and African Americans. However, with Democrats dominating in the South, Southern democrats had became important legislative leaders and thus, in order for the New Deal laws to be passed, New Deal laws, at the Southerners' demand, were locally administered, thus ensuring that the AAA and the NLRA would exclude sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and domestic servants (who were primarily African American). While the New Deal did not actually end the Great Depression, with, by 1940, over 15% of the American workforce remaining unemployed (in 1933 it was 25%, so it did help to an extent), its idea of a national government spending program did indeed end the Great Depression through the massive endeavour that was World War II, and the New Deal also changed the definition of liberalism from limited government and free-market economics to a large, active state that saw liberty as "greater security for the average man."

New Deal/3 R's

The New Deal, led by Roosevelt and a group of advisers nicknamed "the Brain Trust," including the First Lady, setting out to revive the American economy as "New Dealers," did not have one single coherent plan, but instead of Roosevelt's fluctuating economic policies (between attempts to balance the budget and massive deficit spending (spending more than is taken in in taxes, needing to borrow the difference), which, with a Democrat-controlled Congress, was significant in producing a flood of legislation through its "three R's." The first "R" was recovery, with the National Industrial Recovery Act, based on the belief that "destructive competition" had worsened industry's economic woes, authorizing competing businesses to cooperate in crafting industry wide "codes," (ex: automobile manufacturers would cooperate to limit production, establish industry wide prices for their goods, and set workers' wages; competition among these manufacturers would no longer drive down prices and wages) and allowing businesses that agreed to adhere to these "codes" to display the "Blue Eagle," urging consumers to boycott businesses that did not fly the Blue Angels (but NRA staff did not have the training or experience to stand up to corporate representatives, being "helped" by corporation lawyers who pursued their own interests in codes). The NRA was found to extend federal powr past its constitutional bounds in 1935 and it was shut down, with the Agricultural Adjustment Act furthering recovery through tighter federal control of economic planning, establishing a national system of crop controls and offering subsidies to farmers who agreed to limited production of specific crops, but, while this helped provide farmers purchasing power, many hungry Americans were angered and landlords kicked tenant farmers and sharecroppers off their land (the AAA was found unconstitutional, but due to its popularity was simply rewritten in 1936). The second "R" was relief, which consisted of "work relief" (as New Dealers disapproved of direct relief payment, as it would "destroy his spirit," with them creating the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration, which, by 1934, gave work to 4 million people (as well as the Civilian Conservation Corps), while the Public Works Administration (created in Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act) appropriated $3.3 billion for public works in 1933, pumping federal money into the economy. The third "R," reform, consisted of a series of progressive programs that provided greater security for the average man, with these three R's thus allowing the US to become organized and much more confident, while unemployment fell and farm prices, wages, and salaries rose.

Non-Intercourse act

The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, passed under pressure of domestic opposition, (after the DR nomination being contested, with Madison winning, and the Federalists gaining all of New England except Vermont in its opposition to the Embargo Act (textile factories - NE - self sufficiency (wool textile factories))), reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France and authorizing the President to resume trade with either should they cease to violate the US' neutral rights, was significant in solving only the embargo's problems, with Britain/France continuing to interfere with US commerce (in June 1808, Madison resumed trade with England after the British minister to the US assured him Britain would repeal restrictions on American trade, but the British government repudiated his assurances, resulting in non-intercourse being resumed) (after it expired in 1810, Macon's Bill Number 2 replaced it, wherein trade was reopened with England & France, provided that when either stopped violating commercial rights, president could suspend American commerce w/ other (Napoleon accepted offer & Madison declared non-intercourse w/ England in 1811, but French continued to seize American ships (duplicity)))

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, one of the 3 land policies that outlined the process through which the Northwest Territory land could be sold to settlers and formal government could be organized, was significant in containing a bill of rights (freedom of religion, trial by jury, no cruel/unusual punishments, etc.), in somewhat prohibiting slavery (not depriving slaveowners in the area of their property and allowing slaveowners to "reclaim" slaves who sought shelter in this area, discouraging slavery yet not abolishing it until 1848), and in specifying the process of the governance of territories and how they become states. Thus, this ordinance laid the groundwork of multiple aspects of the US' government, giving rights to all and explaining the process by which a territory becomes a state. In addition, it led to conflicts between the Miami Confederacy and Pioneers in Manetta (at the juncture of Ohio and Muskingum Rivers), leading to the US gaining much of the Ohio region and to the recognition of Native American sovereignty (by allowing them to keep the northwest corner of the region).

Dorothea Dix

The Superintendent of army nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War who treated ALL patients (confederate and Union), improving conditions in jails, fighting for better treatment of the mentally ill (improving/creating asylums), and trained nurses to better care for the ill. Campaigned for reform in the treatment of the mentally ill

Palmer raids

The Palmer Raids, the climax of the Red Scare (with conservatives terrified of "Reds" (pro-Bolshevik/communist sympathizers while labor strikes simultaneously increased after employers had rescinded benefits granted to employees during the war) in January 1920, in which President Hoover planned and directed an operation in which government agents in 33 cities broke into meeting halls and homes without search warrants, with over 4,000 people being jailed and denied counsel, in Boston, 400 people being kept in detainment on bitterly cold Deer Island (2 died of pneumonia, 1 leaped to his death, and another went insane), and, although Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis Post successfully released most of the arrestees, nearly 600 were deported, was significant in, in addition to its terrible impact on many of those arrested, indrawing criticism for this blatant disregard for elementary civil liberties, with civil libertarians and lawyers charging that these raids violated the Constitution, with these alleged "communists" having committed no crimes and, with this coupled with Palmer's call for a peacetime sedition act and his incorrect prediction of violence on May Day 1920, Palmer being mocked.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

The Pendleton Civil Service Act, passed by Congress in 1882 and signed by President Chester Arthur in 1883, created the Civil Service Commission to oversee competitive examinations for government positions, giving the commission jurisdiction over 10 percent of federal jobs (though the president could expand the list). Civil service at the state and local levels developed in a more haphazard manner as Congress could not interfere in state affairs. It marked a beginning and model for further reform. (The practice of awarding government jobs to party workers, regardless of their qualifications, had taken root before the Civil War and flourished afterward. As the postal service, diplomatic corps, and other government agencies expanded, so did the public payroll (between 1865 and 1891, the number of federal jobs tripled, from 53,000 to 166,000). Elected officials scrambled to control these jobs as a means to benefit themselves and their party (in return for comparatively short hours and high pay, appointees to federal positions pledged votes and a portion of their earning to their patrons). Shocked by such corruptions, especially after the revelation of scandals in the Grant administration, some reformers began advocating appointments and promotions based on merit rather than political connections. Civil service reform accelerated in 1881 with the formation of the National Civil Service Reform League, led by editors E. L. Godkin and George W. Curtis. That yer, the assassination of Garfield by a distraught job seeker hastened the drive for change).

