APUSH American Pageant 13th Edition Ch. 16-22
Bleeding Kansas and what led to it
After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas; territory torn by battles and massacres; led to the formation of the Republican party;
Antietam
Bloodiest battle of the civil war; Union victory; Lead to Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation; General McCellan, could have perused Lee, but he didn't which allowed Lee to escape
Source of soldiers in North
Boys and Men that were drafted; also volunteers
The aspect of the Compromise of 1850 that Northerners most objected to
California free state; Texas gives up claims to New Mexico; New territories chosen by popular sovereignty; stricter fugitive slave laws; slave trade banned in DC
14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; amendment forced Civil Rights Bill, gives citizenship to blacks, they could vote, if you were a former confederate, you couldn't come back into office. Tennessee realized that they should cooperate
Greatest hardships soldiers faced in war
Disease
What did the Wilmot Proviso do?
Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. and causes sectionalism
Southern economy and social structure after the war (how it was affected)
Economic life had creaked to a half; banks and business houses had locked their doors, ruined by runaway inflation; factories were smokeless, silent, dismantled; The transportation system had broken down completely; agriculture—the economic lifeblood of the South—was almost hopelessly crippled; The cotton fields now yielded a lush harvest of nothing, the slave-labor system had collapsed, seed was scarce, and livestock had been driven off by plundering Yankees
Treatment of Blacks in the North
Free Blacks were very unpopular in the north. Some were denied entry into certain states. Most denied the right to vote; some were banned from attending public schools. Were especially hated by the Irish immigrants, because they competed for jobs. Anti-Black feelings stronger in the North than in the South; bad living conditions.
Results of US Victory in Mexican War
Got Texas, California, and New Mexico territory, but had to pay Mexico $15 million
How Lincoln kept the border states from secession
In some states he suspended Habeas corpus and imprisoned people contemplating succession, he also used martial law in some states to keep them in the Union; didn't abolish slavery in border states
Achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau
It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees; heading the bureau was a warmly sympathetic friend of the blacks, Union general Oliver O. Howard (founded and president of Howard University); The bureau helped education the most; it taught 200,00 blacks how to read—many former slaves had a passion for learning, partly because they wanted to close the gap between themselves and whites and partly because they longed to read the Word of God; Although the bureau was authorized to settled former slaves on forty-acre tracts confiscated from the Confederates, little land actually made it into blacks' hands
Problems Lincoln faced in Union vs. problems Jefferson Davis faced in Confederacy
Jefferson Davis had an organized government, which led to bad communication in the South, also had a weak industrialized economy; Lincoln had really bad generals most of the war
Stephen Douglas's plan for slavery determination in Kansas-Nebraska territory
Kansas and Nebraska territories would be opened up to slavery ( had to be chosen by popular sovereignty) in return for building the railroad in the North.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Slave Plantation System
King Cotton lead to an economic boom in the South. More and more cotton was produced, therefore increasing the number of slaves purchased to work in these plantation systems. But, the excessive cultivation of cotton crops lead to "Land Butchery", which caused many people to move to the West and Northwest. Many farmers that worked for smaller farms sold their property to the bigger, more prosperous plantations and went north or west as well. Financial instability was also a large problem with the plantation system (people tended to buy more slaves and land than they could really afford). Disease and lightning killed many slaves. Dependence (dangerous) on one-crop economies. The Cotton Kingdom repelled European immigration, which added much manpower and wealth to North especially (German and Irish immigrants) The diverting of non-British immigration to the North caused the white South to become the most Anglo-Saxon section of the United States nation.
Gettysburg
Major Union victory; marks end of the Confederate attempt to invade the Union and capture the Capitol (Lee's plan); battle with the largest number casualties; war was turning point for the Union; Lee v. Meade; July 1-3, 1863
Johnson's Reconstruction plan
May 29, 1865 It called for special state conventions which were required to: repeal the decrees of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the 14th Amendment, new state constitutions, give voting rights to all men, 5 military districts
Terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Mexico ceded the Mexican Cession (California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Texas and parts of Wyoming and Colorado to U.S; Rio Grande River boundary between Mexico and the U.S; U.S. paid Mexico $15 Million
Advantages and disadvantages (strengths and weaknesses) of both sides in the war
North Advantage: more men to fight with, industrialized, 2x the amount of railroads, telegraph, navy, stronger government; North Disadvantage: had to invade the South, which is harder than defending, had bad generals for most of the war, government; South Advantage: could produce all the food they needed, good generals, high morale, only had to defend their country; South Disadvantages: not as industrialized as the North, less people, less railroads, couldn't trade with foreign nations
Define popular sovereignty and describe how it addressed the question of slavery expansion
Popular Sovereignty let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether or not they wanted slavery
Purpose of Beecher writing Uncle Tom's Cabin
Propaganda to show the inhumanity of slavery
Radical Republicans and opposition to Johnson's plan
Radicals wanted harsh punishment for the Confederate States, wanted blacks to have rights, limited the power of ex-Confederates, passed laws giving slaves rights; Johnson wanted the South to quickly rejoin the Union through elections and conventions, laws vetoed by Congress
End of Reconstruction
Republicans become unpopular because of reconstruction being expensive; people came to believe the South should solve its own problems; President Hayes took out Union soldiers from the reconstruction states
Impact of the gold rush on the balance of free and slave states
Ruined the economy in the North because of influx of money (inflation). South was fine because they relied on cotton, not manufacturing; California became a free state, this angered the South because it upset the balance between free and slave states
Impact of the election of 1860 on the Civil War
Since country is divided over slavery, South Carolina, along with several other Southern states, secedes and forms the Confederate States of America.
