APUSH American Pageant 13th Edition Ch. 16-22

Bleeding Kansas and what led to it

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas; territory torn by battles and massacres; led to the formation of the Republican party;

Antietam

Bloodiest battle of the civil war; Union victory; Lead to Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation; General McCellan, could have perused Lee, but he didn't which allowed Lee to escape

Source of soldiers in North

Boys and Men that were drafted; also volunteers

The aspect of the Compromise of 1850 that Northerners most objected to

California free state; Texas gives up claims to New Mexico; New territories chosen by popular sovereignty; stricter fugitive slave laws; slave trade banned in DC

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; amendment forced Civil Rights Bill, gives citizenship to blacks, they could vote, if you were a former confederate, you couldn't come back into office. Tennessee realized that they should cooperate

Greatest hardships soldiers faced in war

Disease

What did the Wilmot Proviso do?

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. and causes sectionalism

Southern economy and social structure after the war (how it was affected)

Economic life had creaked to a half; banks and business houses had locked their doors, ruined by runaway inflation; factories were smokeless, silent, dismantled; The transportation system had broken down completely; agriculture—the economic lifeblood of the South—was almost hopelessly crippled; The cotton fields now yielded a lush harvest of nothing, the slave-labor system had collapsed, seed was scarce, and livestock had been driven off by plundering Yankees

Treatment of Blacks in the North

Free Blacks were very unpopular in the north. Some were denied entry into certain states. Most denied the right to vote; some were banned from attending public schools. Were especially hated by the Irish immigrants, because they competed for jobs. Anti-Black feelings stronger in the North than in the South; bad living conditions.

Results of US Victory in Mexican War

Got Texas, California, and New Mexico territory, but had to pay Mexico $15 million

How Lincoln kept the border states from secession

In some states he suspended Habeas corpus and imprisoned people contemplating succession, he also used martial law in some states to keep them in the Union; didn't abolish slavery in border states

Achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau

It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees; heading the bureau was a warmly sympathetic friend of the blacks, Union general Oliver O. Howard (founded and president of Howard University); The bureau helped education the most; it taught 200,00 blacks how to read—many former slaves had a passion for learning, partly because they wanted to close the gap between themselves and whites and partly because they longed to read the Word of God; Although the bureau was authorized to settled former slaves on forty-acre tracts confiscated from the Confederates, little land actually made it into blacks' hands

Problems Lincoln faced in Union vs. problems Jefferson Davis faced in Confederacy

Jefferson Davis had an organized government, which led to bad communication in the South, also had a weak industrialized economy; Lincoln had really bad generals most of the war

Stephen Douglas's plan for slavery determination in Kansas-Nebraska territory

Kansas and Nebraska territories would be opened up to slavery ( had to be chosen by popular sovereignty) in return for building the railroad in the North.

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Slave Plantation System

King Cotton lead to an economic boom in the South. More and more cotton was produced, therefore increasing the number of slaves purchased to work in these plantation systems. But, the excessive cultivation of cotton crops lead to "Land Butchery", which caused many people to move to the West and Northwest. Many farmers that worked for smaller farms sold their property to the bigger, more prosperous plantations and went north or west as well. Financial instability was also a large problem with the plantation system (people tended to buy more slaves and land than they could really afford). Disease and lightning killed many slaves. Dependence (dangerous) on one-crop economies. The Cotton Kingdom repelled European immigration, which added much manpower and wealth to North especially (German and Irish immigrants) The diverting of non-British immigration to the North caused the white South to become the most Anglo-Saxon section of the United States nation.

Gettysburg

Major Union victory; marks end of the Confederate attempt to invade the Union and capture the Capitol (Lee's plan); battle with the largest number casualties; war was turning point for the Union; Lee v. Meade; July 1-3, 1863

Johnson's Reconstruction plan

May 29, 1865 It called for special state conventions which were required to: repeal the decrees of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the 14th Amendment, new state constitutions, give voting rights to all men, 5 military districts

Terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Mexico ceded the Mexican Cession (California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Texas and parts of Wyoming and Colorado to U.S; Rio Grande River boundary between Mexico and the U.S; U.S. paid Mexico $15 Million

Advantages and disadvantages (strengths and weaknesses) of both sides in the war

North Advantage: more men to fight with, industrialized, 2x the amount of railroads, telegraph, navy, stronger government; North Disadvantage: had to invade the South, which is harder than defending, had bad generals for most of the war, government; South Advantage: could produce all the food they needed, good generals, high morale, only had to defend their country; South Disadvantages: not as industrialized as the North, less people, less railroads, couldn't trade with foreign nations

Define popular sovereignty and describe how it addressed the question of slavery expansion

Popular Sovereignty let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether or not they wanted slavery

Purpose of Beecher writing Uncle Tom's Cabin

Propaganda to show the inhumanity of slavery

Radical Republicans and opposition to Johnson's plan

Radicals wanted harsh punishment for the Confederate States, wanted blacks to have rights, limited the power of ex-Confederates, passed laws giving slaves rights; Johnson wanted the South to quickly rejoin the Union through elections and conventions, laws vetoed by Congress

End of Reconstruction

Republicans become unpopular because of reconstruction being expensive; people came to believe the South should solve its own problems; President Hayes took out Union soldiers from the reconstruction states

Impact of the gold rush on the balance of free and slave states

Ruined the economy in the North because of influx of money (inflation). South was fine because they relied on cotton, not manufacturing; California became a free state, this angered the South because it upset the balance between free and slave states

Impact of the election of 1860 on the Civil War

Since country is divided over slavery, South Carolina, along with several other Southern states, secedes and forms the Confederate States of America.