Silver/Gold Debate

The Populist crusade against "money power" settled on the issue of silver, beieving that free coinage of silver symbolized an end to special prvileges for the rich/the return of government to the people, lifting the common people out of debt, increasing the amount of cash in circulation, and reducing interest rates. Populists, however, had to question wheter to join with sympathetic factions of the major parties, or to remain independent, noting how Republicans, supporting the gold standard and big-business orientation (candidate = William McKinley in 1896), proved nlikely allies, while, in the North and West, alliance with Democrats was more plausible (there, the Democratic aprty retained antimonopoly ideology and sympathy for a looser currency system, although certain "gold Democrats" such as Cleveland and Senator David Hill of NY held influence), with Populists thus assuming they shared common interest with Democratic urban workers (Southern Democrats constituted the very power tructure against which farmers revolted in the late 1880s). Thus, with "free-silver" as their battle cry, Populists ensured that the election campaign of 1896 would be the most issue oriented since 1860.

Quebec Act

The Quebec Act, passed by Parliament after finishing the Coercive Acts, is significant in granting greater religious freedom to Catholics and thus oppressing Protestants, and in reinstating French civil law and annexing to Quebec (to protect Natives) the area east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River, removing land from the jurisdiction of the colonies and making it more difficult for wealthy colonists to develop the Ohio Country. This act further alerted the Colonists of Britain's oppression of them.

Reconstruction finance Corporation

The Reconstruction finance Corporation, the Hoover administration's most forceful action in January 1932, was significant in providing federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, in the hope that this would shore up those industries and halt the disinvestment in the American economy, as well as causing outrage over, as NY's mayor Fiorello La Guardia called it, this "millionaire's dole," compromising Hoover's ideological principles of not having direct government intervention in the name of "voluntarism," making many Americans question why he would support direct assistance to private industries but not direct relief to the unemployed (creating social unrest and violence, with farmers revolting and trying to force auctioneers to return foreclosed property and stop produce from reaching the market, with the Farmers' Holiday Association, in August 1932, encouraging farmers to take a "holiday" to hold back agricultural products and limit supply (driving prices up), while many Unemployed Councils were created by Communist Party members to demand action through often violent demonstrations).

How did the Scopes Trial demonstrate conflict and change in American society

The Scopes Trial, a 1925 clash of Christian fundamentalism (seeking certainty and salvation through accepting la literal interpretation of the Bible, fighting against modernists in their pursuit to not teach the "speculation" that is Darwin's theory in schools) and modernism (stressed importance of the historical relevance of God in culture and the role of science in advancing knowledge) in which, in Dayton, Tennessee, the state legislature passed a law forbidding public school instructors to teach the theory that humans had evolved from lower forms of life rather than from Adam and Eve and high school teacher John Thomas Scopes volunteered to serve in a test case and was promptly arrested for violating the law, demonstrated conflict and change in American society through its conflict over this conflict of religion, with America conflicted between the fundamentalist ideas of the past and the modernism of the present. While William Jennings Bryan, successfully arguing for the prosecution (Scopes was convicted), his testimony showed the illogical nature of fundamentalism, with Bryan, as an "expert on religion and science," responding to the civil liberties lawyers headed by Clarence Darrow (defense team) by asserting that Eve had been created from Adam's rib, that the Tower of Babel was responsible for the diversity of languages, and that a biblical day could have lasted thousands of years, with these "last gasps ... against modern urban-industrial values" thus being in conflict with modernism.

Monkey trial

The Scopes, or Monkey trial in Dayton Tennessee, in which the Tennessee State legislature passed a law forbidding public school instructors to teach the theory that humans had evolved from lower forms of life rather than from Adam and Eve and high school teacher John Thomas Scopes volunteered to serve in a test case, promptly being arrested for violating the law, was significant in exposing the clash between Christian fundamentalism and modernism, fundamentalism, although successfully convicting Scopes, being proven illogical (with William Jennings Bryan asserting that Eve really had been created from Adam's rib, that the Tower of Babel was responsible for the diversity of languages, and that a biblical "day" could have lasted thousands of years), and in showing the last gasps of a rural society struggling against modern urban-industrial values, fighting against change.

Why did the Second World War mark a turning point in the lives of millions of Americans?

The Second World War marked a turning point in the lives of millions of Americans for a variety of reasons. Those who fought in the war were deeply affected from their experiences, while many were frightened at the advent of the atomic age, with Britain, the Soviet Union, and the US disagreeing over how to shape the postwar world. In addition, with America's leaders seeking to fight the war on the "production front," committing the US to become the "arsenal of democracy," the US produced vast quantities of arms for the war against the Axis, mobilizing all sectors of the economy and thus expanding big business, central government, labor unions, and farms, while the federal government coordinated activity in these spheres as well as in the two new spheres of higher education and science. Likewise, 1/10 of Americans during the war permanently moved to another state, heading for war-production centers, the economic and political opportunities that the war offered African Americans encouraged them to demand their full rights, creating an epidemic of race riots, and women received new job opportunities in the armed forces and in war industries, bringing greater financial independence and self-esteem to women. WWII also united many Americans behind the war effort, with it enjoying unprecedented power/prosperity at its end (ending the Great Depression, reducing unemployment practically to 0, and providing national confidence to millions of Americans).