Dred Scott case ruling
Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property; They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution; Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that; Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory; Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional
Characteristics of Slaves in the mid 19th Century
Slaves were often bred by their masters; no civil and political rights, worked from dawn till dusk, no protection for them, marriages not legal, often beaten
Vicksburg
Solidifies Union control of the Mississippi River; helped turn the tide of the war in favor of the north
Reasons South believed British would support them in the war
South believed that the British needed their cotton so they should support them
Effect of Lincoln's assassination on the South
South was happy, because they believed that Lincoln was holding them back, thought he was grinding the war to an end; later regretted it because he shielded them from the North's treatment
Southern reasons for Secession
They feared that, if John Brown almost got away with the raid on Harper's Ferry, there must be others in the North that are like him and that are willing to die to end slavery.
Reasons US Goes to War with Mexico
U.S territorial expansion, get to the Pacific Ocean; the annexation of Texas angered the Mexican government, disputes over the border; U.S wanted California and Mexico said they wouldn't sell it; death of Americans in Mexican territory
Ways Slaves Rebelled Against the Slave System
insurrections (250 have been documented); NONE WERE SUCCESSFUL!!; Stono County Rebellion (twenty black Carolinians stole guns and gunpowder from a store and used it to kill 2 shopkeepers they found near the Stono River {Near Charleston}, then marched on to burn houses and kill white opponents. largest slave revolt, 20 White Carolinians and 40 Black Carolinians killed at the end); Nat Turner Rebellion (Felt he was sent by God to lead a slave rebellion. Him and seven other slaves band together to kill his slave owner and the owner's family. 75 slaves joined his rebellion and killed over 60 white people in Virginia. All revolters were captured and executed; 100 innocent slaves killed in retaliation {by state militia}; Besides revolts, slaves also 1. Wouldn't work hard, 2. sabotage equipment/break tools, 3. poison their master's food, 4. try to escape; Slaves Codes created as a result of these revolts. Underground Railroad (provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves); stole goods they made
Caning of Sumner and what it revealed about tension in the US
it showed that tensions between the North and South were high; their split views could easily lead to violence between the two sections
Arguments For and Against Annexing Texas
people wanted it because more power to slave states, and it would stop the British from getting Texas; people against it didn't want a war with Mexico
Lincoln's ten percent plan for Reconstruction
proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.
Reasons congress purchased Alaska
supposedly the fur trade was really good; made a profit off of it when gold was discovered
What were the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850?
the fleeing slaves could not testify in their own behalf and they were denied a jury trial; The federal commissioner who handled the case of a fugitive would receive five dollars if the runaway were freed and ten dollars if not—resembling a bribe; Freedom-loving northerners who aided the slave to escape were liable to heavy fines and jail sentences; they might even be ordered to join the slave-catchers; even free blacks could be accused and brought into slavery
Purpose of the Black Codes
these laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks, much as the slave statues had done in pre-Civil War days; The Black Codes aimed, first of all, to ensure a stable and subservient labor force; the crushed Cotton Kingdom could not rise until the fields were once again put under hoe and plow—and many whites wanted to make sure that they retained tight control; The codes also sought to restore as nearly as possible the pre-emancipation system of race relations; freedom was legally recognized, as were some other privileges, such as the right to marry; all codes forbade a black to serve on a jury, some even barred blacks from renting or leasing land and nowhere were blacks allowed to vote
Purpose of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry
to capture weapons to begin to lead a slave revolt through the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South
Sherman's philosophy of "Total War" and its effects
total destruction. Going into the other side's territory and burning/destroying everything to the ground; don't stop, keep going
Why was Johnson impeached?
violated the Tenure of Office Act, by removing Edwin M. Stanton from his position as the Secretary of War
Bull Run
1st major battle of the war; shows Lincoln/North that it will be a hard war; southern victory; "Stonewall" Jackson earned his nickname
Manifest Destiny (what was it)?
The belief that the U.S. would control the continent from the atlantic to the pacific
Appomattox Courthouse
The final battle of the civil war where Lee surrendered to Grant
What was the Ku Klux Klan?
White paramilitary organization whose members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks; created in Tennessee
Reason women were upset with Reconstruction amendments
Women's suffrage was not included