Dred Scott case ruling

Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property; They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution; Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that; Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory; Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional

Characteristics of Slaves in the mid 19th Century

Slaves were often bred by their masters; no civil and political rights, worked from dawn till dusk, no protection for them, marriages not legal, often beaten

Vicksburg

Solidifies Union control of the Mississippi River; helped turn the tide of the war in favor of the north

Reasons South believed British would support them in the war

South believed that the British needed their cotton so they should support them

Effect of Lincoln's assassination on the South

South was happy, because they believed that Lincoln was holding them back, thought he was grinding the war to an end; later regretted it because he shielded them from the North's treatment

Southern reasons for Secession

They feared that, if John Brown almost got away with the raid on Harper's Ferry, there must be others in the North that are like him and that are willing to die to end slavery.

Reasons US Goes to War with Mexico

U.S territorial expansion, get to the Pacific Ocean; the annexation of Texas angered the Mexican government, disputes over the border; U.S wanted California and Mexico said they wouldn't sell it; death of Americans in Mexican territory

Ways Slaves Rebelled Against the Slave System

insurrections (250 have been documented); NONE WERE SUCCESSFUL!!; Stono County Rebellion (twenty black Carolinians stole guns and gunpowder from a store and used it to kill 2 shopkeepers they found near the Stono River {Near Charleston}, then marched on to burn houses and kill white opponents. largest slave revolt, 20 White Carolinians and 40 Black Carolinians killed at the end); Nat Turner Rebellion (Felt he was sent by God to lead a slave rebellion. Him and seven other slaves band together to kill his slave owner and the owner's family. 75 slaves joined his rebellion and killed over 60 white people in Virginia. All revolters were captured and executed; 100 innocent slaves killed in retaliation {by state militia}; Besides revolts, slaves also 1. Wouldn't work hard, 2. sabotage equipment/break tools, 3. poison their master's food, 4. try to escape; Slaves Codes created as a result of these revolts. Underground Railroad (provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves); stole goods they made

Caning of Sumner and what it revealed about tension in the US

it showed that tensions between the North and South were high; their split views could easily lead to violence between the two sections

Arguments For and Against Annexing Texas

people wanted it because more power to slave states, and it would stop the British from getting Texas; people against it didn't want a war with Mexico

Lincoln's ten percent plan for Reconstruction

proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.

Reasons congress purchased Alaska

supposedly the fur trade was really good; made a profit off of it when gold was discovered

What were the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850?

the fleeing slaves could not testify in their own behalf and they were denied a jury trial; The federal commissioner who handled the case of a fugitive would receive five dollars if the runaway were freed and ten dollars if not—resembling a bribe; Freedom-loving northerners who aided the slave to escape were liable to heavy fines and jail sentences; they might even be ordered to join the slave-catchers; even free blacks could be accused and brought into slavery

Purpose of the Black Codes

these laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks, much as the slave statues had done in pre-Civil War days; The Black Codes aimed, first of all, to ensure a stable and subservient labor force; the crushed Cotton Kingdom could not rise until the fields were once again put under hoe and plow—and many whites wanted to make sure that they retained tight control; The codes also sought to restore as nearly as possible the pre-emancipation system of race relations; freedom was legally recognized, as were some other privileges, such as the right to marry; all codes forbade a black to serve on a jury, some even barred blacks from renting or leasing land and nowhere were blacks allowed to vote

Purpose of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry

to capture weapons to begin to lead a slave revolt through the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South

Sherman's philosophy of "Total War" and its effects

total destruction. Going into the other side's territory and burning/destroying everything to the ground; don't stop, keep going

Why was Johnson impeached?

violated the Tenure of Office Act, by removing Edwin M. Stanton from his position as the Secretary of War

Bull Run

1st major battle of the war; shows Lincoln/North that it will be a hard war; southern victory; "Stonewall" Jackson earned his nickname

Manifest Destiny (what was it)?

The belief that the U.S. would control the continent from the atlantic to the pacific

Appomattox Courthouse

The final battle of the civil war where Lee surrendered to Grant

What was the Ku Klux Klan?

White paramilitary organization whose members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks; created in Tennessee

Reason women were upset with Reconstruction amendments

Women's suffrage was not included