Social Security Act of 1935

The Social Security Act of 1935, with many cabinet members and impoverished Americans looking for social justice, as well as the middle class wanting stability , and thus Roosevelt introducing, in the "Second New Deal," a range of progressive programs aimed at providing security to the common man, in the "Big Bill," (Emergency Relief Appropriation Act provided $4 billion in new deficit spending, primarily to establish massive public works programs for the jobless, funding programs such as the Resettlement Administration (resettled destitute families + organized rural homestead communities and suburban greenbelt towns for low-income workers) and Works Progress Administration (employed 8.5 million and built 650,000 miles of highways and roads and 125,000 public buildings, as well as sponsoring many cultural programs, such as the WPA's Federal Writers Project, writing about the plain people of the US), was significant in being the "long-term strategy" Roosevelt created (Big Bill was short-term), creating a federal system to provide for the social welfare of American citizens (via a federal pension system in which eligible workers paid mandatory Social Security taxes on their wages and their employers contributed an equivalent amount, with these workers then receiving federal retirement benefits, as well as through several welfare programs such as a cooperativefederals-tate system of unemployment compensation and Aid to Dependent Children for needy children in families without fathers present) and thus saving tens of millions from lives of poverty and despair. However, it was conservative compared to social security systems in Europe, not paying for old-age benefits, in being regressive (more the workers earned, the less they were taxed proportionally), and in not covering agricultural labor, domestic service, and casual labor not in the course of the employer's trade or business (e.g. janitorial work at a hospital), resulting in African Americans, working in service jobs, receiving no benefits, as well as many women (in 1939, Congress dadded retirement benefits for spouses/windows of covered workers), but it still ultimately made the government take responsibility for the economic security of the aged and for the temporarily jobless, dependent children/disabled.

Teapot Dome

The Teapot Dome scandal, with President Warren G. Harding's (who said yes too often to predatory friends, appointing those who saw office holding as an invitation to personal gain) Administration's Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall being revealed in a congressional inquiry in 1923 and 1924 to have accepted bribes to lease oil-rich government property to private oil companies, turning over the Teapot Dome Wyoming oil reserve to the Mammoth Oil Company, being significant in exposing the mismanagement and crime of Harding's administration .

The Treaty of Paris of 1763

The Treaty of Paris of 1763, in which Britain gained Florida from Spain (which allied with France) and all of France's major North American holdings, as well as Spain gaining western (of the Mississippi) Louisiana from France, was significant in giving Britain almost complete control over the fur trade and North America.

Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Paris of September 3rd, 1783, in which American diplomats such as Benjamin Franklin and John Adams negotiated with Britain for independence (even though France tried to prevent a unified American government), was significant in granting the USA unconditional independence, and in ceding more land to the US, allowing the US to become a truly unified, independent country. However, the treaty ambiguously worded clauses regarding prewar debts and postwar treatments of loyalists, causing many problems, as they proved unenforceable. Also it took land from Britain's native allies, the giving of fishing rights to Americans of British waters likely angered British fishermen, and by withdrawing soldiers they would be unable to enforce their recommendation of paying off debts.

#1 Industrialized Nation in the World

The US became the most industrialized nation in the World by 1900, and its production was focused on Bessemer steel (used by Carnegie for mass production) and products made from it. By 1900 the United States had one half the world's manufacturing capacity. John D. Rockefeller = boss of Standard Oil (monopolist) disliked pools (alliances/companies controled market by agreeing how much each should produce + sharing profits) + one of his lawyers, Samuel Dodd, in 1879 devised a more stable means of dominating the market (adapting trusts, a legal arrangement whereby a responsible individual whould manage financial affairs of a person unwilling or unable to handle them alone; one company could control an industry by luring/forcing stockholders of smaller companies to yield control of their stock in trust to the larger company's board of trustees, achieveing horizontal inintegration)

The United States Becomes Involved in Other Parts of Latin America #2

The US used the Monroe Doctrine on numerous occasions to keep European countries out of the Western Hemisphere. In 1867 an American army forced France to withdraw its troops from Mexico in what came to be known as the "Maximilian Affair," named for Archduke Maximilian, whom the French had made the Emperor of Mexico. The US used the Monroe Doctrine again in 1895 to force Great Britain to accept an American offer to settle a boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela; in 1903 the US protected Venezuela by persuading Italy, Germany, and Great Britain to peacefully settle the issue of overdue bank loans owed to them by Venezuela.

How did the United States supply the people and weapons to fight the war?

The United States supplied the people to fight the war both through volunteers (about 5 million volunteered) and the draft (about 10 million were drafted), training these civilians to become soldiers in 8 weeks of basic training. In addition, the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps was created, allowing for 250,000 women to serve in the military and thus supplying more people to fight in the war. To meet the demands of war, factories were converted to wartime production, with automakers making planes, tanks, and other vehicles, shipyards building warships, and 18 million workers (⅔ men, ⅓ women) keeping these industries productive. Scientists were then recruited by the government to create new weapons and medicines, resulting in the invention of radar, sonar, penicillin, the atomic bomb (and various other drugs), while, with the Office of Price Administration issuing ration books and freezing the prices of consumer goods, many Americans bought war bonds and collected metal which would help increase weapon production.

Results of the War of 1812

The War of 1812, also known as "Mr. Madison's War," consisting of a series of skirmishes in the American goal of capturing Canada (by War Hawks, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) in which the US' military was incompetent, as well as other naval and Northwest (specifically New Orleans, the Battle of New Orleans being led by Andrew Jackson) battles, with Native Americans, ended on December 24, 1814, with the Ghent treaty (although the Battle of New Orleans continued until January 8, 1815), and had many consequences. For instance, it led to the presidential mansion being burned in response to the burning of York (now Toronto), Francis Scott Key, detained, writing "The Star Spangled Banner," and to the Ghent treaty restoring only the prewar status quo (end of hostilities with British and Indians, release of prisoners, restoration of conquered territory, and arbitration of boundary disputes), not solving the prewar issues (as Napoleon's defeat allowed the US to abandon its demands, since peace in Europe made impressment and interference with American commerce moot issues, while a war-weary Britain, with a nearly empty treasury, stopped pressing for military victory). Ultimately, the war's results are significant in affirming the US' independence, in ensuring Canada's independence from the US, in war never being waged on Great Britain again (2,000 Americans died, 4,000 wounded), in America's resolve to steer clear of European politics being strengthened (as the Anglo-French conflagration had drawn the US into war), in breaking Indian resistance (as Tecumseh died and the British left) to westward expansion, in reverting Indian treaties of 1815 (returning the 1812 status quo) (can no longer resist), in contradictions of African Americans being revealed (deep south didn't arm slaves, while the British freed slaves for the military and the US freed those in the Old Northwest), in weaknesses of defense/transportation being exposed (difficulties in transporting soldiers/various necessities), in stimulating economic growth (needing manufactured goods), and in sealing the fate of the Federalists, who could not win a presidential election and joined with DRs in supporting NYC mayor DeWitt Clinton for President in 1812, with a few campaigns but ultimately a "waning star.") Dolly Madison hosted social affairs to make friends, inviting opposing groups + lessening hostilities Ghent = in Belgium War = in stalemate Dolly saved Washington's portrait while D.C. burned Invasion of Canada failed because NY militia refuses to move into Canada (Southerners want Canada, not northern Federalists) Revenue from tariffs declined + inflation

The Wilmot Proviso

The Wilmot Proviso was an amendment to a military appropriations bill proposed by David Wilmot (a Pennsylvania Democrat) in August 1846 that called for neither slaver nor involuntary servitude being banned in territories gained from Mexico, wanting to defend the rights of white freemen/white labor. It was never passed by both houses of Congress, but its repeated introduction by northerners transformed/invigorated the debate over the expansion of slavery. His involvement, as a non-abolitionist, helped demonstrate how slavery alarmed northerners of many viewpoints (with him simply supporting free labor, not wanting the rich few with slaves to overpower).

Urban Living Conditions

The central sections of American cities suffered poverty, disease, crime, and other unpleasant conditions from large numbers of people living close together (scarcity of adequate housing, with population growth outpacing housing supplies and landlords taking advantage of shortages by splitting up existing buildings to house more people, with low-income families sharing space and expenses, thereby crowding into tiny, disgusting rooms without plumbing and safe (non-coal) heat (although eventually housing codes and regulatory commissions helped, while technology brought central heating (furnaces), lighting, and modern plumbing). Homicide rates likewise increased. (With those who could afford the fair of mass transit (the middle class) being launched into remote neighborhoods, commuting, along with a huge explosion in the number of Americans between 1870 and 1920 (10 million to 54 million, due to both in-migration from the American countryside and immigration from primarily Europe, with these families rarely taying put and moving elsewhere repeatedly in the pursuit of occupational mobility; immigrants transplanted their customs into their new communities and in the multiethnic urban borderlands, with rapid mobility undermining residential homogeneity in this area with available cheap housing and low-skill jobs, members of the same group still tried to exclude outsiers from their space (due to discrimination people of color were excluded)), these urban cities had terrible living conditions)

Why was the concept of collective security rejected in favor of continued unilaterialism?

The concept of collective security was rejected in favor of continued unilaterialism due to Americans preferring their traditional nonalignment and freedom of choice, fearing the loss of this in the imperialistic world.

The government of the US spent large sums of money to build schools, hospitals, roads, railroads, and sanitary facilities in various Latin American countries. Steps were also taken to wipe out yellow fever, malaria, and other tropical diseases. The US warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, thus protecting the weaker countries there. Yet despite this aid and protection, the countries of Latin American eventually came to resent the US. Why did this happen?

The countries of Latin america came to resent the United States because of the US building navy bases in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and Puerto Rico, helping Panama win independence from Colombia for the right to build a canal, and eliminating yellow fever (which had protected Panama from the French), as well as because of the "Roosevelt Corollary" and "big stick policy," with the US interfering in any "weak" governments and purchasing the Virgin Islands for a naval base to protect the Panama Canal.

2. Espionage and Sedition Acts

The espionage (1917) and sedition (1918) acts respectfully forbade "false statements" designed to impede the draft/promote military insubordination, and banned from the mails materials considered trasonous, and made it nlawful to obstruct the sale of war bonds or use "disloyal, profane, or abusive" language to describe the military, uniform, constitution, government, or flag. The Justice Department's attack on false/abusive language prevailed, prosecuting over 2,000 while oppressing many (e.g. Surveillance of J.Addams, arrest of 3 Columbia students for ciculating anti-war petition, producer of "The Spirit of '76' was given 10 years for "questioning good faith" of GB, and some iberal-left journalists were forced to shut down).

How did the federal government support business in the 1920's?

The federal government supported business in the 1920's by helping them thrive, with lawyeres, engineers, and social scientists participating in "new lobbying," trying to convince federal and state legislators to support their interests, thus resulting in legislators coming to depend on lobbyists' expertise in making decisions. Congress cut taxes on coprorations and wealthy individuals in 1921 and raised tariff rates in the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act, with Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover appointing cabinet officers who took favorable stances toward business, while regulatory agencies (e.g. the Federal Trade Commission and Interstate COmmerce Commission) cooperated with corporations more than regulated them. In addition, the SUpreme Court, led by Chief Justice William H. Taft, the former president, protected business and private property as aggressively asi n the Gilded Age, sheltering business from government regulation and hindering organized labor's ability to achieve its ends through strikes and legislation.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first national women's rights convention (1848) where 300 women and men met and adopted a "Declaration of Sentiments," that urged laws to ensure the equal rights of women, including the right to vote. Four motions: Guaranteeing Natural Rights to Women, allowing women to move and act freely in the world, abolishing the double standard of morality, and guaranteeing women the right to vote.

New Immigration

The millions of immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland, Russia, Greece, and Italy who poured into the United States (from Souther/Eastern Europe) between 1885 and 1914

Reconstruction

The period of American history that followed the Civil War, from 1865 to 1877, in which the Confederate States were restored to the Union and efforts were made to rebuild the South and solve its enormous political, economic, and social problems

What pro-business attitudes were reflected in the Harding and Coolidge administrations?

The pro-business attitudes of, while furthering Roosevelt's notion of goernment-business cooperation, making government a compliant coordinator rather than the active manager. Harding then appointed some capable assistants who helped promote business growth, such as Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, and Seretary of Agriculture Henry C. Wallace, backing both reforms as well as streamlining federal spending with the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, supporting antilynching regislation, and approving bills assisting farm cooperatives and liberalizing farm credit. However, his administration as full of scandals, saying yes to predatory friends and having a domineering life (e.g. in Teapot Dome scandal). After Harding died on August 2, likely from a heart attack, his VP, Calvin Coolidge,was a closemouthed president who had taken a stand against striking Boston policemen in 1919, allowing businesses to prosper and respcting private enterprise, reducing federal debt, lowering income-tax rates, and beginning construction of a national highway system.

How was the revived KuKluxKlan different from the post-Civil War organization?

The revived KKK was different from the post-Civil War organization in having broader membership and broader objectives, fanning outward from the Deep South and wielding frightening power in places as diverse in orgeon, Oklahoma, and Indiana, with many from the middle class who were fearful of losing social and economic gains achieved from postwar prosperity nervous bout a new youth culture that seemed to be eluding family control, with half a million women joining, some of which having moved out of organizations such as the WOmen's Christian Temperance Union and Young Women's Christian Association, with the Klan attempting to achieve "Native, white, Protestant supremacy," detesting immigration and"mongreliazation" of American culture, no longer restricting their efforts to solely attacking African Americans. They attacked Catholicism as discouraging assimilation and enslaving people to priests and a foreign pope, wanting all other races to accept their role as slaves as the "white people" cannot, with the Klan menancing many communities in the early 1920s and meting out vigilante justice to ootleggers, wife beaters, adulterers, and schools who didn't agree to adopt Bible reading/stop teaching evolution. The empire weakened by 1925 when the Indiana grand dragon David Stephenson was convicted of second-degree murder after he kidnapped and raped a women who later died either from taking poison or from infection caused by bitetes on her body.

What led to the rise of dictators

The rise of dictators was caused by multiple events. The Treaty of Versailles angered Germans who lost territory and were blamed for the war, while newly instated democratic governments were incredibly weak, providing openings for dictators to seize power. For instance, Joseph Stalin instated communism while simultaneously creating a police state, Benito Mussolini created fascism in the promise of nationalism and a strong central government, giving him power over all foes, while Adolf Hitler pushed Nazism and the Aryan belief forward, providing a way the defeated Germany could thrive through expansion. In addition, when the League of Nations failed to stop Japan from launching an attack on a province of China in 1931 (and its militarists simultaneously gaining control of its government) in the goal of gaining more land, Hitler was inspired to rebuild the German armed forces and Mussolini conquered Ethiopia. As dictators continued to thrive, they rose to immense power through the weak responses of other nations, with Americans wanting to avoid foreign conflicts and a civil war breaking out in Spain between an elected government and a fascist group in 1935.

Scientific Method

The scientific method, planning, control, and predictability, was significant in, through Frederick W. Taylor's ideas of scientific management, its application in economic, social, and political institutions, achieving economic efficiency through an assembly line with repeated tasks as well as in the progressive movement, advocating expertise and planning to achieve social and political efficiency.

What social problems were revealed by the war?

The social problems/conflicts of Communism vs. Capitalism, white vs. black, nativist vs. immigrant, capital vs. labor, men vs. women, radical vs. progressive/conservative, pacifisct vs. inerventionist, and nationalist vs internationlist were revealed by the war.

How did the war affect the world position of the U.S.?

The war affected the role of government by making it intervene in the economy and influence people's everyday lives as never before, centralizing in D.C., mobilizing the home front, the government and buisiness partnering to manage the economy, concentrate coprorate ownership through the suspension of antitrust laws, thus promoting a powerful government allied with businesses.

elations between business and government:

The war closened relations between business and government, with them partnering in managing the wartime economy while the suspension of antitrust laws nourished the continued growth of oligopoly (a state of limited competition, in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers). It shifted nations resources to war, War Industries, with the gvernment having businesses help coordinate economy and production.

What social and economic changes arose from the war?

The war had profound social and economic changes, creating an economic boom while it was being waged, increasing workers' wages, allowing farmers to thrive with a high demand for crops, increasing the share of women in the work force to 35%, prompting rapid urban growth due to many Americans moving to the growing defense jobs, and prompting Congress to pass the GI Bill of Rights, allowing veterans to attend college/technical school with paid tuition. However, this rapid urban growth led to a housing shortage, while during the war the marriage rate boomed, the divorce rate did as well once soldiers returned, single mothers had to handle jobs and children, and although the segregated African American soldiers won many medals, and many at home were able to find well-paying skilled jobs, racial tension erupted into violence many times, such as in Detroit in 1943, as well as against Mexican-Americans in the 1943 Los Angeles riots (Mexican-American soldiers won many honors while civilians were discriminated against). In addition, Japanese Americans were greatly discriminated against due to the war, with the government taking their homes, businesses, and possessions and sending them to internment camps, not making reparations with these Americans until 1988.

What eventually ended these curbs on civil liberties?

These curbs on civil liberties were evneutlally ended by Palmer's exposed baseless charges, with Civil libertarians and lawyers attacking his tactics, his call for a peacetime sedition act alarming liberals and conservatives,and ultimately, with his prediction that pro-Soviet radicals would carry out violence to mar May Day 1920 proving to be mistaken.

What did immigrants do because they were anxious to earn money?

They took the hardest and most undesirable jobs, agreeing to work for low wages

Democratic-Republican Candidates (election of 1800)

Thomas Jefferson for president Aaron Burr for vice president

Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson, a 34 year old Virginian lawyer, was significant in drafting the Declaration of Independence and in identifying King George III as the villain, thus proclaiming America's independence and natural rights.

Jefferson's Inaugural

Thomas Jeffersons' inaugural address of March 1801, in which he stood in the Senate Chamber (the only part of the Capitol that had been completed) and "reached out to his opponents," appealing to the elcotrate as citizens with common beliefs rather than as party members (are all republicans/federalists, and the government should restrain men from harming each other, letting them regulate their industry and not taking away the "bread" made from their labor), was significant in allowing the presidential succession in 1801 to take place by ballot, with no violence, thus allowing Jefferson to create a Democratic-Republican administration (replacing Federalist officials)

Famous English immigrants

Thomas Paine: wrote "Common Sense" Samuel Gompers: Founded the A.F. of L

Sons of Liberty

To protect their rights many men joined the Sons of Liberty, with angry mobs rampaging through New York, Boston, and other cities, destroying property, burning stamps, and threatening the tax agents. A boycott was organized in which the colonists refused to buy British goods. English merchant and manufacturers soon lost so much money that Parliament repealed the Stamp Act. Celebrations broke out everywhere in the colonies.

(T/F) The number of people coming to the United States declined because of the quota system

True

(T/F) The overwhelming majority of people were immigrants or the descendants of immigrants who came from northern and western Europe during the "Old Immigration"

True

(T/F) There were few newcomers during the 1930's because of a shortage of jobs in the U.S.

True

(T/F) There were more Germans than Dutch and French combined

True

Emerson/Thoreau

Two transcendentalist authors. Thoreau: Supported transcendentalism (philosophical and literary movement that urged people to live simple lives and seek the simple truths found in nature rather than following an organized system of belief), wrote Walden Pond, promoting simplicity, and, after refusing to pay a poll tax, he spent a night in jail, inspiring him to write "Civil Disobedience," (1849), an influential essay opposing slavery and the Mexican-American War, and making a case for acting on your conscience rather than blindly following laws Emerson: Started transcendentalism (philosophical and literary movement that urged people to live simple lives and seek the simple truths found in nature rather than following an organized system of belief) (self-alliance) against slavery and complex machines/life, wrote "Nature," believed that the Industrial Revolution was selfish, relying on machines.

Trade and Loans:

US economic ties with the Allies rendered neutrality difficult, with Britain being one of its best cusomters and sales to the Allies helping pull the American eocnomy out of its recession, exporting 365% the amount of goods in 1916 compared to 1914 to France/England, while Britain's naval blockade dropped German exports 90%. In addition, loans to Britain and France from private banks financed much of US trae with the Allies, bolstering America's economic health and thus gaining support in the Wilson administration since severing their role as the Allied bank would be an unneutral as Germans regarded US' trade as unneutrality that had to be stopped (trade thus swayed attitudes towards favor of the Allies)

Underconsumption

Underconsumption, with (since mid-1928) demand of new housing faltering (thus leading to a declining sale of building materials and unemployment among construction workers), demand for growth industries such as automobiles and electric appliances leveling off (could no longer expand without this frenzied expansion, unable to hire workers while having to curtail production, stacking up unsold inventories and laying off laborers, while retailers simultaneously amassed large inventories and thus ordered less from manufacturers), farm prices sagging (leaving farmers with less income to purchase new machinery and goods), workers, with now stagnated wages from the lack of further demand, being unable to purchase consumer products, and the rich gaining the vast majority of the money (rich grew richer, middle/lower-income Americans hardly gained anything) and putting it into the stock market (not consumer goods), led to the onset of depression through a lack of jobs, wages, and overall a depressed recessed economy that would culminate in a depression.

What factors influenced urban growth in the 1920's?

Urban growth in the 1920's, with for the first time the majority of Americans living in urban areas, was influenced by growth in manufacturing and services, with industries such as steel, oil, and auto production energizing Birmingham, Houston, and Detroit, services and retail trades boosting expansion in Seattle, Atlanta, and Minneapolis, and promises of comfort and profit attracting thousands of speculators to warm-climate cities (e.g. Miami and San Diego). Irrigation and mechanization had created "factories in the field," resulting in small landholders and tenants not being able to make a living and thus migrating, while midwesterners, feeling stifled when they compared their existence with the flashy openness of urban life, moved to regional centers like Kansas City and Indianapolis or to the West, while California became urbanized and rural southerners moved to that region's burgeoning industrial cities/rode railroads northward to Chicago and Cleveland. African Americans then moved cityward, pushed from cotton farming, a boll weevil plague, and the lure of industrial jobs, while Mexicans and Puerto Ricos who had been pushed off their land immigrated to the cities, with Anglo farmers' associations encouraging Mexican immigration to provide cheap agricultural labor and a labor surplus being created in Puerto Rico from its shift from a sugar to a coffee production-based economy, being attracted by contracts from employers seeking cheap labor.

Democratic-Republicans

We'd be angering France, "stabbing them in the back" (ease 1 conflict, start another) -Treaty gives no slaveowners compensation o British have seized ships and started conflicts w/ Natives on Western Frontier -Seceded for reason, they'll take advantage of us (e.g. stopped trade in early 1790s and caused a depression)

Tennessee Valley Authority

WIth the South being mired in widespread and debilitating poverty prior to the Great Depression, and Roosevelt seeking a cure for his polio in the pools of Warm Springs, Georgia and seeing this poverty firsthand, the government had to intervene in the SOuth so that it wouldn't be a drag on the national economic recovery. The Tennessee Valley authority, authorized by Congress during Roosevelt's First Hundred Days, was significant in being the largest federal intervention in the South, developing a water and hydroelectric power project similar to the multipurpose dams of the west, extending its focus to the promotion of economic development, the bringing of electricity to rural areas, restoring fields worn out from overuse, and fighting malaria (although it became a major polluter, with its strip mining causing soil erosion, its coal-burning generators releasing sulfur oxides, which combined with water vapor to produce acid rain, and its dumping of untreated sewage, toxic chemicals, and metal pollutants from strip mining into streams and rivers degrading the water, proving to be a monumental disaster in the long term of AMerica's environmental history).

Women:

With 16% of the male work force at war, coupled with immigrants returning home to fight and newcomers not arriving, women were recruited to fill vacancies (e.g. munition makers in Bridgeport dropped leaflets from airplanes recruiting women to their facotire), resulting in a slight increase in the female work force and a massive shift into once-male-dominated workforces (electrical-machinery, airplane, food industries = 20% women now) (black women were now employed in domestic service/textile facotires) (most working women still were in "women's jobs")

Explain the difference between Interpretation A and Interpretation B:

While Interpretation A praises the New Deal as unifying all of the "low status groups into one camp," thus giving them more political power and allowing them to reach a new level of equality, Interpretation B criticizes the New Deal as simply aiding enough people to falsely create the image of Roosevelt as a hero, with it not decreasing the rich's power in a corrupt, capitalist society (so while Interpretation A considers the New Deal to be greatly helping the low status groups and allowing them to have equal opportunities, Interpretation B considers the New Deal to have simply given a little bit of help to those who were suffering, maintaining the rich's domination over the poor).

How did America enter WWII

While initially, under the Neutrality Acts, the United States couldn't enter the war in Europe, President Roosevelt convinced Congress to amend the acts, allowing the US to sell weapons to Great Britain and France, while, amidst Americans' alarm, he increased the aid to Great Britain once Japan signed on with Germany and Italy. Congress then passed a draft and Roosevelt successfully ran for a 3rd term in 1940, speaking of Hitler's threat and proposing increasing America's military loans to Great Britain, and Germans then began to attack American ships carrying supplies/weapons using submarines. In August 1941, Roosevelt met with Winston Churchill and issued the Atlantic Charter, and although Roosevelt still lacked support of a declaration of war, conflict grew between Japan and the US, with the Japanese seizing Indochina and prompting protests and peace talks in 1941. However, on December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the Pearl Harbor naval base, resulting in the speedy declaration of war the following day, quickly approved by Congress at Roosevelt's request.

Who joined the Continental Army? What was life like in the army?

While the initial soldiers of the American Revolution were "citizen soldiers" who exchanged their "plows" for guns in militias, the Continental Army primarily consisted of young/propertyless and single men who signed up for monetary and land bonuses given at the end of the war. Everyone, including African Slaves (who were promised freedom and consisted of 10% of the army), servants (also given freedom), recent immigrants (who had sizable numbers, namely the Irish in Pennsylvania ), and women, were recruited to the army. This was significant in creating a nearly limitless supply of troops, helping the US defeat Britain. In addition, life in the army was difficult, with little to no rations, small wages, countless diseases (which resulted in George Washington innoculating the soldiers against Smallpox), resulting in many deserters and a few mutinies.

Will Rogers

Will Rogers, an American stage and film actor, vaudeville (theatrical genre: a comedy without psychological or moral itnentions) performer, cowboy, humorist, newspaper columnist, social commentator from Oklahoma, and a Cherokee citizen, was significant in, in addition to traveling around the world 3 times and making 71 films, becoming the highest paid of Hollywood film stars in the 1930s, his "earthy anecdotes and folky style" wherein he poked fun at gangsters, prohibition, politicians, government programs, and many other controversial topics, such as quipping Bryan by saying "I see you can't say that man descended from the ape. At least that's the law in Tennessee. But do they have a law to keep a man from making a jackass of himself?" (thereby promoted justice through humor).

Jack Dempsey

William Harrision "Jack" Dempsey, an Irish American professional boxer (competed from 1914 to 1927) and reigned as the heavyweight champion from 1919 to 1926, was significant in being a cultural icon of the 1920s, becoming one of the most popular boxers in history through his aggressive fighting style and exceptional punching power, with his fights setting financial and attendance records, such as the first million-dollar gate (sum of money taken at sporting venue for sale of tickets), as well as in pioneering the live broadcast of sporting events (with his fights being broadcast).

Both times he defeated ______, who had been nominated by both the ______ and the _____.

William Jennings Bryan, Democratic Party, Populist Party

____ won the elections of 1896 and 1900

William McKinley

In September 1901, President ______ was assassinated while attending the _______ in Buffalo, New York

William McKinley, Pan American Exposition

Summarize the 14 points. What objections did American Senators have to the Treaty of Versailles?

Wilson's 14 points, unveiled in anuary 1918, called for diplomacy in the public view, freedom of the seas, lower tariffs, reductions in armaments, and the decolonization of empires, as well as specifying the evacuation of foreign troops from Russia, Belgium, and France, appealing for self-determination for nationalities in Europe, and calling for the formation of a "League of Nations." However, American senators had many objections to the Treaty of Versailles, angered at Wilson conceding Sahndong to Japan and killing a Provision affirming racial equality, as well as disliking that the treaty did not mention freedom of the seas or reduction of tariffs, includied punishing reparations on Germany, could perpetuate empire via the League, which could limit American freedom and expansion, and that its 10th Article seemed to imply that the US would be obliged to use rarmed force to ensure colelective security.

How did Wilson's interpretation of "freedom of the seas" affect American involvement in the war?

Wilson's interpretation of "freedom of the seas," in which neutrality rights had been violated by Germany, led to, on April 2, 1917, him successfully convincing Congress to fight in the war against the "Prussian autocracy," thus taking America into the war.

State Economic Reform

Wisconsin Governor Robert M.LA Follette regulated business (trusts, monopolies, cost of living, etc.)

Influence of Public Education

With amenities and luxuries more available than in the previous half-century, means to upward mobility seemed more accessible as well. Though inequities still remained, education increasingly became the key to success, with public education, aided by construction of new schools and passage of laws that required children to stay in school to 14, equipping young people to achieve a living standard higher than their parents. Between 1890 and 1922, the number ofstudents enrolled in public high schools rose dramatically (16.3% in 1920 up from 3.5% in 1890). The creation of managerial and sales jobs in service industires helped to counter the downward mobility that resulted when mechanization pushed skilled workers out of their crafts, and the resulting goods of mass production meant that even workers found life more convenient. Horace Mann (emulated Prussian system with professionally trained teachers) and Noah Webster (who has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education". His "Blue-backed Speller" books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read).- They campaigned for better schools, larger curriculum, and improved textbooks and reading lessons,

Household management

With birth control becoming more widely practiced, the divorce rate rising, and life expectancy increasing, families began to become more akin to our "modern culture," with a smaller portion of your life dedicated to raising children. While housewives still worked long hours cleaning, cooking, and raising children, machines lightened some of their tasks, allowing them to use time differently with electric irons and washing machines as well as gas and oil-powered central heating and hot-water heaters. However, as daughters of working-class families stayed in school longer and as alternative forms of employment caused a shortage of servants in wealthier households, those who formerly had helped housewives with their tasks were less available, while the availability of washing machines, hot water, vacuum cleaners, and commercial soap put greater pressure on wives to keep everything clean, resulting in housewives becoming the chief shopper and the chief chauffeur with the automobile. Thus, while wives were still treated just as injustly as they had been before, the tasks that they had performed are very similar to the ones that are performed by families today, but the burden was not yet shared equally.

"waving the bloody shirt"

With bitter hostilities from the Civil War and Reconstruction dividing Americans in the 1880s, Republicans "waved the bloody shirt" at Democrats, blaming Democrats for the war/trying to destrooy the nation, while Southern Democratic candidates always waved the bloody shirt, calling Republicans traitors to white supremacy and states' rights. It was a capitalization on war memories (in addition, the Grand Army of the Republic of Union veterans, allied with the Republican pParty, cajoled Congress into providing generous pensions).

Jim Crow Laws

With by 1899 the Court applying the separate-but-equal doctrine to schools in Cummins v. County Board of Education, these segregation law known as Jim Crow laws multiplied throughout the South, confronting African Americans with daily reminders of inferior status. tate and local statues restricted them to the rear of streetcars, to separate public drinking fountains and toilets, and to separate sections of hospitals and cemeteries. A Birmingham, Alabama, ordinance required that the races be "distinctly separated ... by well defined physical barriers" in "any room, hall, theatre, picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ballpark, or other indoor or outoor place," with Mobile, Alabama likewise passing a curfew requiring blacks to be off the streets by 10 PM, while Atlanta mandated separate Bibles for the swearing-in of black witnesses in court. Afrian American women and men challenged the political climate in several ways (boycotting discriminatory businesses, considering moving to Africa, promoting "Negro business enterprise," etc.)

Labor and the New Deal

With management resisting unionization vigorously, refusing to recognize unions and hiring thugs to intimidate workers, while local police and National Guard troops frequently intervened, smashing workers' picket lines, conflict existing between craft and industrial unions (e.g. with John L. Lewis, head of the United Mine Workers, resigning as vp of the AFL and creating the Committee for Industrial Organizations, which accepted all races/genders), sit-down strikes occurring in 1936 when the United Auto Workers demanded recognition from General Motors, striking inside the FIsher One factory (hurling steel bolts, coffee mugs, and bottles when police attempted to take back and blant, resulting in, eventually, the GM agreeing to recognize the union, unable to enforce a court order to evacuate the plant), and, on Memorial Day 1937, with a group of picnicking workers and their families marching toward the Republic Steel plant in Chicago (showing support for strikers on a picket line in front of the plant), police blocking their route and, after one of the marchers threw something at the police, the police killing 10 men (7 of them in the back), and wounding 30 marchers (including a woman and three children), while the anti-labor Chicago Tribune blamed the marchers and praised police, labor pushed the Roosevelt administration for support, which was granted, with its New Deal National Labor Relations Act of 1935 creating the National Labor Relations Board, which proved effective in mediating disputes and allowed these unionized workers to see their standards of living rise, while also allowing union membership to grow (discouraging business leaders from supporting the New Deal) until, by 1941, the average steelworker could afford to buy a new coat for himself and his wife every 6 years, and a pair of shoes for each of his children every other year (far better than had been the case previously).

3. Suppression of free speech by liberals and socialists

With the Justice Department having absolute control over the definition of "false or abusive language," many liberals/socialists were suppressed, with 3 Columbia University udents being picked up for circulating an anti-war petition, the liberal-left journal The Masses and Tom Watson's The Jeffersonian being denied use of the mails and forced to shut down, Jane Addams bebeing put under surveillance, and the producers of The Spirit of '76 being sentenced for 10 years for "questioning" GB. Likewise, when Socialist leaer Eugene Debs practiced free speech and criticized the war, he was arrested.

Old Age and retirement

With the discovery of vitamins between 1915 and 1930, and thus nutritionists advocating consumption of certain foods to prevent illness (in addition to resulting in companies making lofty claims about their products, advertising them as healthy), better diets and improved hygiene made Americans healthier, increasing life expectancy from 54 to 60 between 1920 and 1930, while decreasing infant mortality by ⅔. Public sanitation and research in bacteriology and immunology combined to reduce risks of life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria (although medical progress benefited whites more than others, with high rates of infant mortality among nonwhites and tuberculosis in slums, as well as fatalities from car accidents rising 150 percent and deaths from heart disease and cancer increasing 15%). Thus, with the total population over 65 growing 35% between 1920 and 1930, longer life and the worsening economic status of the elderly stirred interest in government pensions and other forms of old-age assistance, as industrialism put premiums on youth and agility (pushing older people into poverty from forced retirement/reduced income). While most European countries established state-supported pension systems in the early 1900s, Americans believed that individuals should prepare for old age by saving in their youth (fearing the "socialist" pensions). However, with almost ⅓ of Americans over 65 financially depending on someone else, most inmates in state poorhouses being older people, and few employers providing for retired employees, reformers led by Isaac Max Rubinow and Abraham Epstein managed to convince voluntary associations, labor unions, and state legislators to endorse old-age assistance through pensions, insurance, and retirement homes, moving towards the old-age care system of modern America.

National Social Reform

Women became educated and employed, while joining/creating reform movements such as tThe National Association of Colored Women and the National American Woman Suffrage Association Black leaders pushed for racial equality in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Angelina Grimke

Women's rights activist, enthusiastic abolitionist, partook in public speaking, and with her sister were white Southern women and abolitionists (strange). Wrote "An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South," (1836) the only written appeal made by a Southern woman to other Southern women regarding the abolition of slavery, written in the hope that Southern women would not be able to resist an appeal made by one of their own. W/ sister, came from slaveholding family of South yet wrote and lectured against women.

1890's Issues

Women's suffrage The prohibition of alcohol (e.g. Young Women's Christian Association, with aided unmarried working women, who joined middle and working-class women in the Women's Christian Temperance Union, the largest womens organization of its time, which supported numeros causes besides bastinence from drinking) Political corruption Economic inequality The battle between U.S. military troops and Lakota Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota on December 29, 1890, resulted in the deaths of perhaps 300 Sioux men, women, and children. The massacre at Wounded Knee was the last major battle of the Indian Wars of the late 19th century. INcresing regulatin of railroads, banks, and utilities, shorter workdays, a subtreasury plan, a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, and the secret ballot, as well as the currenncy dilemna (Democrats = gold under Cleveland + silver under Bryan; Republicans - gold), tariff policy (republicans high tariffs), civil service reform (Republicans = great money on pensions, democrats = dismantle spoils system), and railroad regulation (democrats = supporting businesses less than republicans), creating many different issues over which parties fought

______ was the only Democratic president during the period.

Woodrow Wilson

Immigration increases from 699,000 in 1930-1939 to 857,000 in 1940-1949 due to

World War II

After _______, COngress passed the _______ and _______ in order to accept large numbers of people fleeing from war torn nations and Communist countries

World War II, Displaced Persons Act, Refugee Relief Act

State Political Reform

Wyoming granted the right to vote to women in 1869 (followed by other western states) The National American Woman Suffrage Association spearheaded these efforts

Millions of immigrants came to the United States looking for new ____ and a higher standard of living

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